Zoo 14 University Zoology PDF

ZOO 14 University Zoology Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in MB 110. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and...

ZOO 14 University Zoology Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in MB 110. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  TOPIC 3A Continuity of Animal Life: Reproductive Toolkits Copyright © 2023. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Reproduction Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Asexual Reproduction clones of the parent basic forms in animals: 1) budding 2) gemmulation 3) fragmentation Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 1) Budding Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  2) Gemmulation Gemmules of freshwater sponge (Spongillidae). Gemmules are a mechanism for survival of the harsh conditions of winter. On return of favorable conditions, the archaeocytes exit through the micropyle to form a new sponge. The archaeocytes of the gemmule give rise to all cell types of the new sponge structure. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 3) Fragmentation Sponges, annelids, and echinoderms can have the ability to regenerate from fragments Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Life cycle of Craspedacusta, a freshwater hydrozoan. The polyp has 3 methods of asexual reproduction: 1) by budding off new individuals, which may remain attached to the parent (colony formation); 2) by constricting off nonciliated planula-like larvae (frustules), which can move around and give rise to new polyps; and 3) by producing medusa buds, which develop into sexual jellies. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Asexual Reproduction Parthenogenesis: Unfertilized egg develops into complete individual ameiotic parthenogenesis meiotic parthenogenesis Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Sexual Reproduction recombination of genetic material gonads produce gametes: sperms or eggs primary sex organs vs. accessory sex organs animals can be dioecious or monoecious (hermaphrodites) sequential hermaphrodites Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 https://www.britannica.com/animal/echinoderm/Asexual-reproduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxyz9gDYOps&t =15s Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 THE ORIGIN AND MATURATION OF GERM CELLS Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Migration of Germ Cells Figure 7.5. Migration of mammalian primordial germ cells. A. From the yolk sac, the primordial germ cells migrate toward the region where the hindgut develops. B. Later-stage embryo shows the germ cells migrating through the hindgut and into the genital ridges. In human embryos, migration is complete by the end of the fifth week of gestation. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Sex Determination Figure 5.3 XX-XY sex determination shown as a Punnett square. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Sex Determination sex-determining region Y or SRY gene; SOX9 gene androgens: testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT); higher concentrations in ________ estrogen, higher concentration in ________ ovary-determining genes: WNT4 and DAX1 sex vs. gender Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Transgender Hormone Therapy - secondary sex characteristics Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Suggested Reading: Mammalian sex determination: a molecular drama (Swain and Lovell-Badge. 1999). Available from: http://m.genesdev.cshlp.org/content/13/7/755.long?view=long &pmid=10197976&fbclid=IwY2xjawEcGgJleHRuA2FlbQIxMA ABHUs9q8CkNG56lGWr_26e_evhLBS7OTrS9H3bFc5aJ5qe4 4y-mM8ehFSC1A_aem_D-gW0uNzCgvBTxmVq8oIxA Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Sex Determination in Reptiles Figure 7.6 Temperature-dependent sex determination. In many reptiles that lack sex chromosomes, incubation temperature of the nest determines phenotypic and behavioral sex. Source: Data from David Crews, “Animal Sexuality,” Scientific American 270(1):108–114, January 1994. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis Figure 7.8 Spermatogenesis. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Gametogenesis: Oogenesis Figure 7.10 Oogenesis in humans. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Gametogenesis: Oogenesis in humans the ova begin the first meiotic division at about the 13th week of fetal development egg development is arrested during prophase I as the primary oocyte until puberty during each menstrual cycle, about 8-10 of the primary oocytes begin to grow but only about only 1-2 develop into secondary oocyte(s) meiosis II is completed only when the secondary oocyte is penetrated by a spermatozoon during fertilization Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Reptiles and birds are oviparous (“egg-birth”) provide eggs with plentiful yolk development takes place in shelled egg containing extra-embryonic membrane parents often tend eggs and young Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Mammals are viviparous (“live-birth”) care of zygote and embryo placental mammals eliminate need for shelled egg Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Ovoviviparous (“egg-live-birth”) animals retain their eggs and release young able to fend