Fishing Sectors BioL3305 Lecture Notes PDF

Fishing sectors Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Fishing sectors 1. Already shown you how Sea Around Us defines sectors a) Make sure you review and understand… 1/15 Zeller et...

Fishing sectors Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Fishing sectors 1. Already shown you how Sea Around Us defines sectors a) Make sure you review and understand… 1/15 Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152  Fishing sectors 1. Already shown you how Sea Around Us defines sectors a) Make sure you review and understand… 2. Here talk about a) Background around various other definitions b) Why FAO cannot clearly define fishing sectors or present catch by sector c) Why we have made some distinct modifications in our definitions that result in differences to other global efforts around fishing sectors. Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152  Fishing sectors FAO defines ‘fishing industry’ in their writings as consisting of Commercial sector Subsistence sector Recreational sector (as well as processing and marketing sectors) Yet, in other material, they consider ‘industrial’, ‘artisanal’ and ‘recreational’, or ‘Large-scale’ and ‘small-scale’ Overall, no clear definition of terms or limits/boundaries… … and FAO data not by sector Optional reading: Palfreman A and Insull D (1994) Appendix: Guide to fisheries sector studies. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 342, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome. 101 p. FAO (1999) Guidelines for the routine collection of capture fishery data. Prepared at the FAO/DANIDA Expert Consultation. Bangkok, Thailand, 18-30 May 1998. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 382. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome. 113 p. FAO (2015) Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and 5/15 Poverty Eradication. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. xi + 18 p.  Fishing sectors Others use slightly different definitions… Australia: Commercial Traditional Recreational Globally, also widespread Large-scale (commercial) Small-scale (commercial and/or non-commercial) Differentiation is made largely by length of vessel, with boundary lines differing between countries and organizations…. Country-specific differences in definition is reason why FAO does not seem to be able to address this issue… FAO would insist on global definitions in an attempt of standardization Pauly D and Charles T (2015) Counting on small-scale fisheries. Science 347: 242-243  Our definitions Industrial sector: consisting of relatively large motorized vessels, requiring Large-scale large sums for their construction, maintenance and operation. Fish either domestically, in the waters of other countries and/or the high seas. Land catch that is overwhelmingly sold commercially. Commercial, large-scale sector. Artisanal sector: consisting of small-scale (hand lines, gillnets etc.) and fixed gears (weirs, traps, etc.) whose catch is predominantly sold commercially, notwithstanding a small fraction of catch being consumed or given away by the crew. Commercial, small-scale sector. Subsistence sector: consisting of fisheries whose primary driver is for Small-scale consumption by their family/community, rather than engage in commerce. Often these are conducted by women and children. Also, the fraction of the catch of many artisanal boats that is given away to the crews’ families or the local community. Non-commercial, small-scale sector. Recreational sector: consisting of fisheries conducted mainly for pleasure, although a fraction of the catch may end up being sold or consumed by the recreational fishers and their families and friends. Non-commercial, small- scale sector Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152. See Suppl. Mat.  Our definitions… additional details Industrial sector: All fishing gears that are dragged or towed across the seafloor or intensively through the water column using engine power (e.g., bottom- and mid-water trawls) are considered industrial…. Irrespective of vessel size. All fishing in foreign waters, irrespective of vessel size or gear type. Subsistence and recreational sectors: Subsistence (recreational) fisheries may contain a fraction of catch that is sold, although the main driver for going fishing is sustenance, not commerce or pleasure. Often, fisheries that started out as subsistence (e.g., in the 1950s) changed progressively into recreational fisheries as economic development increased in any given country and its cash economy grew. Catch reconstructions accept country-level sector definitions, or regional equivalents, but with our caveats. Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152. See Suppl. Mat.  Sectors in Sea Around Us spatial allocation Industrial (large-scale) sector: Within own EEZ… default In high seas waters Within foreign EEZs… if agreed or observed fishing access (later lecture) Artisanal, subsistence and recreational (small-scale) sectors: Small-scale fisheries (SSF) are assumed to operate only in domestic waters (i.e., in their own country’s EEZ). Within their EEZ, they are further limited to the Inshore Fishing Area (IFA) within each EEZ, to a maximum of 50 km from the coast or to 200 m water depth, whichever comes first. IFA definition assumes the existence of small- scale fisheries, and thus unpopulated islands have no IFA. Summary: SSF within the IFA in own EEZ only Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152  Inshore Fishing Areas in spatial allocation Ind.? SSF Ind. Ind. Chuenpagdee R, Liguori L, Palomares MD and Pauly D (2006) Bottom-up, global estimates of small-scale marine fisheries catches. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 14(8), University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 112 p. 10/15  Catch by fishing sector Small-scale fishing may dominate… Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152 Pauly and Zeller (2016) Nature Communications 7: 10244 Zeller and Pauly (2019) Global Sustainability 2: e11  Catch by fishing sector Global Our ‘exceptions’ with regards to what we count as industrial is main reason why our estimates differ from other reports which often have a higher % small-scale (e.g., count baby-trawlers as SSF) Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152 Pauly and Zeller (2016) Nature Communications 7: 10244 Zeller and Pauly (2019) Global Sustainability 2: e11  Catch by fishing sector Global Our ‘exceptions’ with regards to what we count as industrial is main reason why our estimates differ from other reports which often have a higher % small-scale (e.g., count baby-trawlers as SSF) Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152 Pauly and Zeller (2016) Nature Communications 7: 10244 Zeller and Pauly (2019) Global Sustainability 2: e11  Last word: Women in fisheries Women play a massively undervalued and under-represented role in fisheries Dominate much of shore-based fishing (e.g., reef-gleaning) Dominate the processing and marketing/sale sectors in developing countries Dominate the administrative and accounting component in developed country fisheries Reef-gleaning Conceptually and realistically not ‘seen’ (invisible)…. Philippines in 1990s Often not thought of as ‘fishing’ but ‘food gathering’ equivalent to garden farming in S. Pacific Harper S, Adshade M, Lam VWY, Pauly D and Sumaila UR (2020) Valuing invisible catches: Estimating the global contribution by women to small-scale marine capture fisheries production. PLoS ONE 15(3): e0228912. Harper S, Grubb C, Stiles M and Sumaila UR (2017) Contributions by Women to Fisheries Economies: Insights from Five Maritime Countries. Coastal Management 45(2): 91-106. Harper S, Zeller D, Hauzer M, Pauly D and Sumaila UR (2013) Women and fisheries: contribution to food security and local economies. Marine Policy 39: 56-63. Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean