Animal Tissues PDF AY2223SEM1 ZOOL MIDTERMS

AY2223SEM1_ZOOL_MIDTERMS ANIMAL TISSUES called microvilli on surface to aid absorption. What are tissues? FUNCTION Serve a protecti...

AY2223SEM1_ZOOL_MIDTERMS ANIMAL TISSUES called microvilli on surface to aid absorption. What are tissues? FUNCTION Serve a protective function - Tissues are groups of similar cells that against bacteria and the perform a particular function. wearing away of certain organs by lining various structures. Also TYPES OF TISSUES prevent water loss. 1. Epithelial Tissue 2. Muscle Tissue 3. Nerve Tissue 4. Connective Tissue (cartilage, bone, blood, adipose) EPITHELIAL TISSUE ✓ Provides a barrier between the external environment and the organ it covers. ✓ Specializes to function in secretion and absorption. ✓ Protects organisms from microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss. ✓ Excretes waste products such as sweat from the skin. SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL Simple squamous and stratified TISSUE TYPE squamous COLUMNAR LOCATION IN Simple: capillaries, alveoli (in BODY lungs); EPITHELIAL Columnar Stratified: skin TISSUE TYPE STRUCTURE Thin and flat cells that are LOCATION IN Digestive tract, reproductive elliptically shaped and lie on BODY organs basement membrane. STRUCTURE Elongated cells, nuclei located FUNCTION Responsible for diffusion. Thin at the base of the cell. cells structure allows for movement connected by tight junctions of substances across the cells. and receive their nutrients from the basement membrane. FUNCTION Main function is protection. Prevents bacterial infection. Can also secret mucus to protect surface from damage. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL Cuboidal TISSUE TYPE LOCATION IN Kidney tubules or glands MUSCLE TISSUE BODY (regions of the body responsible for excretion). ✓ for movement/locomotion STRUCTURE Cube-like in structure; may ✓ skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle occasionally have structures  AY2223SEM1_ZOOL_MIDTERMS SKELETAL MUSCLE ✓ voluntary ✓ we can control 90% of the time ✓ multinucleated (found peripherally) o cytokinesis do not take place here → no cell will be produced ✓ cells are long ✓ they are striated (dark, light, dark, light) CONNECTIVE TISSUE ✓ a biological tissue that is important in supporting, connecting, or separating different types of tissues and organs in the body. ✓ all connective tissue is made up of cells, SMOOTH MUSCLE fibers (such as collagen), and extracellular matrix. ✓ involuntary ✓ digestive system, circulatory ✓ mononucleated, nucleus almost at the center ✓ unstriated CARDIAC MUSCLE ✓ involuntary ✓ mononucleated ✓ striated NERVOUS TISSUE ✓ neuron can be a cell or a tissue o example: motor neuron, interneuron, sensory neuron ✓ myelinated – tissue o the presence myelin sheath → schwann cell o multiple cells o hopping nerve impulses o faster ✓ unmyelinated cells = walking nerve impulses ✓ brain → gray outside (unmyelinated); white inside (myelinated) ✓ spinal cord → white outside (myelinated); gray inside (unmyelinated) ✓ 6th sense from the ear = balance  AY2223SEM1_ZOOL_MIDTERMS KINGDOM ANIMALIA: THE INVERTEBRATES Gastrulation stage gastrula – embryo a. ectoderm – outer b. endoderm – future digestive organ c. archenteron – future digestive tract d. blastophore – some will become the What is Choanoflagellate? mouth/anus ✓ living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes are considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals. ✓ not yet multicellular ✓ although they tend to be colonial, there are still those who exist alone. ✓ sponges: only living organisms with the similar choanoflagellates cell structure. Protostomia vs. Deuterostomia PROTOSTOMIA DEUTEROSTOMIA ✓ blastophore ✓ blastophore becomes the mouth becomes the anus ✓ mouth forms first ✓ anal opening forms first Lophotrochozoa vs. Ecdysozoa LOPHOTROCHOZOA ECDYSOZOA ✓ lophophore – ✓ ecdysis – shedding structures found in ✓ they have Parazoa vs. Eumetazoa the mouth; to get exoskeleton PARAZOA EUMETAZOA food. ✓ larval form Disadvantage: ✓ It has no tissue. ✓ It has tissues. (trochophore) ✓ prevents growth ✓ Its cells react ✓ Its cells coordinate ✓ came from ✓ become vulnerable