Zoology Higher Secondary First Year Volume 1 PDF

www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU ZOOLOGY HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR VOLUM...

www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU ZOOLOGY HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR VOLUME - I Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu Department Of School Education http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com Government of Tamil Nadu First Edition - 2018 NOT FOR SALE Content Creation The wise possess all State Council of Educational Research and Training © SCERT 2018 Printing & Publishing Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational Services Corporation www.textbookso nline.tn.nic.in II http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com CONTENTS ZOOLOGY UNIT I Chapter 1 The Living World 01 Chapter 2 Kingdom Animalia 18 UNIT II Chapter 3 Tissue Level of Organisation 49 Chapter 4 Organ and Organ Systems in Animals 64 UNIT III Chapter 5 Digestion and Absorption 113 Chapter 6 Respiration 137 Chapter 7 Body Fluids and Circulation 160 E-book DIGI links Lets use the QR code in the text books ! How ? Download the QR code scanner from the Google PlayStore/ Apple App Store into your smartphone Open the QR code scanner application Once the scanner button in the application is clicked, camera opens and then bring it closer to the QR code in the text book. Once the camera detects the QR code, a url appears in the screen.Click the url and goto the content page. III http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com Conceptual picture with caption relating to every chapter is given in this text book. STROKE VOLUME IS DEPENDENT ON VENOUS RETURN Chapter Outline Presents a complete overview of the chapter Goals to transform the classroom processes into Learning Objectives: learner centric with a list of bench marks Amazing facts, Rhetorical questions to lead students to biological inquiry Note: Additional inputs to content is provided Directions are provided to students to conduct activities Activity in order to explore, enrich the concept. Infographics Visual representation of the lesson to enrich learning. HOW TO USE THE BOOK Superfluous information about a personality or day to day life experience relating to the content To motivate the students to further explore the content digitally and take them to virtual world ICT To enhance digital Science skills among students Concept Map Conceptual diagram that depicts relationships between concepts to enable students to learn the content schematically Glossary Explanation of scientific terms Evaluation Assess students to pause, think and check their understanding Career corner List of professions particular to that chapter References List of related books for further details of the topic Web links List of digital resources V http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  Career options in Zoology Courses Institutions Professions and Scope for Future Studies Medical course ▶ AIIMS, New Delhi Civil surgeon / Civil assistant surgeon in central and state govt hospitals and in private ◉ MBBS – Allopathy ▶ JIPMER sector. Specialist in various medical fields like Cardiologist, Endocrinologist, Neurologist, ◉ MD ◉ MS ▶ Government & Private Medical Colleges Orthopedician, Paediatrician, Haematologist, Pathologist and Anaesthetist. ◉ BUMS – Unani ◉ BNYS _ Naturopathy ▶ AFMC, AMU ◉ BHMS – Homeopathy ◉ BDS _ Dental ◉ Cardiology ◉ Pulmonology ◉ Nephrology ◉ Diabetology ◉ Dermatology, ◉ BAMS – Ayurveda ◉ BSMS _ Siddha ◉ Anaesthesiology ◉ Ophthalmology ◉ Obstetrics and Gynaecology Veterinary Course ▶ State Veterinary Universities & Colleges (Veterinary Surgeon/ Veterinary Assiatant Surgeon in central and state govt ◉ B. V. Sc. (Bachelor of Veterinary Sciences) hospitals and in private sector). ◉ Animal Biochemistry ◉ Dairy Science www.Padasalai.Net ◉ Animal Biotechnology ◉ Dairy Technologisty ◉ Animal Genetics and Breeding ◉ Livestock Production Management ◉ Animal Nutrition ◉ Animal Physiology ◉ Bio-Statisticis ◉ Food Quality and ◉ Poultry Science Safety Assurance ◉ Veterinary Bacteriology ◉ Indian Traditional Foods ◉ Veterinary Immunology Preservation & Packaging State level institutes Agri Courses ▶ IARI, Delhi (Agriculture Officer in state and central government service and other ◉ B. Sc. (Agriculture) ▶ Agriculture Universities & Colleges private employment oppurtunites ) ◉ B. Tech (Agriculture) ◉ Agricultural Engineer ◉ Environmental Sciences VI ◉ B. Sc. (Horticulture) ◉ Agronomist ◉ Fruit Sciences and ◉ B. Sc. (Forestry) ◉ Bioinformatics Horticultural Technology ◉ B. Sc. (Sericulture) ◉ Entomologist ◉ Plant Pathology Post graduation and Doctorate courses in National and ◉ B. F. Sc. (Bachelor of Fisheries Sciences) ◉ Soil science & Agro Chemistry Para