Zero Prime Mains CA September 24 PDF

0 Zero Prime Current Affairs TNPSC Group I Mains Test Series 2024 SEPTEMBER (English Medium) For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected] ...

0 Zero Prime Current Affairs TNPSC Group I Mains Test Series 2024 SEPTEMBER (English Medium) For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  1 SEPTEMBER 2024 PAPER – II PAPER - II (GS PAPER - I (UNIT – I - MODERN HISTORY OF INDIA & INDIAN CULTURE)) 1. 100 YEARS OF REDISCOVERY: UNVEILING THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION Context: 2024, marks the centenary of the discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization, spanning ,000 sites across India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC): 1. Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. 2. Also known as the Harappan Civilisation, after Harappa (now in Pakistan) – the first of its sites to be excavated early in the 20th century. 3. Stretches over an area spanning northeast Afghanistan, much of Pakistan and western and northwestern India. 4. Thrived in the Indus River basins and along a network of rivers that originally flowed near the ephemeral Ghaggar-Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan. 5. Noted for its urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage and water supply systems, handicraft techniques (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead and tin). A Lost Civilization Reborn – Harappan Civilisation: 1. First announced by John Marshall in 1924, this Bronze Age civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization, remains an For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  2 enigma. 2. Known for advanced town planning, metallurgy,and craftsmanship, its mysteries continue to captivate researchers. 3. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were the first sites discovered by archaeologists Daya Ram Sahni and Rakhal Das Banerji. 4. It thrived from 3200 BCE to 1500 BCE, with sites spread over 1.5 million sq. km. Its contributions rival other ancient civilizations, filling gaps in South Asian history. Important Sites: For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  3 Influence and lessons that can be derived from IVC for present-day cities: 1. City Planning: Present-day cities can focus on sustainable development, efficient land use, and robust infrastructure networks inspired by the systematic urban planning of the Indus Valley Civilization. 2. Sanitation Systems Learning from the advanced sanitation systems of the Indus Valley, modern cities can prioritise well-designed sanitation systems, waste management, and access to clean water for public health. 3. Planned Neighbourhoods Present-day cities can promote walkable neighbourhoods, mixed land- use planning, and public spaces to enhance community and social connectivity, taking inspiration from the planned neighbourhoods of the Indus Valley cities. 4. Cultural Diversity Embracing cultural diversity, modern cities can create inclusive spaces, cultural events, and opportunities for dialogue among diverse communities, similar to the cultural diversity exhibited in the Indus Valley Civilization. 5. Environmental Awareness Inspired by the environmental awareness of the Indus Valley, present- day cities can prioritise green spaces, sustainable transportation, and eco-friendly urban design to address environmental challenges and ensure a sustainable future. 2. IRULA COMMUNITY Context: The Irula tribe of Tamil Nadu, which supplies nearly 80% of India’s anti- snake venom, plays a vital role in public health. 1. However, despite selling snake venom, the community continues to struggle with poverty. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  4 2. A cooperative society of Irula tribals near Chennai, responsible for this critical work, faces an uncertain future, highlighting the economic challenges despite their contribution to healthcare. 1. The Irula tribe, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Tamil Nadu, primarily resides in the Nilgiris region, with communities also in Karnataka and Kerala. 2. They place great importance on ancestor worship. 3. According to anthropological studies, the Irulas are one of India’s oldest tribal communities, belonging to the Negrito race, believed to have migrated from Africa. 4. They speak the Irula language, written in the Tamil script. PAPER - II (GS PAPER - I (UNIT – II - SOCIAL ISSUES)) 1. ADDRESSING GENDER DISCRIMINATION Context: The Vice-President highlighted the need to change the male mindset and address subtle gender discrimination. Key points highlighted by VC: 1. Need for male mindset change for gender justice. 2. Subtle gender discrimination is dangerous. 3. Women’s reservation in Parliament is historic. 4. Shift from “women-development” to “women-led development”. 5. Highlighted initiatives like Beti Padhao and Mudra for empowerment. 6. Encouraged women to break the “glass ceiling.” 7. Education is key to achieving gender equality. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  5 What is Subtle Gender discrimination? It refers to indirect, often unnoticed, and less obvious forms of bias against gender, typically women. Unlike overt discrimination, it is harder to detect and may appear as normal behaviour or attitudes but reinforces inequality. Example: A workplace may have equal hiring policies for men and women, but women are often overlooked for leadership roles because they are perceived as “less assertive” or “too emotional,” even though no explicit statements are made against them. This type of discrimination isn’t openly hostile but still undermines equality. Other examples of “Subtle Gender Discrimination”: 1. Compliments that Reinforce Stereotyping: Positive remarks that reinforce traditional gender roles, like praising a woman for being nurturing, can undermine her professional abilities. 2. Microaggressions: Small comments that reinforce gender stereotypes, such as suggesting women are less dedicated to their careers due to family obligations. 3. Work-Life Balance Assumptions: Societal expectations around caregiving can lead to assumptions that women need more flexibility or aren’t as career-focused as men. 4. Interrupting Women More Often: Women are more likely to be interrupted or talked over in meetings compared to their male counterparts. 5. Tokenism: Including a woman in a team or project just to check a diversity box without valuing her input or expertise. 6. Dress Code Expectations: Imposing stricter or different dress codes on women that focus on appearance rather than professionalism. 7. Attributing Success to Luck: When a woman achieves something significant, her success may be attributed to luck rather than skill or effort. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  6 India’s Rank on Gender Development: 1. In the UNDP Human Development Report 2023-24, India ranks 108th out of 193 countries on the Gender Inequality Index (GII) 2022 with a score of 0.437. 2. The GII measures gender inequality in reproductive health, empowerment, and labour market participation, with values ranging from 0 (equality) to 1 (extreme inequality). 3. India’s improved rank from 122nd in 2021 reflects ongoing progress in gender equality over the past decade. Steps Taken to Curb Gender Discrimination: 1. Equal Remuneration Act (1976): Aims to reduce wage gaps. 2. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: Educates against gender bias and improves welfare services. 3. PMEGP: Supports women in starting their own businesses. 4. Mission Shakti: Provides safety, security, and empowerment for women. Addressing Subtle Gender Discrimination: 1. Blind Evaluation: Conceal physical attributes in job applications. 2. Inclusive Culture: Foster a workplace that values all input, regardless of gender. 3. Unconscious Bias Assessment: Use surveys, language analysis, and pay gap evaluations. 4. Male Mindset Change: Implement wider gender sensitization efforts. About the National Commission for Women (NCW): It is a statutory body established under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990 in India. Its mandate is to safeguard and promote the rights and interests of women, address gender-based discrimination, and ensure their empowerment. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  7 Role of National Commission for Women (NCW) in India: 1. Advancing Women’s Rights and Awareness a. Raising Awareness: Workshops in rural areas on gender-based violence. b. Advocating for Policy Changes: Support for the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. c. Providing Support: Financial aid and rehabilitation for acid attack survivors. 2. Addressing Gender-Based Violence a. Taking Up Cases: Intervention in the Bhanwari Devi rape case. b. Conducting Investigations: Legal recommendations for dowry- related crimes. c. Creating Awareness: Self-defence sessions for women. 3. Advocating for Gender Equality a. Addressing Discrimination: Working to eliminate gender bias in hiring. b. Providing a Platform: Supporting women in reporting workplace harassment. c. Promoting Participation: Campaigns for increased women’s political representation. Challenges faced by the National Commission for Women (NCW) in India: 1. Limited Power and Autonomy: Lacks authority and autonomy, limiting effectiveness. 2. Dissatisfaction with Response to Violence: Criticised for inadequate response to violence against women, affecting credibility. 3. Patriarchal Attitudes and Statements: Criticised for reflecting patriarchal attitudes, undermining effectiveness. 4. Inability to Conduct Inquiries: Lacks the power to conduct inquiries, limiting its ability to address gender-based violence and discrimination. 5. Poor Functioning and Dissatisfaction: Reports indicate poor functioning and dissatisfaction among stakeholders. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  8 (GS PAPER - I (UNIT - III ETHICS & INTEGRITY)) 1. CORRUPTION: CVC REPORT Context: The Central Vigilance Commission’s (CVC) 2023 report revealed that the highest number of graft complaints were against railway employees, followed by Delhi’s local bodies and public sector banks. 