independently but with each other to lophophore which is when they shed are still multi- accomplish a present in (becomes inactive) cellular (but doesn’t certain job. lophophorate phyla have coordination). ✓ There is a presence Phylum: Nematoda and ✓ It was outcasted of nervous system Arthropoda before. to direct how they ✓ When in stress, all act. Lophophore Coreid Bug the cells react. ✓ “para” means before ✓ between Kingdom Protista and Animalia Radiata vs. Bilateria (Secondary Evolution) Trochophore Coreid Bug during RADIATA BILATERA ecdysis ✓ radial symmetry ✓ the body can be ✓ left and right is not separated into two applicable parts (left and right) ✓ no syphalic region ✓ symmetrical sides (head) Phylum: Cnidaria and 2 groups: Protostomia Ctenophora and Deuterostomia Species: Jellyfishes  AY2223SEM1_ZOOL_MIDTERMS PHYLUM PORIFERA PHYLUM CNIDARIA SPONGES JELLIES, CORALS, etc. ✓ sessile with porous bodies and choanocytes ✓ have radial symmetry, gastrovascular cavity, o sessile – does not move from one and cnidocytes. place to another o gastrovascular cavity – type of ✓ no nerve or muscles, but the individual cells digestive system can sense and react to changes in the o cnidocytes – found in tentacles, cell- environment like size; they can sting the predator, o absence of muscle is the reason they prey or any threat can’t move ✓ two basic body plans: polyp (sessile) and ✓ they do not have a digestive system medusa (free-moving). ✓ heterotrophic organisms DIPLOBLASTIC TRIPLOBLASTIC ✓ filter feeding ✓ cnidaria and ✓ all other animals o feeding mechanism where they filter ctenophora ✓ >3 layers their surrounding environment before ✓ 2 layers of tissues eating (mostly for aquatic animals). (embryological ✓ all the pores serves as entry for water development) choanocytes (collar cells) – filter the water. ectoderm – integumentary system o water will then be transferred to ameboid cells where it is digested endoderm – lining of digestive system ameboid cells – also serves as circulatory gastrovascular cavity – has only one opening system. (anus and mouth are in one opening) o after digesting, the ameboid cells will o a complete digestive system has 2 distribute the food openings (anus and mouth are separate openings) when there is no more food in the water, it will get out of the osculum ✓ muscles and nerves occur in their simplest forms collar cells (filtration) → ameboid cells (digestion and ✓ it has 3 forms: circulation) → other parts o hydrozoa – polyp and medusa (hydra) epidermal cells - cover the entire sponge o scyphozoa – medusa (jellies) spicules – hard materials which help the o anthozoa – polyp (sea anemones, sponge for protection; provide additional corals) support ✓ both forms present has something to do with reproduction: ✓ sponges are not soft o the alternate to successfully ✓ most sponges are hermaphrodites reproduce sexually and asexually o may produce both egg and sperm o polyp – asexual o gametes arise from choanocytes or o medusa – sexual amoebocytes → they can transform either to an egg or sperm o capable of sexual reproduction o fertilization happens outside → in vitro fertilization ✓ they use regeneration to reproduce asexually o if one part is detached, it can grow into another organism.  AY2223SEM1_ZOOL_MIDTERMS PHYLUM CTENOPHORA ✓ have gastrovascular cavity with only one COMB JELLIES opening o tapeworms lack a digestive tract and ✓ possess rows of ciliary plates and adhesive absorb nutrients across their body colloblast surface o their tentacles are more adhesive and ✓ they are divided into four classes: less harmful a. turbellaria – free living, exists outside ✓ does not use tentacles for moving, instead host use ciliary plates b. monogenea ✓ ctenophora means “comb-bearer” c. trematoda (flukes) o 8 rows of comb-like plates composed d. cestoidean (tapeworms) of fused cilia ✓ they have retractable tentacles and any area of them are able to release waste materials ✓ the rest of the body is for reproduction (proglottid) except the one attached to the host ✓ proglottid – can self-fertilize; they can be PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES detached FLATWORMS o the detached part will lay eggs to its ✓ platy – flat; helminth – worm-like new host