for themselves no direct nourishment from mother (or father) Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 STRUCTURE OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 INVERTEBRATE Reproductive System Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College Figure 7.11 Reproductive system of crickets. NREMadarcos2024 VERTEBRATE Reproductive System Male Reproductive System Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Male Reproductive Anatomy Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Female Reproductive System Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Female Reproductive Anatomy Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 ENDOCRINE EVENTS THAT ORCHESTRATE REPRODUCTION Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Hormonal Control of Timing of Reproductive Cycles Two types of cyclic reproductive patterns of female mammals: 1) estrous cycle in most mammals, and 2) menstrual cycle only in monkeys, apes, and humans Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Gonadal Steroids and Their Control Figure 7.14 Sex hormones with basic four-ring steroid structure. Testosterone (an androgen), is a C 19 (19-carbon) steroid with a carbonyl group (C=O) on the A ring. Progesterone is a C 21 steroid, also bearing a carbonyl group on the A ring. Estradiol (an estrogen), is a C 18 steroid with an aromatic A ring (first ring to left). Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 The Menstrual Cycle Figure 7.15 Human menstrual cycle. FSH promotes maturation of ovarian follicles, which secrete estrogen Estrogen prepares the uterine endometrium and causes a surge in LH LH causes ovulation and stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen Without pregnancy, corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone and estrogen levels decline, and menstruation follows Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Fertilization fertilization can occur soon after the oocyte leaves the ovary oocyte is viable for fertilization for approximately 12 h implantation occurs about 6 days (or 8- 9 days) later Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College (credit: Ed Uthman) NREMadarcos2024 Hormones of Human Pregnancy and Birth Figure 7.16 The multiple roles of progesterone and estrogen in normal human pregnancy. The trophoblast (the future embryo and placenta) secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which maintains the corpus luteum. At about the 7th week of pregnancy, the placenta begins producing the sex hormones progesterone and estrogen. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Hormones for Lactation and Nutrition Prolactin (PRL) + human placental lactogen (hPL) (or human chorionic somatomammotropin) Pregnancy and Breastfeeding human placental lactogen (hPL) + human placental growth hormone (hPGH) + maternal growth hormone (GH) Pregnancy and Fetal Development Endocrine tissues and their corresponding secreted hormone that influence mammary gland growth or function. GH= Growth Hormone; EGF= Epidermal Growth Factor. (Modified and republished with permission of Annual Reviews, Inc., from Ref ; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.) Macon, Madisa & Fenton, Suzanne. (2013). Endocrine Disruptors and the Breast: Early Life Effects and Later Life Disease. Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia. 18. 43-61. 10.1007/s10911-013-9275-7. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 The Role of CRH in Human Labor Placental corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH is produced in the placenta in response to stimuli that either increase (oxytocin, PG, stress) or decrease (progesterone) its production. Vrachnis, Nikolaos & Malamas, Fotodotis & Sifakis, Stavros & Tsikouras, Panagiotis & Iliodromiti, Zoe. (2012). Immune Aspects and Myometrial Actions of Progesterone and CRH in Labor. Clinical & developmental immunology. 2012. 937618. 10.1155/2012/937618. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Oxytocin used in Induction of Labor Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Hormones of Human Pregnancy and Birth Figure 7.17 Hormone levels released from the corpus luteum and placenta during pregnancy. The width of the arrows suggests the relative amounts of hormone released The hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is produced solely by the placenta. Synthesis of progesterone and estrogen shifts during pregnancy from the corpus luteum to the placenta. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Hormones of Human Pregnancy and Birth Three stages in childbirth: 1) dilation 2) expulsion 3) placental delivery Figure 7.18 Birth, or parturition, in humans. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024 Multiple Births Figure 7.19 Formation of human twins. A. Monozygotic (identical) twin formation. B. Dizygotic (fraternal) twin formation. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Multiple Births Figure 7.19 Formation of human twins. A, Monozygotic (identical) twin formation. B, Dizygotic (fraternal) twin formation. Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024  Copyright © 2024. This course material is intended solely for the personal use of the student enrolled in Zoo 14. No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College NREMadarcos2024