1. Out of 74,203 corruption complaints received, 10,447 were against railway staff, 7,665 against local bodies in Delhi, and 7,004 against public sector bank employees. 2. The report also noted 6,638 complaints against Delhi government employees and 5,313 against Delhi Police personnel. Of the total complaints, 66,373 were resolved, with 7,830 still pending. What is Corruption? Corruption refers to unethical behaviour, which is characterised by misuse of public or organisational power, causing harm not only to organisations but also to society. The word corrupt is from the Latin word ‘corruptus’ meaning to break or destroy. 1. Corruption is an important manifestation of the failure of ethics. 2. Corruption misuse of entrusted power for private gain. Reasons for corruption in India 1. Administrative Reasons: a. Criminalization of politics and politicisation of bureaucracy b. Colonial bureaucracy c. Failed administrative reforms d. Low wages of public servant and lack of career growth opportunities For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  9 e. Judicial failure - delays and pendencies f. Lack of effective grievance redress mechanisms 2. Social and Ethical Reasons: a. Increasing individualization and materialism b. Social discrimination c. Failure of education system to impart values 3. Economic Reasons: a. High share of informal sector b. Ease of doing business c. High inequalities 4. Political Reasons: a. Use of black money in elections b. Criminalization of politics c. Crony capitalism The Wheel of corruption: In India, corruption, and abuse of office are aggravated by the following factors: 1. The colonial legacy of unchallenged authority, the propensity to exercise power arbitrarily – easy to deviate from ethical conduct 2. Enormous asymmetry of power – eco, social inequalities, caste legacy, 90% workforce in unorganised sector 3. Policies after independence– e.g. State subsidies, and beneficiary- oriented programmes in the situation of asymmetry of power converted public servants into patrons, citizens into mendicant 4. Over-centralization increases corruption – a large number of functionaries b/w citizens and decision-makers diffuses accountability 5. Quality of politics – criminal-politician nexus 6. Politicians secure votes through money, and muscle power & criminals enter politics to interfere in crime investigation, monetary gain creates “acceptance” for criminals to enter politics. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  10 Impact of Corruption: Corruption as a Manifestation of Failure of Core Values 1. Erosion of Honesty and Trust: Integrity declines, trust erodes, leading to corruption. Societies now depend more on contracts than on personal promises. 2. Shift in Values and Empathy: Focus on personal gain over shadows social consciousness.Community welfare projects are often sidelined for personal enrichment. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  11 3. Lifestyle and Materialism: Growing material desires lead to unethical shortcuts, weakening societal values. Bypassing regulations for personal luxury projects is common. 4. Education and Societal Role Models: Failure to instil values of empathy and integrity normalises corruption.Youth often look up to successful, yet corrupt, figures as role models. Measures to Uplift Core Values 1. Promote Social Engagement: Encourage community interactions to build trust, empathy, and respect. Community events help bridge cultural and generational gaps. 2. Emphasise Moral Education: Teach ethics, empathy, and honesty in schools and homes. Example: The New Education Policy, 2020 stresses moral lessons. 3. Address Socio-economic Inequality: Reduce disparities to strengthen unity and integrity. Example: Community-driven initiatives uplift disadvantaged areas. 4. Champion Societal Values over Personal Greed: Prioritise fraternity, trust, and collective well-being. Example: Public campaigns promote collective welfare over individual gains. 5. Create Inclusive Platforms: Foster mutual understanding by providing open spaces for shared experiences. Example: Storytelling sessions promote empathy through diverse experiences. 6. Strengthen Community Leaders: Empower leaders who embody societal values to serve as role models. Example: Training programs prepare leaders to drive value-based initiatives. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  12 The Commission (CVC) issued guidelines across Three Vigilance Administration Areas: 1. Punitive Vigilance: Swift and effective actions against those guilty of misconduct to deter others. 2. Preventive Vigilance: Proactively aiming for corruption-free governance through measures like rule simplification, officer rotation, and process re-engineering. 3. Participative Vigilance: Involving stakeholders such as government, civil society, and institutions to raise awareness on the ill effects of corruption, including initiatives like Vigilance Awareness Week. PAPER III UNIT 1 – INDIAN POLITY AND EMERGING POLITICAL TRENDS ACROSS THE WORLD AFFECTING INDIA 1. ONE NATION ONE ELECTION The Union Cabinet has accepted the recommendations of the High-Level Committee on Simultaneous Elections under the chairmanship of former President Shri Ram Nath Kovind. Simultaneous Elections i. Simultaneous Elections (popularly known as One Nation, One Election) means holding elections to the House of the People, all the State Legislative Assemblies, and local bodies i.e., Municipalities and Panchayats, together. ii. Simultaneous elections do not mean that voting across the country for all elections needs to happen on a single day. iii. In India, simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabhas were held in the years 1951-52, 1957, 1962 and 1967. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  13 iv. This cycle was disrupted due to premature dissolution of State Assemblies in 1968-69 and of the Lok Sabha in 1970. Need for Simultaneous elections i. Governance and development: Frequent elections delay development programs due to the Model Code of Conduct (MCC). a. Frequent elections affect economic growth, investment decisions and opportunity cost of deferred economic decisions. b. Conducting elections to all three tiers of the Government together would avoid disruption of supply chains and production cycles due to migrant workers seeking leave of absence to cast their vote. ii. High financial burden: Holding simultaneous elections would reduce the massive expenditure incurred for conduct of separate elections every year. iii. Diversion of human resources: Such as security forces and other electoral officers (like Teachers) from their primary duties for significantly prolonged periods. iv. Reducing the burden on courts: Fewer elections mean fewer election- related disputes, reducing the workload on courts. v. Reducing identity politics: Frequent elections use identity politics, like caste and class stirring division and disrupting societal cohesion. vi. Voter participation: Staggered elections induce ‘voters’ fatigue’ and present a significant challenge in ensuring their participation. Key highlights of High-Level Committee on Simultaneous Elections The committee advocated simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and local bodies to address the burden on the Government, businesses, Courts, political parties, civil society etc. due to frequent elections. Recommendations are as follows: i. Synchronization of Elections: Elections to be held in two phases a. First phase: Conduct Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly elections simultaneously. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  14 b. Second phase: Conduct local body elections (Panchayats and Municipalities) within 100 days of general elections. ii. Constitutional Amendments proposed: The high-level committee had proposed amendments to three Articles, insertion of 12 new sub- clauses in the existing articles and tweaking three laws related to Union Territories having legislative assemblies. Insert Article 82A Amendment of Article 83 Introduction of Article (Duration of Houses of 324A Parliament) and Article 172 (Duration of State Legislatures): 1. Article 82A(1) will 1. In case of a hung 1. Relating to holding state that “on the date House, a no confidence simultaneous of the first sitting of motion or defection, elections to the House of the fresh elections to be Municipalities and People after a general conducted to constitute Panchayats with election”, the the new Lok Sabha or general elections. President will issue a State Assembly for the notification bringing unexpired term of the 2. Ratification by immediately preceding states required 2. Article 82A into effect. full term of the House. The date of this notification “shall be 2. It ensures continuity in called the Appointed cycle of Simultaneous date”. Elections. 3. Article 82A(2) will state that “all the Legislative For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  15 Assemblies constituted in any general election held after the appointed date shall come to an end on the expiry of the full term of the House of the People. iii. Single electoral roll: To be prepared by the Election Commission of India in consultation with the State Election Commission(s) by amending Article 325. a. As it includes amending State subjects (Local Government) in the 7th Schedule, Part IX, and Part IXA of the Constitution of India, ratification by the States required under Article 368(2). iv. Need for ratification by states: The Committee observed that constitutional amendments in relation to terms of Parliament and state assemblies will not require ratification by states. However, constitutional amendments in relation to local bodies will be required to be passed with ratification by at least half of the states. v. Making Logistical arrangements for conduction of Simultaneous Elections a. For elections to the House of the People and State Legislative Assemblies: The Election Commission of India will draw a plan for advanced estimation of procurement of EVMs/VVPATs, deployment of polling personnel, security forces etc. b. For elections to Municipalities and Panchayats: The State Election Commission(s) in consultation with the ECI, will draw a plan for the logistical requirements. vi. Constitution of an Implementation Group to monitor the execution of the process. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  16 Challenges and complexities of simultaneous elections i. Overshadowing regional issues: Conducting elections simultaneously to the Lok Sabha and all State assemblies would result in national issues overshadowing regional and State specific issues. ii. Impact on the Regional parties: Simultaneous elections may create a system where National political parties would have a significant advantage over regional parties. iii. Political accountability: Frequent elections hold lawmakers accountable, while fixed terms may provide unwarranted stability without performance scrutiny challenging democratic principles. iv. Concerns Regarding Federalism: Constitutional Amendments concerning the term of the state legislative assemblies under Article 172 can be carried out without ratification by states. Thus, opinion and say of States is reduced. v. Logistical Issues: Organizing ONOE would require significant resources, including a vast supply of electronic voting machines and trained personnel to oversee the process. A delicate balance between the efficiency gains of simultaneous elections and the foundational principles of federalism, democratic integrity, and political plurality needs to be ensured through detailed legislative deliberations. 2. CUSTODIAL DEATH JUDGEMENT: The Supreme Court has delivered a split verdict in an appeal by police officers convicted of culpable homicide not amounting to murder and other offences in a decades-old custodial death case for the alleged torture and death of a man in police custody in December 1995. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  17 Judgment Summary: 1. The Supreme Court delivered a split verdict in a custodial death case, focusing on the conviction under Section 304 (culpable homicide) of IPC. 2. The key issue revolved around identifying the body, with differing views on whether the prosecution proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the deceased was the victim. 3. One opinion upheld convictions for custodial torture but acquitted the accused of culpable homicide due to lack of conclusive identification. 4. The ruling highlighted concerns about police misconduct and the need for accountability in cases involving custodial abuse. About Custodial Death Overview & Data: Negatives of Custodial Deaths: 1. Human Rights Violations: Custodial deaths represent gross violations of Article 21 of the Constitution (Right to Life), as seen in cases like the Mathura custodial rape case (1972). 2. Erosion of Trust in Law Enforcement: Incidents like Jayaraj and Bennix’s custodial deaths (2020) undermine public confidence in the justice system. 3. Excessive Force: The use of third-degree methods during interrogation leads to physical and mental trauma, often going unpunished due to lack of accountability. 4. Global Reputation: India’s extradition efforts are hampered as countries cite concerns over custodial torture (e.g., Vijay Mallya’s case). Measures to Combat Custodial Deaths: 1. Strengthening Legal Systems: Enact comprehensive laws criminalizing custodial torture, as per Supreme Court directives (e.g., Prakash Singh case, 2006). 2. Police Reforms: Separate law and order from investigation functions, and ensure human rights training for police officers. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  18 3. Technology Implementation: Use body cameras and install mandatory CCTV cameras in all police stations for enhanced oversight. 4. Oversight Mechanisms: Expand the jurisdiction of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) to investigate custodial deaths, including those under armed forces’ jurisdiction. 5. Sensitization Programs: Regular workshops on ethical treatment and custodial rights for law enforcement officers. Custodial deaths erode human dignity and legal trust. Reforms in policing, stronger oversight, and adherence to human rights principles are vital to upholding justice and ensuring the protection of individuals in custody 3. SUPREME AT 75: A JOURNEY OF JUSTICE, EQUALITY, AND RIGHTS Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the National Conference of District Judiciary in New Delhi, commemorating 75 years of the Supreme Court of India with a new stamp and coin. Important Points highlighted by PM: a. Supreme Court: Highest judicial authority in India, responsible for upholding the Constitution and ensuring justice. b. Judicial Infrastructure: Significant investments is made in court halls and residential units for the district judiciary. c. e-Courts Project: Modernizing courts through digital technology for efficiency has been initiated. d. Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita: New legal framework focusing on ‘Citizen First, Dignity First, and Justice First’. e. Judicial Training and Wellness: Enhancing judiciary capabilities and well-being is focussed. f. Modern Technology Integration: Adoption of AI and Optical Character Recognition for improved case management have been streamlined. g. District Judiciary: Modernization and better infrastructure for common citizens. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  19 h. Legal Reforms: Implementation of stricter laws for crimes against women and children. i. Coordination and Fast-Track Courts: Establishment of special courts and District Monitoring Committees for expedited cases. Key points about the Supreme Court (SC) and Indian judiciary: Aspect Details Role The highest judicial authority, final court of appeal, power of judicial review Judicial System Federal structure with three tiers: Supreme Court, High Courts, and Subordinate Courts. Brief History i. Established by Regulating Act 1773 in Calcutta. ii. High Courts created in 1861, Federal Court in 1935. iii. The Supreme Court of India was established on 28 January 1950. Constitutional 1. Part V, Chapter 6: Articles 124-147. Provisions 2. CJI and up to seven other judges Organisational 1. 31 judges currently, including CJI. Structure 2. Increased to 34 judges by Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Bill, 2019 Seat Delhi, with CJI authorized to appoint other seats with Presidential approval. Appointment of 1. Appointed by the President after consultation with Judges CJI and relevant judges. 2. Senior most judge convention for CJI appointment, modified by Supreme Court judgments Controversy and 1. Evolved interpretations of ‘consultation’ from the Collegium System exchange of views to concurrence. 2. Collegium system requires multiple senior judges’ consultation for appointments. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  20 Qualifications i. Citizen of India. ii. High Court judge for 5 years, advocate for 10 years, or distinguished jurist. Oaths/Affirmatio Bear true faith in the Constitution. Uphold sovereignty, ns and perform duties without bias. Tenure i. Until age 65. ii. Can resign or be removed by the President on Parliament’s recommendation. Removal Process Impeachment by Parliament supported by the special majority for proved misbehaviour or incapacity. Salaries and Determined by Parliament, cannot be varied to Allowances disadvantage except during a financial emergency. Independence Secured by fixed service conditions, security of tenure, financial autonomy, etc Jurisdiction and Original jurisdiction in federal disputes. Does not extend Powers to certain matters like pre-Constitution treaties and inter- state water disputes Issues Aspect Aspect Judicial i. Allegations of sexual harassment against the CJI. Accountability ii. Tension between judicial independence and accountability. - Judiciary is retributive, not rehabilitative. iii. Out of RTI’s ambit, leading to information asymmetry. iv. Opacity highlighted by the 2019 press conference of 4 judges. Judicial Concerns over the judiciary encroaching on executive Overreach functions For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  21 Contempt of Excessive use to silence dissent Court Credibility Crisis Controversy over the appointment of ex-CJI Ranjan Gogoi to the Rajya Sabha in 2020. Vacancies and i. The judge-population ratio is 20 per million. Case Pendency ii. 88% case clearance rate leading to 5 crore pending cases (Economic Survey 2018). Reforms Needed: i. Introduction of a new Judicial Standards and Accountability Bill for strict judicial standards and accountability. ii. Implementation of a comprehensive Code of Conduct for judicial integrity. iii. Amendment of the Contempt of Court Act, 1971 to prevent misuse. iv. Establishment of an independent Lokpal for judiciary oversight. v. Implementation of Law Commission’s formula for addressing judicial vacancies. vi. Expansion of All India Judicial Service for improved quality and efficiency. vii. Use of ICT solutions like LIMBS system and alternative dispute resolution methods. The accessibility, affordability, and speedy justice are fundamental pillars of an efficient judicial system. Continuous assessment and reform are crucial for strengthening and reinforcing the justice delivery system in India, ensuring it meets the needs of its citizens effectively and fairly. 