and develop from there ✓ relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft bodied invertebrates PHYLUM ROTIFERA ✓ acoelomates, and having no specialized ROTIFERS circulatory and respiratory organs… ✓ wheel-bearer → cilias are like wheels ✓ pseudocoelomates with jaws, crowns of cilia, and a complete digestive tract ✓ parthenogenesis: some species consists only of females from unfertilized eggs o can make egg without fertilization and can hatch to make another female a. acoelomated - no coelom (cavity or space inside the body) - after outer is digestive - endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm b. eucoelomated - space surrounding the PHYLUM NEMERTEA mesoderm/within the mesoderm PROBOSCIS WORMS - humans belong to this c. pseudocoelomated ✓ AKA ribbon worms - space is found between the ✓ unique anterior proboscis surrounded by endoderm and the mesoderm fluid-filled cavity – rhynchocoel o cavity on top of digestive system ✓ tripoblastic – the middle embryonic tissue o release on top of their mouths layer, mesoderm – contributes to the ✓ complete digestive tract development of more complex organs and ✓ closed circulatory system true muscles ✓ length: 1mm – 30 m  AY2223SEM1_ZOOL_MIDTERMS ✓ found underwater CLASS GASTROPODA ✓ marine, freshwater, or terrestrial; asymmetric body, usually with coiled shell; shell reduced or absent in some; foot for locomotion; radula is present ✓ have symmetric body since visceral mass is twisted/coiled PHYLUM MOLLUSCA MOLLUSKS ✓ filter feeders ✓ have muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle o 3 anatomical parts to be considered in CLASS BIVALVIA phylum mollusca o visceral mass – main body/where ✓ aquatic; flattened shell with two valves; head organs are situated reduced; paired gills; most are filter feeders; o mantle – shell making mantle forms siphons ✓ coelom reduced; main body cavity is a o siphon – extends outside to get food; hemocoel extension of mantle ✓ has complete digestive system incurrent siphon – water enters excurrent siphon – water exits gill – becomes filter feeding device; between in- and excurrent siphon o whatever is filtered in the gills will enter the mouth; digestion will take place and exit the anus muscular foot visceral mass – orange region; mollusks have a complete digestive system nephridium – like a kidney mollusks, chiton, and slugs feed on mosses o they use the radula for eating o not all have radula ✓ separate sexes, with gonads located in visceral mass (many snails are hermaphrodite) ✓ trocophore – ciliated larval form o manifestation that mollusks and annelids have the same ancestor/related CLASS CEPHALODA CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA ✓ marine; head surrounded by grasping tentacles usually with suckers ✓ poly – many; placo – plate; bearer – phora ✓ cephalo – head; poda – feet ✓ chiton most familiar representative ✓ head is very obvious ✓ marine; shell with eight plates; foot used for ✓ shell is external, internal or absent; locomotion; head reduced locomotion is by jet propulsion using siphon ✓ they are grazers that use their radulas to cut ✓ the only mollusk with a closed circulatory and ingest algae system and well developed nervous system  AY2223SEM1_ZOOL_MIDTERMS o of all invertebrate, cephalods are the o it is detachable, fertilized egg is left most intelligent (octopus); capable of out when detached (becomes future learning earthworm) o largest invertebrate (giant squid) o they can create another one PHYLUM ANNELIDA SEGMENTED WORMS POLYCHAETA ✓ earthworms are hermaphrodites ✓ poly – many; chaeta – setae ✓ they cannot do self-fertilization ✓ setae is more dominant than other groups ✓ coelomates with body wall and internal ✓ well-developed head; each segment has organs, except digestive system segmented parapodia with setae; tube dwelling and free living o example: Christmas tree worm OLIGOCHAETA ✓ reduced head; no parapodia o setae not as obvious HIRUDINEA ✓ body usually flat; reduced coelom and segmentation; setae absent ✓ blood suckers ✓ leeches ✓ has 5 pumping vessels serving as the heart PHYLUM NEMATODA ✓ digestive system is not digested ROUNDWORMS ✓ cylindrical, unsegmented pseudo- coelomates with pointed ends; no circulatory system PHYLUM