Medical courses ▶ All India Institutes of Medical Sci- ◉ Nursing ◉ Nuclear Medicine Technician ◉ B. Sc. (Nursing) ences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Bhopal, ◉ Pharmacy Occupational therapist ◉ B. Sc. (Trauma Care Management) Bhubaneswar, Jodhpur, Patna, Raipur, ◉ Anaesthesia Technician ◉ Operation Theatre Technician ◉ B. Pharm, D. Pharm Rishikesh. ◉ Cardiac Technician ◉ Ophthalmic Assistant ◉ BPT (Bachelor of Physiotherapy) ▶ JIPMER, Puducherry ◉ Dental Mechanic ◉ Physiotherapst ◉ BOT (Bachelor of Occupational Therapy) ▶ All Government & Private Medical ◉ Health Inspector ◉ Radiographic Assistant ◉ B. Optom. (Bachelor of Optometry) Colleges ◉ Medical Imaging & Technician ◉ Radiotherapy Technician ◉ Medical Lab Techician ◉ Rehabilitation Technician ◉ Medical X-ray Technican ◉ Respiratory Therapy Technician ◉ Blood Transfusion Technician General Courses Government Arts and Zoo keepers, Creators, Bird watchers in Airports and Lab Technician. www.TrbTnpsc.com ◉ B.Sc. Zoology ◉ B.Sc. Food Technology Science Colleges in TamilNadu ◉ B.Sc. Dietician & Nutritionist ◉ B.Sc. Dairy Technology ◉ B.Sc. Sericulture ◉ B.Sc. Mass Communication ◉ B.Sc. Oceanography ◉ B.Sc. Multimedia http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html ◉ B.Sc. Forensic Sciences ◉ B.Sc. 3D Animation Bachelor of Science and Education (BSc, B.Ed) Regional Institute of Education BT.Assistant (Science teacher for secondary level) M.phil in Education IDGC Ph.D (Mysore, Ajmeer, Bhopal,Bhuvaneswar), Shillong *Civil Service Exams for all india services (IAS, IPS, IFoS) and other central services &*Other service exams conducted by TNPSC, IBPS, NDA, CDS, SSC and RRB.  Career options in Zoology Master of science and Education (MSc, B.Ed) Regional Institute of Education PG.Assistant (Mysore, Ajmeer, Bhopal,Bhuvaneswar) (Zoology, teachers, professors in collegeslectures and universities higher secondary level) Master of science in Zoology Government arts and science colleges in Researchers in variegated subjects in zoology and life science, Scientist, Environmetolo- TamilNadu - Madras University gyist, Dietician and Nutritionist Master of science in Marine Zoology National institute of Oceanography Career opportunities in National Marine park and Marine Engineers ▶ Andhra University(Visakhapatnam) ▶ Anna University (Chennai) ▶ Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Marine Research Laboratory (Maharashtra) ▶ Bharathidasan University (Tiruchirappalli) www.Padasalai.Net Master of science in zoology with ▶ Co-operative institute of health science ◉ Lab Technician ◉ Nuclear Medicine specialization in Medical Microbiology (Kerala) ◉ Medical Imaging and techni- ◉ Health Inspector ▶ Dolphin institute of Bio-Medical and cian ◉ Blood transfusion technician Natural Science (Dehradun) ◉ Respiratory therapy technician ▶ Himalayan University (Arunachal Pradesh) Master of philosophy and Ph.D in Zoology ▶ 4UBUF
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Professor, Research scholar Scientist in University , Documentarist in National Geographic Channel, Animal clinics, National parks, Museum Fisheries and aquaculture PharmaceuticBl companies, animal trainers. VII Medicine Related Entrance Exams Exam Selection Process & Test Pattern No. of Questions Tentative Schedule NEET Physics 45 Form out: Last week of Jan. www.aipmt.nic.in Chemistry 45 Last Date: 1st week of March Time: 3 Hours Biology 90 Test Date: 1st week of May Timing: NA Total Questions 180 Negative Marking: +4/-1 Mode: Pen and Paper Marks: 720 Forms Available: Online AIIMS Physics 60 Form out: Mid Jan All India Institute of Medical Sciences Chemistry 60 Last Date: Mid Feb www.aiimsexams.org Biology 60 Test Date: Mid May Time: 3.5 Hours GK 20 Negative Marking: +1/- 1/3 rd Timing : NA Total questions 200 Marks: 200 Mode: Computer based Forms Available: Online www.TrbTnpsc.com JIPMER Physics 60 Form out: Last week of March Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Chemistry 60 Last Date: 1st week of May Medical Education & Research Biology 60 Test Date: 1st week of June www.jipmer.edu.in Logic & Quantitative 10 Negative Marking: Nil http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html Time: 2.5 Hours Reasoning 10 Marks: 800 Timing: NA English Comprehension 200 Forms Available: Online Mode: Computer based Total Questions The Details given above are tentative and have been prepared as per trends of previous years. 