4. HEALTH COVERAGE FOR ALL SENIOR CITIZENS AGED 70 The Union Cabinet has approved health coverage for all senior citizens aged 70 and above under the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  22 Health Cover for Senior Citizens under AB PM-JAY: Description Eligibility All senior citizens aged 70 and above, regardless of income. Criteria Beneficiaries Approximately 6 crore senior citizens. Benefits Offered Family-based cover of Rs 5 lakh annually An additional top-up of Rs 5 lakh annually for those already covered by AB PM-JAY Ease of Access Eligible seniors will receive a distinct AB PM-JAY card Option to choose between existing public health schemes or AB PM-JAY Other Eligible Senior citizens under private health insurance or Groups Employees’ State Insurance schemes About AB PM-JAY Scheme Ministry Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Type Centrally Sponsored Scheme under Ayushman Bharat Mission Target 12 crore families (approximately 55 crore beneficiaries) Purpose To achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Benefits Health cover of Rs 5 lakh/family/year for secondary and tertiary care Covers up to 3 days pre-hospitalization and 15 days post- hospitalization expenses. Significance World’s largest publicly funded health assurance scheme Other Schemes for Senior Citizens i. Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana : To improve the quality of life of senior citizens. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  23 ii. SAGE Initiative :To promote and incentivize senior care products and services. iii. SACRED Portal : To connect senior citizens with job providers in the private sector. Health Care Concerns for Senior Citizens: 1. Rise in Chronic Illness: 1 in 5 elderly persons has mental health issues, with 75% suffering from chronic diseases (LASI, 2021). 2. Need for Geriatric Care: Increased expenses for treating non- communicable diseases and conditions like cataracts and hearing loss create financial challenges. 3. Low AB PM-JAY Penetration: Limited reach in smaller cities and towns hampers universal health coverage. 4. Lack of Outpatient Care: No coverage for outpatient services and medicines, despite high elderly spending on chronic diseases. 5. Limited to Hospitalization: Focus on secondary and tertiary care; inadequate primary health care for seniors. 6. Functional Issues: Misinformation, overburdened staff, and limited role of Arogyamitras affect AB PM-JAY’s effectiveness. 7. Insurance Model Limitations: Over-reliance on insurance schemes, unlike models focusing on primary care, can lead to higher costs. Measures to Rejuvenate India’s Insurance Sector: 1. Parametric Insurance: Use data analytics and IoT for quick payouts based on triggers like rainfall for crop insurance. 2. Employer-Driven Group Insurance: Promote group insurance for informal sectors, inspired by Germany’s Bismarck Model. 3. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Collaborate with government agencies for affordable, need-based insurance in underserved areas. 4. Awareness Campaigns: Large-scale efforts to improve insurance literacy and dispel myths. 5. Improve AB PM-JAY: Empower Arogya mitras for better claim support. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  24 6. Expand Healthcare Infrastructure: Increase health centers to reduce doctor-patient imbalance. 7. Strengthen Primary Care: Enhance primary and secondary care to reduce tertiary hospital loads. 5. MANUAL SCAVENGING SURVEY : The Government of India, through its NAMASTE programme, is conducting the first-ever comprehensive survey to profile workers involved in the hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks. Summary of survey: 1. Demographics of Sewer and Septic Tank Workers (SSWs): i. 91.9% of the 38,000 SSWs profiled across 29 States and Union Territories belong to Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), or Other Backward Classes (OBC). ii. Breakdown: 68.9% SC, 14.7% OBC, 8.3% ST, and 8% from the general category. 2. Incidence of Deaths: Between 2019 and 2023, 377 deaths occurred due to hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks. 3. NAMASTE Programme: Launch Year: 2023-24 Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Aim: i. To mechanise the cleaning of sewers and septic tanks. ii. To eliminate deaths due to hazardous cleaning. iii. To empower workers involved in this sector by transforming them into “sanipreneurs” (sanitation entrepreneurs). iv. To ensure the safety and dignity of sewer and septic tank workers through proper training and equipment. Targets: i. Profile all Sewer and Septic Tank Workers (SSWs) across India. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  25 ii. Provide safety training, protective gear, and mechanised equipment to eliminate manual hazardous cleaning. iii. Offer financial support and capital subsidies to turn SSWs into selfemployed “sanipreneurs.” iv. Create a centralised database of SSWs for policy implementation and tracking. 4. Progress: i. Around 38,000 SSWs have been profiled so far, with 12 States/UTs completing the process. ii. As of 2023-24, 31,999 SSWs have been validated. 191 beneficiaries received ₹2.26 crore in capital subsidies for self-employment projects. iii. 413 workers and dependents received ₹10.6 crore in subsidies for sanitationrelated projects. 5. Challenges and Gaps: i. Several States, including Chhattisgarh, Meghalaya, and West Bengal, have yet to begin profiling SSWs. ii. Tamil Nadu and Odisha are running their own programmes, not reporting data to the Centre. 6. Social Composition of Manual Scavengers (2018 Data): i. Of the 58,098 manual scavengers identified until 2018, 97.2% belonged to SC communities. ii. All identified manual scavengers received ₹40,000 as a one-time cash transfer, with 18,880 opting for skills training. Best Practices: i. Eco-Sanitation Solutions: South Africa employs “dry toilets” and ecological sanitation systems (EcoSan) in areas with poor sewage infrastructure. ii. These systems do not require manual cleaning, thus reducing the need for manual scavengers. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  26 iii. This survey marks a significant step towards ending the hazardous practice of sewer cleaning and ensuring better opportunities and safety for sanitation workers across India 6. FACT-CHECK UNIT The Bombay High Court has struck down the amended IT Rules, 2023, which allowed the Centre to establish a fact check unit to identify “fake news” about the government. a. The court ruled that the rules violated the Constitution’s rights to equality and free speech, describing the terms “fake, false, and misleading” as vague. b. The court ruled that the state is not obligated to provide only verified information. c. The measures also failed the test of proportionality, which evaluates the legitimacy, suitability, necessity, and balancing of laws against rights. d. This decision followed a split verdict in January 2024 and a petition from various groups, including comedian Kunal Kamra. 7. POSHAN TRACKER INITIATIVE The Ministry of Women and Child Development won the National e- Governance 2024 Gold Award for its Poshan Tracker initiative under Mission Poshan 2.0. Poshan Tracker: 1. It is an ICT-based system, that monitors the growth and nutrition of children aged 0-6 years in real time, using WHO growth charts and Growth Measuring Devices at Anganwadi Centers. 2. The initiative covers 8.9 crore children and helps identify health issues for timely intervention. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  27 Key Points about the Poshan Tracker App: a. Provides a 360-degree view of Anganwadi activities, services, and beneficiary management for pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children under six. b. Digitizes physical registers, improving workers’ efficiency. c. Anganwadi workers receive smartphones for enhanced service delivery through Government e-Market (GeM). d. Technical support is available for resolving apprelated issues. e. Migrant workers can access services at any Anganwadi, regardless of location. f. Launched by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD). 8. CANCER MOONSHOT INITIATIVE The Quad countries - United States, Australia, India, and Japan have launched a “Cancer Moonshot Initiative” aimed at reducing cancer in the Indo-Pacific, starting with cervical cancer. a. The initiative will improve the cancer care ecosystem through better health infrastructure, research collaboration, data systems, and enhanced prevention, detection, treatment, and care. b. Cervical cancer, the third leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the region, can be prevented with HPV vaccines and early screening, but access remains limited. c. The initiative will promote HPV vaccination, increase screenings, and improve treatment, with the goal of saving hundreds of thousands of lives over time. The Quad countries plan to collaborate on research, engage the private and non-governmental sectors, and work with organizations like Gavi and the International Atomic Energy Agency to lower screening costs and improve cancer care access. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  28 9. UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT (UAPA), 1967 Supreme Court ruled that 14-day timeline for granting sanction for prosecution under UAPA, 1967 is mandatory and not discretionary. About UAPA, 1967 a. It provides for more effective prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and associations and for dealing with terrorist activities. b. Prosecution of individuals accused of terrorism requires prior sanction from government via two steps i.e.An independent authority must review evidence gathered by investigators and make a recommendation to government within seven working days. (Rule 3 of Unlawful Activities (Prevention) (Recommendation & Sanction of Prosecution) Rules, 2008) c. Government then has an additional seven working days to decide whether to grant or deny sanction based on authority’s recommendation (Rule 4). 10. 23RD LAW COMMISSION CONSTITUTED President approves the constitution of the 23rd Law Commission for a three-year term, that is, from 1st September, 2024 to 31st August, 2027. 