ARTHROPODA INSECTS, ARACHNID, etc. ✓ zoologists say they own the world ✓ most successful phylum (most diverse); diversity = biological success ✓ most influential in everyday life (we encounter them frequently) ✓ coelomates with segmented body, jointed nephridium – excretory structure; serves as appendages, exoskeleton made of chitin kidney ✓ arthro – joints; poda – legs setae – appear in different forms ✓ ecdysis is energetically expensive and leaves (represented in different groups); aids in arthropods vulnerable locomotion o they need to shed in order to grow clitellum – associated with female ✓ they have open circulatory system reproductive system o the opposite of clitellum during copulation is the male reproductive system o deposits the sperm cell in the clitellum o it is the storage of egg cells  AY2223SEM1_ZOOL_MIDTERMS CRUSTACEA ✓ body of two/three parts; o antennae present; o chewing mouthparts; o three or more walking legs ✓ marine animals CHILOPODA OPEN CS CLOSED CS ✓ centipedes – carnivores ✓ do not have blood ✓ it has blood ✓ circulatory fluid is - always inside a ✓ terrestrial carnivores; head has a pair of not always inside circulatory antennae and three pairs of appendages (called hemolymph) structure modified as mouthparts; poison claws on the - only outside when anterior-most trunk segment wounded DIPLOPODA ARACHNIDA ✓ millipedes – herbivores ✓ body having one or two main parts; six pairs ✓ large number of walking legs (two pairs per of appendages segment) o 1 pair with the chelicerae ✓ herbivores o pedipalps o 4 pairs of walking legs PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA → insects has 3 pairs ECHINODERMS chelicerae – for feeding ✓ echino – spiky; derma – skin pedipalps – serves an antennae for sensing ✓ coelomates with secondary radial anatomy the head of an arachnid is in the abdomen (larvae bilateral; adults radial) ✓ unique water vascular system o body has canals which adjust to move o locomotion is driven by movement of water inside the canal/body ✓ endoskeleton INSECTA ✓ head is separated from the thorax ✓ body divided into head, thorax and abdomen; antennae present ✓ mouthparts modified for chewing, sucking, or lapping ✓ 2 pairs of wings; 3 pairs of walking legs ✓ respiratory system is also in the abdomen ✓ in invertebrates, spinal cord is vertral (front) malpighian tubules – serves as respiratory system  AY2223SEM1_ZOOL_MIDTERMS KINGDOM ANIMALIA: VERTEBRATE DIVERSITY POST ANAL TAIL ✓ the chordate tail contains skeletal elements and muscles and provides much of the propulsive force in many aquatic species INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES SP UROCHORDATA ✓ AKA the “tunicates” 4 ANATOMICAL FEATURES ✓ sessile marine animals that adhere to rocks, NOTOCHORD docks, and boats ✓ longitudinal, flexible rod located between the ✓ others are planktonic digestive tube and the nerve cord ✓ some species are colonial ✓ composed of large, fluid-filled cells encased in fairly stiff, fibrous tissue NERVE CORD ✓ dorsal, hollow nerve cord SP CEPHALOCHORDATA ✓ the nerve cord of a chordate embryo develops into the central nervous system: ✓ AKA “lancelets” (blade-like shape) the brain and spinal cord ✓ only a few centimeters long, that live in the sand at the bottom of the sea in coastal areas PHARYNGEAL SLITS ✓ the pharyngeal slits allow water that enters SUB PHYLUM VERTEBRATA the mouth to exit without continuing through CLASS MYXINI the entire digestive tract ✓ function as filter-feeding device (for ✓ mainly bottom-dwelling scavengers invertebrate chordates)  AY2223SEM1_ZOOL_MIDTERMS ✓ rows of slime glands on a hagfish’s sides secrete a sticky substance CLASS CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI ✓ AKA “lampreys” ✓ jawless vertebrates that have cartilage segments surrounding notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES ✓ AKA “cartilaginous fishes” ✓ cartilaginous skeleton evolved secondarily ✓ consists of sharks and rays CLASS OSTEICHTHYES ✓ AKA “bony fishes” ✓ of all vertebrate groups, they are the most numerous both in individuals and in species ✓ they have skeletons reinforced by calcium phosphate ✓ in contrast to the cartilaginous fishes, they have opercula (bony gill cover) AY2223SEM1_ZOOL_MIDTERMS