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RCI approved) x Dairy Extension Education x Noi Nadal x Veterinary Medicine x Agricultural chemicals x Animal Biotechnology x Veterinary Parasitology x Nanju Maruthuvam x Agronomy Postgraduate Courses (PG) x Agronomy (Forage production) x Veterinary Pathology x Bioinformatics x General Surgery x Animal Reproduction, Gynecology x Veterinary Pharmacology x Entomology and Obstetrics x Obstetrics & Gynaecology x Veterinary Physiology x Horticulture x Food Quality and Safety x Ophthalmology x Veterinary Public Health x Molecular biology and biotechnology Assurance x Orthopedic Surgery x Veterinary Surgery & Radiology x Environmental sciences x Oto-Rhino Laryngology (E.N.T.) x Veterinary Virology x Plant pathology NIN ( Hyderabad) x Plant genetic resources IIT (Chennai) National Diploma x Nematology x MSc (APPLIED NUTRITION) x National Diploma in Animal Husband- x Microbiology x Biological Sciences - x POST-GRADUATE ry (NDAH) Division of Animal Nutrition Dual Degree (BS & MS) CERTIFICATE x National Diploma in Animal Reproduc- COURSE IN NUTRITION tion (NDAR) Division of Animal Reproduction x National Diploma in Veterinary Biological Products (NDBP) Division of Biological Products www.TrbTnpsc.com x National Diploma in Equine Husband- PhD ry, Medicine and Surgery (NDEHMS) x National Diploma in Fodder and Feed x Animal BiochemistryB.V.Sc.& AH x Animal NutritionB.V.Sc.& AH with x Veterinary BacteriologyBVSc & AH with x Veterinary Gynaecology and ObstetricsB.V.Sc. & Technology(NDFFT) Division of with Master's degree in concerned Master's degree in concerned discipline. Animal Nutrition http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html Master’s degree in Vet. Bacteriology/Vet. AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline discipline. x Livestock Production and Manage- Virology/ Vet. Microbiology/ Vet. Public x National Diploma in Meet and Meat x Veterinary ImmunologyBVSc & AH with Master’s x Animal BiotechnologyBVSc & AH mentB.V.Sc.& AH with Master's degree Health/ Avian Diseases/ Vet. Immunolo- degree in Vet. Immunology or MVSc in Vet. Microbi- Products Technology (NDMPT) with Master’s degree in Biotechnolo- in concerned discipline. gy/Epidemiology/ Biotechnology ology/Virology/ Bacteriology/ Pathology/Biotechnol- Division of Livestock Products gy/ Animal Biotechnology/Animal x Livestock Products TechnologyB.V.Sc.& x Veterinary Extension EducationBVSc & ogy/Avian Diseases/Parasitology/ Animal Biochem- Technology Biochemistry/ Microbiology/ Immu- AH with Master's degree in concerned AH with Master’s degree in concerned istry with minor in Vet. Immunology x National Diploma in Poultry Husband- nology/ Virology discipline. discipline/ Vet. Medicine/ Vet. Gynaecol- ry (NDPH) CARI x Veterinary MedicineB.V.Sc.& AH with Master's x Animal Genetics and BreedingBVSc x Poultry ScienceB.V.Sc.& AH with ogy & Obstetrics/ Vet. Surgery/ Animal degree in concerned discipline x National Diploma in Preventive & AH with Master’s degree in Master's degree in concerned discipline. Nutrition Veterinary Medicines (NDPVM) Div. of concerned discipline B&M  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com UNIT UNITI I C hCahpatpetre 1r 1 The TheLiving LivingWorld World Chapter Outline Chapter Outline 1.1. Diversity in the Living world 1.2.1.1. Diversity Need in the Living world for Classification 1.3.1.2. Need forand Taxonomy Classification Systematics 1.4.1.3. Taxonomy Three Domainsandof Systematics life 1.5.1.4. Three Domains Taxonomic of life Hierarchy 1.6.1.5. Taxonomic Hierarchy Nomenclature “Our task“Our musttask be to…embrace all living must be to…embrace 1.7.1.6. Nomenclature Concept of Species creatures and theall whole of nature and its living creatures and thebeauty. whole” 1.8.1.7. Concept Tools of Species for study of Taxonomy of nature and itsEinstein — Albert beauty.” 1.8. Tools for study of taxonomy — Albert Einstein Learning Objectives: have to depend on plants and animals for food. Animals are also used as source Learns the importance of labour, in farming, as pets, and for of the living world and other economic benefits. Understanding its diversity animals and their unique characteristics, Understands the need habitats, behaviour and evolutionary for classification relationships is very important. This Creates an interest in systematics chapter deals with, diversity in the living and understands the importance world, need for classification, types of of taxonomy for classification of classification, taxonomical hierarchy, animals nomenclature and tools for studying Knows the key rules of nomenclatures taxonomy. and their uses 1.1 Diversity in the Living All living forms co-exist with each other. There are about 8.7 million species of World animals which have been identified, Earth has numerous habitats with a wide named, described and classified. A study range of living organisms inhabiting reports that 86% of all species on the land them. Plants and animals are present in and 91% of those in the seas are yet to be almost all of the places, from polar ice discovered, described and catalogued. caps to volcanic hot springs, from shallow Though humans are placed in the top lagoons to the