23rd Law Commission a. Mandate: To review and recommend legal reforms to enhance the Indian legal system. b. Composition: It will include a full-time chairperson, four members, and additional ex-officio and part-time members. Terms of Reference (ToR) a. Review/Repeal of obsolete laws: Create a Standard Operating procedure for periodic review of existing laws for simplification. Based on the relevance, current economic needs, suggest repealing and amendments to the laws. b. Law and Poverty: Examine laws affecting the poor and conduct post-enactment audits of socio-economic legislation. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  29 c. Review of Judicial Administration: Ensure economic disposal of cases by elimination of delays and speedy clearance of arrears. Simplification of processes, harmonizing rules of various high courts. d. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs): Examine existing laws and suggest reforms to ensure effective implementation of DPSPs and to attain the objectives set out in the Preamble. e. Gender Equality: Strengthen laws through examination and suggesting amendments. f. Revision of Central Acts to remove anomalies and inequities. g. Examine the impact of globalization on food security, unemployment and recommend measures for the protection of the marginalized. UNIT 2 – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1. VISHVASYA-BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY STACK The Government of India has launched the Vishvasya Blockchain Technology Stack, offering Blockchain-as-aService (Baas) with geographically distributed infrastructure to support permissioned blockchain applications. Blockchain : i. Blockchain is a digital ledger technology where data (like transactions) is stored in “blocks” that are linked together in a chronological “chain.” ii. Each block is securely encrypted, making the data tamper-proof. Example: Bitcoin, where blockchain tracks all transactions in a secure, decentralized way. Blockchain Technology Stack : i. It refers to the layers of technologies needed to build and operate a blockchain. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  30 ii. It includes the infrastructure (servers, networks), core blockchain functionality (protocols, consensus mechanisms), smart contracts (automated, selfexecuting contracts), and APIs (tools to interact with the blockchain). iii. Example: Ethereum’s technology stack enables decentralized apps and smart contracts. Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS): i. It is a cloud-based service where third parties provide infrastructure and tools to build and use blockchain applications without needing to develop or maintain the blockchain themselves. ii. Example: Microsoft Azure’s BaaS allows businesses to deploy blockchain applications quickly. Vishvasya (BaaS) i. Vishvasya offers Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) using a distributed infrastructure to support permissioned blockchain applications. ii. BaaS provides cloud-based tools for companies to build and manage blockchain apps. iii. It is part of the National Blockchain Framework (NBF), which aims to utilize blockchain in areas like health, agriculture, and finance while addressing adoption challenges. Features of Vishvasya BaaS: i. Rapid blockchain application development ii. Security-audited containers for production iii. Blockchain security audit guidelines iv. Geographically distributed infrastructure (Hyderabad, Pune, Bhubaneswar) v. Easy onboarding documentation vi. NBFLite: Lightweight platform for research and learning Additional Launches: i. NBFLite: A sandbox for startups and academia to prototype blockchain apps. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  31 ii. Praamaanik: A blockchain tool for verifying mobile app origins. iii. National Blockchain Portal Blockchain Application Sector Blockchain Application Cryptocurrency Enables decentralized, peer-topeer digital currency transactions. Examples: Bitcoin, Ethereum. Energy Used for peer-to-peer energy trading platforms and streamlining renewable energy access. Finance Supports online payments, accounts, and market trading. Example: Singapore Exchange Limited uses blockchain for a more efficient interbank payment system. Healthcare Facilitates secure transfer of medical records, manages the drug supply chain, and aids genetic research Smart Contracts Automates contract execution when predefined conditions are met, without human intervention. Media and Handles copyright data and digital rights Entertainment management. Example: Sony Music Entertainment uses blockchain for efficient digital rights management Retail Monitors the flow of goods between suppliers and customers. Example: Amazon Retail’s blockchain- based system for verifying the authenticity of items sold on the platform. Block chain-as- Provides cloud-based blockchain infrastructure and a Service tools for creating applications and digital services. Supply Chain Improves transparency and traceability in supply Management chains, ensuring authenticity and reducing fraud. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  32 Government Applied in voting systems, personal identification Services security, and secure data management India & Blockchain Technology Initiatives a. RBI Regulatory Sandbox: Supervises blockchain startups in cryptocurrencies and exchanges. b. National Strategy on Blockchain: Promotes statespecific blockchain apps for e-governance services, excluding digital currencies like Bitcoin. c. State-specific Initiatives: States like Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra focus on blockchain centres and incubators (e.g., Telangana Blockchain District, Tamil Nadu Blockchain Policy 2020). d. Digital India Initiatives: Blockchain identified as a key emerging technology. e. Centre of Excellence for Blockchain Technology: Established by NIC for a nationwide interoperable blockchain ecosystem. 1. CHANDRAYAAN-4 Union Cabinet gave approval for Chandrayaan-4 Mission, a successor to Chandrayaan-3 which demonstrated soft landing on Moon. i. It aims to develop and demonstrate key technologies for landing on the Moon, collecting lunar samples, and returning to Earth safely. ii. It will achieve the foundational technologies capabilities eventually for an Indian landing on the moon (planned by year 2040) and return safely back to Earth. iii. ISRO will be responsible for the development of spacecraft and launch. iv. Timeline: Expected to be completed within 36 months. v. Budget: ₹2104.06 crore. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  33 2. BHARATIYA ANTARIKSH STATION The Union Cabinet has approved the development of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS-1) as part of an expanded Gaganyaan programme, marking a significant leap in India’s space ambitions. i. The plan involves completing eight missions, including uncrewed ones, by December 2028, with BAS-1 expected to be operational by 2035. ii. Additionally, the decision sets the groundwork for a crewed lunar mission by 2040. Key highlights: i. Gaganyaan programme now includes eight missions. ii. BAS-1 will focus on microgravity-based scientific research and technology development, generating opportunities in high-tech sectors. iii. ISRO will lead the efforts, collaborating with industry and academia, to develop critical technologies for long-duration human space missions. iv. The Cabinet also approved the Chandrayaan-4 mission and a Venus Orbiter mission. 3. INDIA SEMICONDUCTOR MISSION (ISM) The Union Cabinet approved a Rs 3,300 crore proposal by Kaynes Semicon Pvt Ltd to establish a semiconductor unit in Sanand, Gujarat. i. This unit, part of the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), will produce nearly 60 lakh chips daily for applications across various sectors, including automotive, consumer electronics, and telecom. ii. The initiative aligns with India’s goal of developing indigenous semiconductor capabilities. iii. India’s semiconductor market is projected to reach $64 billion by 2026, positioning the country as a major global semiconductor hub ISM is a specialized, independent division within the Digital India Corporation. Objective: It aims to develop a robust semiconductor and display ecosystem to establish India as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  34 Responsibilities: ISM has full administrative and financial powers to drive the semiconductor ecosystem in India, focusing on manufacturing, packaging, and design. Advisory Board: The division is supported by an advisory board of leading global semiconductor experts. Role: ISM serves as the nodal agency for implementing schemes under the Semicon India Programme. 4. INDIA GRAPHENE ENGINEERING AND INNOVATION CENTRE (IGEIC) LAUNCHED The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) launched the India Graphene Engineering and Innovation Centre (IGEIC) under the Graphene Aurora Program (GAP), which was initiated in 2023 to foster the graphene technology ecosystem. i. Located in Trivandrum, Kerala, IGEIC is a nonprofit that aims to bridge the gap between R&D and commercialization, providing support to startups and industry. ii. This follows the earlier launch of India’s first graphene centre, the India Innovation Centre for Graphene (IICG) in Kerala. 5. SILICON CARBIDE (SIC) India’s first silicon carbide manufacturing facility will be established in Odisha with an investment of Rs 620 crore by RIR Power Electronics Limited, a leader in semiconductor power electronics. Silicon Carbide (SiC) (also known as carborundum) i. It is a hard, synthetic crystalline compound of silicon and carbon. ii. It has excellent thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and resistance to wear and oxidation. iii. SiC is used in semiconductor devices, mechanical seals, structural ceramics, heat exchangers, optical mirrors, and ballistic armor. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  35 6. NANOENZYMES A recent study by the CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI) has shown that nanozymes, which are nanomaterials functioning like enzymes, can improve collagen’s integrity and resistance to enzymatic degradation. a. Traditional collagen crosslinking methods often involve harsh chemicals that risk damaging the protein, but nanozymes achieve this under mild conditions, preserving collagen’s structure. b. This breakthrough has significant implications for creating durable collagen-based biomaterials used in wound healing and tissue engineering. c. The study highlights a manganese-based nanozyme that enhances collagen’s stability through a tannic acid-tyrosine linkage, making it resistant to collagenase, an enzyme that typically degrades collagen. d. Another related study explores how biomolecules interact with enzyme-like catalytic sites in metal-organic frameworks, offering new avenues for more precise artificial enzymes in medical applications. 7. PARAM RUDRA The Prime Minister inaugurated three new PARAM Rudra supercomputers worth ₹130 crore under the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM). These supercomputers have been deployed in Pune, Delhi, and Kolkata to aid advanced research in areas like physics, cosmology, earth sciences, and weather prediction. Significance: a. These supercomputers will propel India’s scientific research capabilities, making state-of-the-art technology accessible to young scientists. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  36 b. They will assist in areas like disaster management, industrial growth, agriculture (weather and soil analysis), and boost national capability in science and technology. c. Part of India’s strategy towards self-reliance and leadership in Industry 4.0. Supercomputers in India: i. Origin: India began focusing on supercomputing in 1987 after being denied the purchase of a Cray X-MP by the USA. ii. This led to India’s development of indigenous supercomputers. Major Indian Supercomputers: 1. PARAM Series (developed by C-DAC): Includes PARAM Siddhi AI, PARAM Pravega, PARAM Utkarsh, and PARAM Shivay. 2. Pratyush and Mihir (for weather forecasting) and AI Supercomputer AIRAWAT (ranked 75th globally as of 2023). Applications: Supercomputers in India are utilized for weather forecasting, genomic sequencing, space exploration, aviation engineering, defense applications, and oil & gas exploration. Significance: Supercomputers drive innovation, research, and are instrumental in critical areas like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and national security, positioning India as a global leader in technology. 9. FIRST MISSION TO VENUS The Union Cabinet last week approved India’s first mission to Venus that ISRO aims to launch in March 2028.This is the country’s second interplanetary mission after the Mars Orbiter Mission launched in 2013. Features and Roadmap: 1. India’s first mission to Venus, planned by ISRO, will launch in March 2028. 2. The mission will study Venus’ surface, sub-surface, atmosphere, ionosphere, and its interaction with the Sun. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  37 3. Scientific payloads include an L and S band Synthetic Aperture Radar, a thermal camera, and experiments to study interplanetary dust and highenergy particles. 4. India will use aero-braking to gradually lower the satellite’s orbit around Venus, utilizing the planet’s atmosphere to slow down and achieve the desired altitude. Significance: 1. Provides insights into Venus, offering clues about Earth’s evolution, especially regarding atmospheric and climate changes. 2. Enhances India’s position in global space exploration, marking its second major interplanetary mission after the Mars Orbiter Mission. PAPER - IV (GS PAPER - III (UNIT - I GEOGRAPHY OF WORLD, INDIA & TN) 1. POLAR ICE MELT IMPACT ON MONSOON PATTERNS AND ECONOMY Context: A recent study reveals that declining Arctic sea ice affects Indian monsoon patterns. How does Arctic sea ice affect Indian monsoon patterns? Declining Arctic Sea ice influences Indian monsoon patterns through changes in atmospheric circulation: 1. Central Arctic Ice Reduction: Less sea ice leads to more heat being transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere, which strengthens Rossby waves (air currents high in the atmosphere). This creates high pressure over northwest India and low pressure over the Mediterranean, shifting the Asian jet stream and causing more rainfall For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  38 in northern and central India, but less in western and peninsular regions. 2. Barents-Kara Sea Ice Reduction: Reduced sea ice in this region causes higher pressure over northwest Europe and alters atmospheric stability over Asia. This results in increased rainfall in northeastern India and less in central and northwest India due to shifts in the subtropical easterly jet and high surface temperatures in the Arabian Sea. About melting of Arctic and Antarctic ice: The melting of Arctic and Antarctic ice is a significant indicator and driver of climate change, with far-reaching impacts on the global climate, marine ecosystems, and economies. The rapid loss of polar ice, accelerated by global warming, is not just a regional concern but a global one, with implications that are complex and interconnected. Impact of Arctic and Antarctic ice melting 1. Impacts on Climate a. Rise in Sea Levels: Melting polar ice contributes to global sea level rise, threatening coastal communities. The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports significant sea level rise projections for the coming decades. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  39 b. Albedo Effect Reduction: Ice reflects sunlight; its loss leads to the absorption of more solar radiation, further warming the planet. c. Disruption of Ocean Currents: Freshwater from melting ice can disrupt thermohaline circulation, affecting global climate patterns. d. Release of Greenhouse Gases: Melting permafrost in the Arctic releases trapped methane, a potent greenhouse gas, exacerbating global warming. e. Increased Weather Extremes: Polar ice melt influences jet streams, contributing to extreme weather events worldwide. 2. Impacts on Marine Life: a. Habitat Loss for Species: Polar bears and penguins face habitat loss, impacting their populations and distribution. b. Changes in Marine Ecosystems: Altered temperature and salinity levels affect marine biodiversity, including plankton—the base of the oceanic food chain. c. Ocean Acidification: Increased CO2 absorption by oceans leads to acidification, harming marine life, particularly shell-forming species. d. Disruption of Food Chains: Changing ice conditions affect the availability of algae and krill, essential for many marine species. e. Increased Predation and Competition: As ice-dependent species migrate or decline, it alters the balance of marine ecosystems, leading to increased competition and predation. 3. Impacts on Global Economy a. Coastal Infrastructure and Housing: Rising sea levels threaten coastal infrastructure, requiring massive investments in adaptation. b. Impact on Fisheries: Changes in marine ecosystems affect fish stocks, impacting global fisheries and dependent economies. c. Increased Insurance Costs: Extreme weather events lead to higher insurance costs for businesses and governments. d. New Shipping Routes: Melting ice opens up new shipping routes in the Arctic, altering global trade patterns. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  40 e. Agricultural Changes: Altered weather patterns influence agricultural productivity, affecting food prices and security. PAPER - IV (GS PAPER - III (UNIT -II ENVIRONMENT, BIO DIVERSITY & DISASTER MANAGEMENT)) 1. ROLE OF METHANE IN CLIMATE CHANGE Context: Methane, though short-lived (12 years), traps 84 times more heat than CO2 over 20 years, making it a powerful greenhouse gas. What is Methane? It is an Odourless, colourless, and flammable gas; the second-largest contributor to global warming after Carbon Dioxide and the primary contributor to the formation of ground-level ozone. The IEA released its annual Global Methane Tracker 2024 report Key Findings of the Report 1. In 2023, methane emissions from the energy sector remained close to a record high. 2. Fossil fuel production and usage, alongside bioenergy, contributed to nearly 120 million tonnes (Mt) of emissions, with approximately 70% originating from the top 10 emitting countries. 3. Among these, the United States leads in methane emissions from oil and gas operations, followed by Russia, while China ranks highest in the coal sector. Recommendations of the Report 1. Achieving a 75% reduction in methane emissions by 2030 necessitates an estimated investment of around US $170 billion. 2. Improved tools for emission tracking, like satellite imagery, have enhanced transparency, yet systematic and transparent data utilisation is essential to reduce emission. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  41 Global Initiatives to Control Methane 1. International Methane Emissions Observatory, Global Methane Pledge (India is not part of it), Global Methane Initiative, MethaneSAT. Indian Initiatives 1. GobarDhan scheme 2. National Biogas and Organic Manure Programme. About IEA: 1. IEA (HQ): Paris; Founded in 1974) is an autonomous intergovernmental organisation to ensure the security of oil supplies. 2. Membership: 31 countries. 3. World Energy Outlook is Published every year and provides critical analysis and insights on trends in energy demand and supply. Role of methane in climate change: 1. Heat Trapping Ability: Methane traps about 84 times more heat than CO2 over a 20-year period. Ex: Methane’s short-term heat-trapping effect significantly contributes to global warming. 2. Duration in Atmosphere: Methane stays in the atmosphere for about 12 years before dissipating. Ex: Despite its short life, its intense heat- trapping impact is substantial during its presence. 3. Contribution to Global Warming: Methane is responsible for approximately one-third of global warming since the Industrial Revolution.It has a major impact on rising global temperatures and changing climate patterns. 4. Sources: Human activities and natural sources. 