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Questions and Answers
What are the three basic forms of asexual reproduction in animals?
What are the three basic forms of asexual reproduction in animals?
Budding, gemmulation, and fragmentation.
What is the name of the specialized structure in freshwater sponges that allows them to survive harsh conditions?
What is the name of the specialized structure in freshwater sponges that allows them to survive harsh conditions?
Gemmule
What type of asexual reproduction involves the development of a new individual from a fragment of the parent?
What type of asexual reproduction involves the development of a new individual from a fragment of the parent?
Fragmentation
What is the name of the nonciliated planula-like larvae produced by Craspedacusta during asexual reproduction?
What is the name of the nonciliated planula-like larvae produced by Craspedacusta during asexual reproduction?
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What type of asexual reproduction involves the development of a complete individual from an unfertilized egg?
What type of asexual reproduction involves the development of a complete individual from an unfertilized egg?
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In humans, the migration of primordial germ cells is complete by the end of the fifth week of gestation.
In humans, the migration of primordial germ cells is complete by the end of the fifth week of gestation.
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What is the name of the sex-determining gene on the Y chromosome that is responsible for male development in mammals?
What is the name of the sex-determining gene on the Y chromosome that is responsible for male development in mammals?
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Which of the following hormones is responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics?
Which of the following hormones is responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics?
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Which of the following reproductive patterns involves the retention of eggs within the mother's body, with the young hatching and being able to fend for themselves immediately after birth?
Which of the following reproductive patterns involves the retention of eggs within the mother's body, with the young hatching and being able to fend for themselves immediately after birth?
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In humans, what hormone is responsible for the maturation and release of mature oocytes from the ovaries?
In humans, what hormone is responsible for the maturation and release of mature oocytes from the ovaries?
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What hormone is produced by the trophoblast in early human pregnancy, and what is its primary function?
What hormone is produced by the trophoblast in early human pregnancy, and what is its primary function?
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What are the three stages of childbirth or parturition?
What are the three stages of childbirth or parturition?
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Monozygotic (identical) twins arise from the fertilization of two separate oocytes.
Monozygotic (identical) twins arise from the fertilization of two separate oocytes.
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Name the hormone produced in the placenta that triggers the onset of labor.
Name the hormone produced in the placenta that triggers the onset of labor.
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor?
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What is the primary function of the corpus luteum during pregnancy?
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum during pregnancy?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course Title: University Zoology
- Course Number: ZOO 14
- Copyright: © 2024
- Intended Use: Personal use of the student enrolled in MB 110
- Reproduction Restrictions: No part of this course material can be reproduced, reposted, or replicated without permission from the Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Tacloban College
Topic 3A: Continuity of Animal Life: Reproductive Toolkits
- Topic Subtitle: Reproduction
- Includes images of various animals demonstrating reproductive behaviors
Topic 3A: Asexual Reproduction
- Description: Clones of the parent
- Types:
- Budding: A new organism grows from the body of the parent.
- Gemmulation: Specialized structures (gemmules) form within the parent organism, survival mechanism for harsh conditions. New sponges grow from these structures.
- Fragmentation: The parent organism breaks into fragments, and each fragment develops into a new organism. (ex. Sea stars)
Topic 3A: 1) Budding
- Hydra Images: Steps in the budding process are shown in a series of images.
- Description of Process: Tiny bump on parent hydra, bud grows, bud breaks off to become independent hydra.
Topic 3A: 2) Gemmulation
- Spongillidae (fresh water sponges): Gemmules mechanism for survival
- Mechanism: Gemmules survive harsh conditions of winter and form a new sponge when conditions are favorable.
Topic 3A: 3) Fragmentation
- Sea Stars: Sea stars reproduce through fragmentation by forming new individuals from existing body parts such as a large arm.