deepest oceans, from most position on the hierarchy, they tropical rain forests to dry and parched 1 http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com A new estimate of biodiversity on Earth (2017) 0.4% 1% 0.1% 4.1% 2.8% 7.3% 5.6% 7.4% 78% 17.6% 0.02% 90.5% 7.3% 4.9% 73.1 Wilson (1992) Mora et al (2011) Brenden Wilson (1992) Mora et al (2011) Brenden etetalal (2017) (2017) A traditional estimate of the An estimate based on An estimate based on the relative richness of different groups of projected richness of different projected richness of organisms based on numbers of groups of organisms. different groups of organisms. described species. Animals Fungi Plants Protists Bacteria Newly Discovered Species Threatened Species in India (2016) in India Platyhelminthes Crustaceas Reptiles 13% Amphibians 1% 2% Fishes Invertebrates 13% 31% Insects 40% Vertebrates Mammal Birds Reptiles Amphibian Fishes Invertebrates New Species Discovered in India (2016) Of the new animal species discovered in India, 258 are invertebrates and 55 vertebrates. As many as 97 species According to IUCN, 172 species of animals are considered of insects, 27 of fishes, 12 species of amphibians, 10 of globally threatened in India or 2.9% of the world’s total Platyhelminthes, 9 of Crustacea and 6 of reptiles have been number of threatened species. discovered and described by scientists. There are 61 species These include 53 species of mammals, 69 birds, 23 reptiles of moths and butterflies (order Lepidoptera) and 38 of beetles and 3 amphibians, 2 fishes and 22 invertebrates. (Coleoptera). 2 http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com deserts. There are a variety of species waste lot of time in finding an item. In that have been adapted successfully to the same way, libraries also organize the live in diverse ecosystems. Ecosystem is books alphabetically or genres-wise into a community of living organisms (plants autobiographies, novels, kids stories, and animals), non-living environment science fictions, etc. Likewise it is nearly (including minerals, climate, soil, water, impossible to study all the living organism sunlight) and their interrelationships hence it becomes necessary to device some (A.G. Tansley, 1935). The presence of a means and methods to make this possible large number of species in a particular and this process is called classification. ecosystem is called ‘biological diversity’ Classification is a process by which things or in short ‘biodiversity’. The term are grouped in convenient categories, biodiversity was first introduced by based on easily observable characters. The Walter Rosen (1985), and defined by E.D. scientific term used for these categories Wilson. is taxa (taxon–singular). Taxa indicates categories at different levels, for example Difference between the Living and Kingdom Animalia, includes multicellular Non-living animals such as reptiles, mammals, etc. Living organisms show a variety Based on their characteristics, all living of unique characters different organisms can be classified into different from non-living matter. The key taxa. This science of classification is characters of living organisms are, called taxonomy. External and internal cellular organization, nutrition, structures along with developmental respiration, metabolism, growth, response processes and ecological information to stimuli, movement, reproduction, of organisms are essential, as they excretion, adaptation and homeostasis. form basis of the taxonomical studies. Numerous scientists and taxonomists Hence, characterisation, identification, have made tremendous contribution and nomenclature and classification are the documentation in the observation and scientific stages that are basic to taxonomy. study of even minute characters in living The basic need for classifications are: organisms. Their keen observations have To identify and differentiate closely led to the classification of living organisms related species and the study of their interrelationships. To know the variation among the species 1.2. Need for classification To understand the evolution of the We come across many places where species things are arranged in specific categories. To create a phylogenetic tree In super markets, the shelves can have rows and columns of groceries, cosmetics, among the different groups toys, stationeries, snacks and utensils. To conveniently study living If it is not arranged in a well organized organisms manner, customers and sales persons will 3 http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com 1.3 Taxonomy and the organisms. Apart from the above Systematics said features, evolutionary history of the species and the environmental adaptations Taxonomy (G. taxis- arrangement ; nomos- and interrelationship between species are law) is the science of arrangement of also being investigated in systematics. living organisms along with classification, description, identification, and naming History of Classification of organisms which includes all flora and Early classification of organisms were fauna including microorganisms of the based on only two criteria, beneficial or world. The word taxonomy was coined by harmful animals. An ancient classification Augustin Pyramus de Candole (1813). system recognized 5 animal groups - Taxonomy is a theoretical study of domestic, wild, creeping, flying and classification with well defined principles, sea animals. Initially the classification rules and procedures. Aristotle is called was based on organism’s fundamental the father of taxonomy (classical) and characteristics such as the habitat and Carolus Linnaeus is the father of modern morphology only. taxonomy. Aristotle (384 to 322 BC), was the first to classify all animals in his History of Systematics (G. System/sequence) Animals (Historia Animalium in Latin). The objectives of taxonomy and He attempted a basic classification of all systematics are very similar; their goal living organisms into Plants and Animals. is to classify organisms with stipulated Animals were classified based on rules. The main criteria of systematics locomotion; walking (terrestrial), flying is identifying, describing, naming, (aerial) and swimming (aquatic). Based arranging, preserving and documenting on the presence or absence of red blood he classified the animals into two as Enaima with blood and those without blood as Carolus Linnaeus is Anaima. the father of modern Aristotle’s classification system had taxonomy, which is limitations and many organisms were not the system of classifying and fitting into his classification. For example, naming organisms. One of the tadpoles of frogs are born in water and his contributions was the have gills but when they metamorphosed development of a hierarchical into adult frogs they have lungs and can live system of classification of nature. both in water and on land. How to classify Today, this system includes frogs and where to place them? Aristotle eight taxa: domain, classified organisms based on locomotion, kingdom, phylum, hence, birds, bats, and flying insects were class, order, family, grouped together just by observing one genus, and species. single characteristic feature, the flying ability. On the contrary to the above said 4 http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com example, the ostrich, emu and penguin organisms. A modification of this system are all birds but cannot fly. So Aristotle is the numerical taxonomy, which evolved would not have classified them as birds. in the 1950s. This system evaluates the In spite of these limitations Aristotle’s resemblances and differences through classification system was followed for statistical methods followed by computer more than 2000 years upto 1700. analyses to establish the numerical degree After Aristotle, his student of relationship among individuals. Later Theophrastus (372-287 BC) continued on biologists initiated studies on the his research on the classification of evolutionary and genetic relationships plants, and he was known as the “Father among organisms, which led to the emerge of of Botany.” There was a huge gap till phylogenetic classification or cladistics. 16th century, then the English naturalist It is an evolutionary classification based John Ray (1627–1705) wrote several on how a common ancestry was shared. important works through his life. His Cladistic classification summarizes the most important contribution was the genetic differences between all species establishment of species as the ultimate in the ‘phylogenetic tree’. Ernst Haeckal unit of taxonomy. In 1682 he published introduced the method of representing the Methodus Plantarum Nova, which evolutionary relationships with the help contained about 18,000 plant species, of a tree diagram known as cladogram. a result of a relatively narrow species This system of classification takes concept. His complicated classification into account ancestral characters (traits was based on many combined characters, of basic body design which would be in as opposed to earlier taxonomists. John the entire group) and derived characters Ray also aimed at publishing a complete (traits whose structure and functions system of nature, which included works differs from those of ancestral characters). on mammals, reptiles, birds, fishes and One or more derived characters which insects. The Swedish biologist Carolus appeared during evolution resulted Linnaeus (1707 - 1788) father of modern in the formation of new subspecies. taxonomy and founder of modern In a cladogram each evolutionary systematics developed a scientific system step produces a branching and all the of taxonomy and binomial