60% of the methane that makes it into the atmosphere comes from human activities. Ex: Human: Agriculture (e.g., cow burps), landfills, and fossil fuel extraction. Natural: Wetland permafrost thawing. 5. Energy Sector Emissions: Methane escapes during oil and gas production, transportation, and storage. Methane leaks occur from rusty equipment or during gas flaring and venting processes. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  42 Way Forward To address methane emissions, several strategies can be employed. 1. Adopting sustainable agricultural practices, such as precision farming and conservation tillage, can reduce emissions from agriculture. 2. Methane-capturing technologies in livestock operations and landfills can capture and convert methane into usable energy. 3. Implementing rice cultivation techniques like System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) can cut methane from rice paddies. 4. Promoting biogas production from organic waste offers a renewable energy source and helps mitigate methane emissions from waste decomposition. 1. REPORT: INDIA’S STRATEGY TO AVOID HARM IN THE GLOBAL EV MARKET SHAKE-UP Context: A Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) report, “India’s Strategy to Avoid Harm in the Global EV Market Shake-Up,” urges India to let market forces guide its EV sector’s growth and develop its own strategy. Background: 1. In 2023, China dominated the global EV market, exporting 1.6 million EVs. Western countries have begun imposing tariffs on Chinese EV imports, prompting China to move production to ASEAN nations and India. 2. Indian EV production remains reliant on Chinese components, including batteries. 3. India’s reliance on coal for electricity generation significantly reduces the environmental benefits of electric vehicles (EVs), undermining their potential to contribute to cleaner transportation. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  43 4. Additionally, over 80% of the cost of EVs in India is tied to components imported from China, particularly batteries, which increases the country’s dependency on Chinese supply chains. To address these challenges, it is recommended that India invest in research and development for advanced battery technologies, such as solid-state batteries and hydrogen fuel cells, while also establishing robust recycling infrastructure. Moreover, supporting clean energy sources for EV charging and conducting comprehensive assessments of EVs’ environmental impacts will be crucial for ensuring long-term sustainability. What are Electric Vehicles? Electric vehicles (EVs) use electric motors for propulsion instead of traditional internal combustion engines. Interest in EVs has surged due to concerns over carbon emissions from fuel-based vehicles. There are three main types of EVs: 1. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs): Fully powered by batteries with zero emissions. 2. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs): Use both an electric motor and gasoline engine; can be charged externally. 3. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs): Combine electric and gasoline power, but cannot be externally charged; the battery is charged via the engine or regenerative braking. Previously, the Union Government has approved an E-Vehicle policy aimed at positioning India as a manufacturing hub for electric vehicles (EVs) with cutting-edge technology. E-Vehicle policy 1. Policy Objective: Promote India as a manufacturing destination for electric vehicles (EVs) with advanced technology 2. Implementation: The Project Management Agency (PMA) will be responsible for providing secretarial, managerial and implementation For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  44 support and carrying out other responsibilities as assigned by the Government of India (GoI) Ministry Ministry of Heavy Industries. 3. Eligibility Criteria a. Minimum Investment Requirement: Rs 4150 Cr b. Maximum Investment: No cap on maximum investment c. Manufacturing Timeline: Set up manufacturing facilities within 3 years d. Domestic Value Addition (DVA) criteria during manufacturing: i. 25% within a period of 3 years, and 50% within 5 years from the date of issuance of approval letter by the Ministry of Heavy Industries/ PMA. ii. The Bank guarantee will be returned only when 50% DVA is attained, an investment of at least Rs 4,150 crore has been made, or to the extent of duty foregone in 5 years, whichever is higher. e. Performance Criteria: All electric passenger vehicles shall meet the performance criteria of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Auto scheme. 4. Tenure of the Policy: 5 years or as notified by GoI. 5. Key Benefits: Encourages technological advancements in EV manufacturing; Fosters Make in India initiative; Promotes healthy competition among EV players; Reduces crude oil imports and trade deficit; Mitigates air pollution, particularly in urban areas; Positive impact on health and environment Other Initiatives to Promote EV 1. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of EVs (FAME) India scheme: Phase I was launched in 2015 and Phase II was launched in 2019. 2. EV 30@30 initiative for the deployment of EVs and target at least 30 percent of new EV sales by 2030 3. PLI Scheme for Automobile and Automotive Components (PLI- Auto) in 2021, as financial incentives to promote domestic For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  45 manufacturing and draw investments into the value chain of the automotive manufacturing industry. Measures to Accelerate EV Adoption in India: 1. Battery Lease-to-Own Program: Reduce initial costs by leasing batteries. 2. Invest in Battery Technology: Develop advanced, high-density batteries. 3. Increase Charger Density: Expand and convert parking metres to charging points. 4. Standardisation: Develop standard protocols for interoperability. 5. EV Rural Entrepreneurs Program: Support rural charging station setups. 6. Highway Battery Swap Corridors: Create swap stations along major routes. 7. Equal Subsidies for EVs and Hybrids: Provide equal support for both technologies. 8. Second-Life Battery Bazaar: Repurpose used batteries for various applications. Lessons from Other Countries: 1. Europe: Financial incentives boost adoption. 2. China: Government support and competition drive market growth. 3. US: Innovation and strategic funding are key. UNIT III – INDIAN ECONOMY – CURRENT ECONOMIC TRENDS AND IMPACT OF GLOBAL ECONOMY ON INDIA 1. VIABILITY OF UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME IN INDIA With automation and AI reducing job growth, the idea of UBI is gaining momentum globally, including in India. While some argue that UBI can For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  46 address the lack of demand and rising inequality, others suggest that India’s focus should be on expanding social safety nets rather than a full UBI. Universal Basic Income (UBI) i. It is a social welfare scheme that provides a fixed, unconditional cash transfer to all eligible individuals or households, irrespective of their income or employment status. ii. The concept of Universal Basic Income (UBI) appealing in the 2016-17 Economic Survey, however, the current CEA, V Anantha Nageswaran, has dismissed it, asserting that it is unnecessary for the country. The potential of Universal Basic Income (UBI) in combating poverty: i. Direct financial support: UBI provides direct financial support to individuals and families, helping them meet basic needs, such as food, healthcare, and education. ii. Financial inclusion: UBI can encourage financial inclusion by promoting bank account usage and formal financial transactions. iii. Elimination of targeting errors: UBI eliminates targeting errors, as it is provided universally, reducing administrative costs and ensuring coverage of all eligible individuals. iv. More autonomy: A study by SEWA Bharat found that women in rural India who received cash transfers had greater autonomy in decision- making. a. UBI empowers recipients by giving them the flexibility to spend the cash according to their priorities, including investments in livelihoods and education. v. Social Inclusion: UBI fosters social inclusion by providing financial support to marginalized populations, helping them participate more fully in society. vi. Counter-Cyclical Effect: UBI’s unconditional nature makes it counter- cyclical, automatically expanding during economic downturns, providing a safety net for those facing job loss or economic hardship. vii. Human dignity: UBI recognizes the intrinsic value of every individual by providing them with the means to lead a life of dignity and self- For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  47 determination. It empowers recipients to make choices that align with their aspirations and needs. Economic impact and challenges of implementing UBI in India: i. Cost and fiscal sustainability: a. Implementing UBI is costly and requires significant financial resources, potentially necessitating higher taxes, spending cuts, or increased debt. b. It can also lead to inflation and hinder economic growth. c. Economic Survey of 2016-17 estimated that a UBI of Rs. 7,620 per year for every Indian would cost about 4.9% of GDP. ii. Perverse incentives: UBI may reduce work motivation and productivity, creating a culture of dependency. It could discourage skill development and training, as some may opt for a basic income without pursuing income-generating opportunities. iii. Inflationary pressures: The widespread distribution of a fixed income may drive up prices for goods and services, as businesses adjust pricing strategies to capture the additional income in the market. iv. Potential for dependency: UBI carries the risk of fostering dependency on government support, potentially leading to complacency and reduced motivation for personal and professional growth. v. Implementation Challenges: India faces issues in public service delivery, including identification, targeting, monitoring, and accountability. UBI requires reliable data, technology, and strong institutions to prevent corruption, leaks, and exclusion errors.Incomplete Universal Aadhar enrollment complicates beneficiary identification and targeted service delivery. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  48 Alternatives to Universal Basic Income (UBI) as approaches to poverty alleviation: i. Targeted Cash Transfer Programs - Focus on specific vulnerable groups, such as LPG subsidies under Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT). ii. Expand Employment Guarantee Scheme- Improve schemes like MGNREGA, which provide rural households with guaranteed employment and increased income. iii. Strengthen the Public Distribution System (PDS) -Improve distribution of subsidized food grains and essential commodities to ensure food security for low-income families. iv. Invest in Skill Development - Enhance the employability of the underprivileged through skill development and vocational training programs. v. Promote Microfinance and Microcredit Support- small businesses through microloans, particularly targeting women, to generate income (e.g., SHGs like Kudumbshree, and Jeevika). Each of these alternatives can be tailored to address specific poverty challenges in India. A combination of these approaches, depending on the region and population in question, can lead to a more comprehensive and effective strategy for poverty alleviation. 2. PLFS REPORT, 2023-24 The National Statistical Office (NSO) recently released the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) report for 2023-24. It highlights key employment trends in India, including stagnating unemployment rates, increasing labor force participation, and the challenges of creating formal jobs despite significant economic growth. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  49 Key Data Points: a. Unemployment rate: 3.2% in 2023-24, unchanged from 2022-23, the first time no year-on-year decline has been observed since the survey began in 2017- 18. b. Labour force participation Rate (LFPR): Increased www.insightsonindia.com Current Affairs 30 42 to 60.1% in 2023-24 (from 57.9% in 2022-23). Rural LFPR rose to 63.7%, and urban LFPR increased to 52%. c. Worker population ratio (WPR): WPR stood at 58.2%, with 76.3% for males and 40.3% for females. d. Unemployment by gender: Female unemployment increased to 3.2% (from 2.9%), while male unemployment slightly declined to 3.2% (from 3.3%). e. Urban-rural divergence: Rural unemployment increased slightly to 2.5% from 2.4%, while urban unemployment improved, falling to 5.1% from 5.4%. f. Increase in self-employment: The share of self-employed individuals rose to 58.4%, from 57.3% in 2022-23. Positives and Negatives: Positives Negatives Increase in Labour Force Stagnant unemployment rate at 3.2%, Participation Rate (LFPR) raising concerns about job creation Marginal improvement in job High youth unemployment rate (10.2%), quality with salaried workers rising especially for females (11%) to 21.7% Worker Population Ratio (WPR) Increase in self-employment, much of it increased to 58.2% informal or unpaid work Urban unemployment rate fell to Gender disparity: Female 5.1% unemployment rose to 3.2% from 2.9% For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  50 Rising participation in the Challenges in creating formal jobs, workforce post-pandemic pushing people into informal roles Way ahead: a. Sectoral diversification: Investment in manufacturing, renewable energy, and tech innovation to generate productive and higher-wage jobs. b. Strengthening MSMEs: Provide targeted financial support and regulatory ease to help MSMEs recover and boost employment. c. Human-centric tech adaptation: Focus on labor-intensive sectors like healthcare and sustainable manufacturing, which are less prone to automation. d. Industry-aligned skilling: Align skilling programs with emerging sectors like AI, green jobs, cybersecurity, and data analytics. e. Encouraging high-potential services: Focus on sectors like e- commerce, logistics, and online education to create employment opportunities across skill levels. The PLFS 2023-24 report presents a mixed picture, with positive indicators like rising labor participation and declining urban unemployment. A focused, sector-specific approach and industry-aligned skilling are crucial to ensuring sustainable job creation and economic growth in the future. 3. PRODUCTION LINKED INCENTIVE India’s Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme is set to boost the textile sector, with disbursements starting this fiscal year. The initiative aims to address stagnation in India’s textile exports, enhance competitiveness, and promote job creation in the sector. Summary: a. PLI for textiles: About a dozen companies will receive incentives under the scheme for man-made fibers (MMF) and technical textiles this year. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  51 b. Export stagnation: India’s textile exports remain stagnant at $35 billion, while competitors like Vietnam and Bangladesh gain market share through trade agreements. c. Job creation target: The government aims to create 4.5 to 6 crore jobs in the textile sector by 2030, while increasing the sector’s market size to $350 billion. About the PLI scheme: i. Origin: Launched in 2021 to boost domestic manufacturing, reduce imports, and enhance exports. ii. How it works: Provides performance-linked incentives based on incremental sales of domestically manufactured products. iii. Sectors covered: Includes 13 sectors such as electronics, textiles, automotive, pharmaceuticals, telecom, and renewable energy. Budget: Rs 1.97 lakh crore ($28 billion). 4. GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX India has ascended 42 positions in the Global Innovation Index (GII) since 2015 and now ranks 39th out of 133 economies evaluated. 2024 Report Highlights: a. Published by: World Intellectual Property Organisation. b. India’s rank: 39th out of 133 economies in the GII 2024, improving from 40th in 2023. Key indicators: i. ICT services exports: India ranks 1st globally. ii. Venture capital received: India’s start-up ecosystem secures a strong position. iii. Unicorn companies: India ranks 8th globally. Positives: i. Start-up growth: India’s dynamic start-up ecosystem continues to fuel innovation. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  52 ii. ICT services leadership: India leads the world in technology-driven services. iii. Venture capital: Strong investments are fostering innovation and growth. Challenges: i. Low R&D spending: India needs to increase research and development (R&D) investments. ii. Manufacturing innovation: The manufacturing sector still faces innovation challenges. iii. Infrastructure: Gaps in innovation infrastructure remain a hurdle to growth. 5. World Bank released the report titled the ‘World Development Report 2024: The Middle Income’ according to which various countries including India runs the risk of falling into the middle-income trap. Middle Income Trap Middle Income Countries (MIC): World Bank classifies Economies having per capita Gross National Income between US$ 1,135 to US$13,846 as MIC. a. Lower MIC: Per capita GNI is US$1,136 to US$4,465 (India has a per capita GDP of ~$2,500) b. Upper MIC: Per capita GNI is US$4,466 & US$13,845 Middle income trap: a. In 2007, the term “middle-income trap” was coined by the World Bank in its report titled ‘An East Asian Renaissance: Ideas for Economic Growth’. b. It refers to a situation wherein rapidly growing economies stagnates at middle-income levels and fails to graduate into the ranks of high- income countries. Trend: During the last decade the prospects of MICs migrating to High Income Countries have worsened. This is due to the rapidly aging populations and For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  53 burgeoning debt, fierce geopolitical and trade frictions, and the growing difficulty of speeding up economic progress without fouling the environment. What makes India vulnerable to Middle Income Trap? i. Untapped Human Capital a. Skill Gap: Only ~51% graduates are employable (Economic Survey 2023-24) and only ~2.3 % of workforce in India has undergone formal skill training in India. b. Lack of innovation capability: India's R&D investment as a percentage of GDP stands at just 0.64% against 2.4% by China and 3.47% by US. ii. Rising Income inequality: India’s top 1% own 22.6% of income (World Inequality Lab,2022-23). It may result in lower tax revenue for government and may give rise to social tension and political instability which have adverse impact on economic growth. iii. Stagnated Industrialization: India leapfrogged from agricultural to services sector and manufacturing share in output and employment has generally remained below 20%. Inadequate development of manufacturing resulted in unemployment and disguised unemployment particularly in agriculture. iv. Contemporary Global Headwinds: a. Middle Income Countries find themselves “caught between the rapidly changing advanced technology of rich countries and competition in mature products from poor countries with low wages.” (IMF). b. Foreign trade and investment are in danger of becoming constricted by geopolitical tensions, and populism is shrinking the room for governments to act. c. Rising external debt (it rose by 6.4% in March 2024 as compared to the previous year) d. Accelerating Climate Action presents new challenges of accelerating growth without causing environmental damage. For updates visit : https://t.me/ZEROCURRENTEVENTS For feedbacks mail : [email protected]  54 Way Ahead The World Bank report suggests countries aiming for high-income status should follow the 3i strategy: Investment Infusion of global technologies Innovation. However, to achieve the shift from 1i to 2i to 3i ‘Creative Destruction’ would play the crucial role. 6. FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND 10 YEARS OF PMJDY Recently, India celebrated the 10th anniversary of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), launched to promote