Topic 3A: Life Cycle of Craspedacusta
- 3 methods of asexual reproduction: -Budding (colony formation) -Producing planula-like larvae (frustules) that move and give rise to new polyps -Producing medusa buds that develop into sexual jellies
Topic 3A: Asexual Reproduction (Parthenogenesis)
- Definition: unfertilized egg develops into complete individual
- Types: -Ameiotic: no meiotic division -Meiotic: meiotic division
Topic 3A: Sexual Reproduction
- Recombination of Genetic Material:
- Gonads produce gametes (sperm or egg)
- Primary vs. Accessory sex organs
- Dioecious vs. Monoecious (hermaphrodites):
- Dioecious: separate sexes
- Monoecious: single organism has both male and female reproductive organs (hermaphrodites)
- Sequential Hermaphrodites: Organisms that change sex during their lifetime.
The Origin and Maturation of Germ Cells
- Migration of Mammalian Primordial Germ Cells: -Germ cells migrate to the hindgut region, then to the genital ridges. -Complete migration by the 5th week of gestation in humans.
- Sex Determination: -The image of a Punnett square illustrates XY sex determination. -Sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene -SOX9 gene -Androgens (testosterone and DHT): higher concentrations in males -Estrogen: higher concentrations in females -Ovary-determining genes: WNT4 and DAX1
Transgender Hormone Therapy
- Secondary Sex Characteristics: -Male to Female: Antiandrogen -Female to Male: Testosterone
Suggested Reading
- Mammalian sex determination: a molecular drama (Swain and Lovell-Badge, 1999)
Sex Determination in Reptiles
- Temperature-dependent sex determination:
-Incubation temperature determines the sex of the reptile offspring.
-Different species show different responses to temperature.
Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis
- Spermatogenesis in Detail: Illustrative steps of spermatogenesis from spermatogonium to spermatozoa.
Gametogenesis: Oogenesis
- Oogenesis in Detail: Illustrative steps in the process of oogenesis
- Oocyte maturation begins during fetal development.
- Meiosis II is completed only during fertilization.
Reproductive Patterns
- Oviparous: laying eggs
- Viviparous: giving birth to live young
- Ovoviviparous: retaining the eggs in the mother's body
Structure of Reproductive System
- Invertebrate Reproductive System: Image of cricket reproductive system
- Vertebrate Reproductive System: Image of human male reproductive system
- Male Reproductive Anatomy: Chart of male reproductive organs, their locations and functions
- Female Reproductive Anatomy: Chart of female reproductive organs, their locations and functions
Endocrine Events That Orchestrate Reproduction
- Hormonal Control of Timing of Reproductive Cycles: -Two types of cyclic reproductive patterns in female mammals: -Estrocycle (most mammals) -Menstrual cycle (monkeys, apes, humans)
Gonadal Steroids and Their Control
- Steroid Structure: Detailed view of Testosterone, Progesterone, and Estrogen.
The Menstrual Cycle
- Stages of the menstrual cycle.
- Effects of hormones on the cycle.
Fertilization
- Fertilization time frame
- Oocyte viability
- Implantation timing
Hormones of Human Pregnancy and Birth
- Roles of hormones: hCG, Estrogen, Progesterone
- Placental formation/changes
- Stages of birth: Dilation, Expulsion, Placental delivery
Hormones for Lactation and Nutrition
- Hormones that influence mammary gland growth and function.
The Role of CRH in Human Labor
- CRH production in the placenta and its regulation
- Role of CRH in labor.
Oxytocin used in Induction of Labor
- Estrogen inducing oxytocin receptors
- Positive feedback loop (oxytocin and prostaglandins)
Hormones of Human Pregnancy and Birth (Graph)
- Hormonal changes during pregnancy.
- Shifting roles of hormones during different stages of development.
Multiple Births
- Monozygotic (identical) twins -Dizygotic (fraternal) twins (two eggs)
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of asexual reproduction in animals. This quiz covers various processes such as budding, gemmulation, and fragmentation, highlighting how organisms can clone themselves. Test your knowledge on these reproductive behaviors and their significance in survival.