nomenclature, which is still (with modifications) in use. Figure 1.1. Example of a Cladogram Aristotle to Linnaeus employed easily observable single to few traits for classification of organisms. With 6KDUNV 5D\)LQQHG 5D\  )LQQHG ILVK $PSKLELDQV &URFRGLOHV %LUGV 5RGHQWV UDEELWV 3ULPDWHV increased knowledge of the several biological domains, many characters were +DLU (JJVZLWKVKHOOV considered for classifying organisms. $PQLRWLFHJJ This represented the phase of classical )RXUOLPEV taxonomy which was based on overall %RQ\VNHOHWRQ similarities or affinities derived from 9HUWHEUDH morphology, anatomy and embryology of 5 http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com members of the branch would possess the 1.4. Three Domains of life derived character which will not be seen Three domain classification was proposed in organisms below the particular branch by Carl Woese (1977) and his co-workers. point. Arranging organisms on the basis They classified organisms based on the of their similar or derived characters difference in 16S rRNA genes. The three which differ from the ancestral characters domain system adds the taxon ‘domain’ produced a phylogenetic tree or cladogram higher than the kingdom. This system (Figure 1.1). emphasizes the separation of Prokaryotes Depending on the system of into two domains, Bacteria and Arachaea, classification, organisms were classified and all the eukaryotes are placed into the into two or three kingdoms. Later into four, domain Eukarya. Archaea appears to have five, six and now into seven kingdoms. more in common with the Eukarya than R.H.Whittaker (1969) proposed the Five the Bacteria. Archaea differ from bacteria kingdom Classification, the Kingdoms in cell wall composition and differs from defined by him were Monera, Protista, bacteria and eukaryotes in membrane Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on composition and rRNA types. the cell structure, mode of nutrition, mode of reproduction and phylogenetic relationships. Table 1. gives a comparative account of different characteristics of the Thermus aquatics is a five kingdoms. bacterium which can Classification has come a long way and tolerate high temperatures. now takes into an account even molecular The first DNA polymerase enzyme was level DNA and RNA identification. The isolated from T. aquaticus it is advancement in molecular techniques used in PCR (Polymerase Chain and biochemical assays has led to a new Reaction ) for DNA amplification. classification - The “Three Domain” classification. THREE DOMAINS (Carl Woese, 1977) ARCHAEA BACTERIA EUKARYA (Extremophiles) Cyanobacteria & (Eukaryotes) Methanogens, Halophiles, Eubacteria, beneficial& Protista, Fungi, Plants Thermoacidophiles pathogenic and Animals 6 http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com 1. Domain Archaea are photosynthetic blue green algae which This domain includes single celled produce oxygen. These had played a key role organisms, the prokaryotes which have the in the changes of atmospheric oxygen levels ability to grow in extreme conditions like from anaerobic to aerobic during the early volcano vents, hot springs and polar ice geologic periods. caps, hence are also called extremophiles. They are capable of synthesizing their food Curd is one of the best sources without sunlight and oxygen by utilizing of probiotics, which are friendly hydrogen sulphide and other chemicals bacteria that can improve our health. from the volcanic vents. Some of the them e.g. Lactobacillus sp. produced methane (methanogens), few live in salty environments (Halophiles) and are 3. Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes) thermoacidophiles which thrive in acidic Eukaryotes are animals which have true environments and at high temperatures. nucleus and membrane bound organelles. 2. Domain Bacteria DNA in the nucleus is arranged as a linear chromosome with histone proteins, Bacteria are prokaryotic, their cells have no ribsosomes of 80S type in the cytosol and 70S definite nucleus and DNA exists as a circular type in the chloroplast and mitochondria. chromosomes and do not have histones Animals in this domain are classified under associated with it. They do not possess kingdoms, namely, Protista, Fungi, Plantae membrane bound organelles except for and Animalia. ribosome (70S type). Their cell wall contains peptidoglycans. Many are decomposers, In 1987, Cavalier-Smith revised the some are photo-synthesizers and few cause six kingdom system to Seven Kingdom diseases. There are beneficial probiotic system. The concept of super kingdom was bacteria and harmful pathogenic bacteria introduced and revised to seven kingdom which are diversely populated. Cyanobacteria classification. The classification is divided FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION KINDS OF KINGDOM Salient features Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Cell wall Non-cellular Present in Present Present Absent some Body Cellular Cellular Multicelluar Tissue Tissue organisation Tissue Organ Organ Organ system Mode of Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Table 1. Five Kingdom Classification 7 http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com into two Super Kingdoms (Prokaryota and Archaebacteria) and five Eukaryotic and Eukaryota) and seven kingdoms, Kingdoms (Protozoa, Chromista, Fungi, two Prokaryotic Kingdoms (Eubacteria Plantae and Animalia). The Three-Domain System Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The traditional Five – Kingdom system Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia The Six –Kingdom system Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia The Seven – Kingdom system Archae- Eubacteria Protozoa Chromista Fungi Plantae Animalia bacteria 1.5. Taxonomic hierarchy In biological classification, the taxonomical intermediate categories such as subkingdom, hierarchy includes seven major categories grade, division, subdivision, subphylum, namely kingdom, phylum, class, order, superclass, subclass, superorder, suborder, family, genus and species and other superfamily, subfamily and subspecies. Hinny Mule Liger Tigon Figure 1.2 Sterile offsprings 8 http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com Species Genus: It is a group of closely related species which have evolved from a Species is the basic unit of classification common ancestor. In some genus there in the taxonomic hierarchial system. is only one species which is called as It is a group of animals having similar monotypic genus (e.g. Red panda is the morphological features (traits) and is only species in the genus Ailurus : Ailurus reproductively isolated to produce fertile fulgens) (Figure 1.3). If there are more offspring. There are some exceptional than one species in the genus it is known animals which can produce sterile as polytypic genus, for example ‘cats’ offspring because of mating with closely come under the Genus Felis, which has related species (Figure 1.2). a number of closely related species, Felis domestica (domestic cat), Felis margarita Crosses between (jungle cat). Felis silvestris (wild cat) Male horse and Female Donkey results in Hinny (Sterile). Male Donkey and Female Horse results in Mule (Sterile) Male Lion and Female Tiger results in Liger Male Tiger and Female Lion results in Tigon Figure 1.3 Red Panda – Ailurus fulgens Systematics of Human being KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata – Animals with a notochord or vertebral column (Back bone) CLASS Mammalia – Body covered with hair or fur. Mammary glands are present ORDER Primata – Mammals with forward looking eyes and grasping fingers FAMILY Hominidae – Primates with relatively flat faces and binocular vision GENUS Homo – Hominids with large brain and upright posture SPECIES Homo sapiens – Bipedal and higher intelligence 9 http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html  www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com Family: It is a taxonomic category Biological nomenclature which includes a group of related genera derives from the binomial (or with less similarity as compared to genus binominal) nomenclature and species. For example, the family that was originally codified in the Felidae includes the genus Felis (cats) works of Linnaeus, Species Plantarum and the genus Panthera (lions, tigers, (1753) and Systema Naturae, 10th leopards). Edition (1758). These publications Order: This category includes an are the starting points for the modern assemblage of one or more related families biological nomenclature in most groups which show few common features. One of plants and animals. or more similar families are grouped together to form an order. For example, family Canidae and Felidae are placed in Phylum: The group of classes with the order Carnivora. similar distinctive characteristics Class: This category includes one or constitute a phylum. The classes Pisces, more related orders with some common Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia characters. For example order Primata constitute the next higher category, comprising monkeys, apes and man is phylum Chordata. These classes share placed in the Class Mammalia, along with some common features like presence of the order Carnivora which includes dogs a notochord and a dorsal tubular nerve and cats. cord hence included in the phylum Recently Discovered Chordata. species in South India Kingdom: All living Scientists have discovered a animals belonging to new and unusual species of frog in the various phyla are included Western Ghats in India in August 2017. in the Kingdom Animalia The frog has shiny, purple skin, a light and it is the top most