GEELECT 1 MODULE 1.pdf

# Module No. 1 ## CONSUMPTION SECTORS | Lesson | Description | |---|---| | Lesson 1: | Agriculture and forestry | | Lesson 2: | Fishing and hunting | | Lesson 3: | Urban Industry | | Lesson 4: | Water Use | | Lesson 5: | Energy and Transport | At the end of the module, YOU will be able to: - categorize the social divisions in the national level and local context created by the way in which goods and services are consumed - identify the different consumption sectors which are affected by the human activities causing exploitation of the natural resources - design a possible human activity which could counteract the negative impacts we caused to the environment **IMPORTANT NOTE:** Some images, clip arts and diagrams were not labeled as they were used only for the purpose of enhancing the aesthetic value of the presentation of lessons and are not referred in the discussions. # Module 1 ## LESSON 1: Agriculture and Forestry ### Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: - describe the reciprocal relationship between agriculture and climate change, and - explain the effects of human exploitation on forest resources. ### Introduction: Hello, how are you? Hope you are doing good! Welcome to Lesson 1 of Module 1. In this lesson, you are about to learn the human activities in agriculture and forestry affecting our environment. Moreover, there are some tasks that you need to accomplish so that you will grasp the gist of this topic. So are you ready? Alright, let’s begin! ### Activity: List at least THREE (3) human activities that are related to agriculture and forestry. Write your answers to the designated columns. | Agriculture | Forestry | |---|---| ### Analysis: From your given answers, pick only ONE (1) activity and point out the advantages and disadvantages of such activity to the environment. **Advantages:** **Disadvantages:** ### Abstraction: As you can see, humans can both benefit and exploit environmental resources. Now let's discuss deeply on how these fields of agriculture and forestry affect the environment due to human consumption. Agriculture refers to the practice of rearing domestic animals and crops. However, the methods that are related to this field have notable effects to the environment: | | | |---|---| | Agriculture | Deforestation | | | | | | Pollution | | Climate change | ### Effects * So how agriculture causes climate change? - Extensive farming slash and burn or Kaingin method. - Application of pesticides and fertilizers - $CO_2$, Production of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide - Affect the quality of air due to production of the compounds of phosphorus, nitrate, and ammonia * Climate change: Significant changes in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns and other measures of climate that occur over several decades or longer. * But climate change affects agriculture too. Climate change affects agricultural production through precipitation levels and temperature variations. This is called the reciprocal relationship between climate change and agriculture Agriculture feeds all of us! We just need to exercise the practices that will not harm the environment. These may include organic farming and crop rotation. ## Deforestation One way of increasing agricultural production is by clearing the forests. Deforestation provides more land for crops and pasture. ### Environmental impacts of deforestation: * Destroys the habitat of species. * Leads to fragmentation and depletion of natural resources. * Affects the water cycle. * Results in interference of precipitation (rain). * Enhance the effects of climate change. ### What causes deforestation? #### *Human-made* - Farming - Grazing livestock - Mining - Drilling - Urbanization - Illegal logging #### *Natural* - Wildfires. - Volcanic eruption - Typhoon - Parasites ### Why should we take care our forests? - Forest trees absorb Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) - Forest trees provide Oxygen we breath ($O_2$) - Traps greenhouse gases thereby reducing global warming ## Application: Analyze the illustration below. Explain the relationship between agriculture and climate change. [Image Description - Diagram depicting various impact of agriculture on the environment, deforestation, pollution, climate change] ### Assessment: Instructions: Choose the letter of your answer. Write your answer on the space provided before the item number. 1. Which of the following human activity that is NOT associated with Agriculture? * A. Farming * B. Climate change * C. Deforestation * D. Pesticide application 2. The following are the direct effects of climate change to agriculture EXCEPT. * A. Extensive farming. * B. Increase of temperature. * C. Changes in precipitation. * D. Neither is correct. 3. How agriculture causes climate change? * A. Changes in precipitation. * B. Use of natural or organic fertilizers. * C. Kaingin method. * D. All are correct. 4. Which of the following activities could result to degradation and fragmentation? * A. Wildfires. * B. Illegal logging. * C. Grazing of livestock. * D. Destruction of habitat 5. Which of the following is an example of natural cause of deforestation? * A. Invasion of beetle larvae that devours the bark of forest trees. * B. Expansion of agricultural lands to forest mountain ranges. * C. Forest fires due to climate change. * D. A and C only. Excellent! You just finished lesson 1 of this module! Should you have any questions or queries regarding this lesson, please do not hesitate to reach out to your instructors. Are you ready to take your next lesson? Lesson 2 will discuss about fishing and hunting. Good luck and enjoy reading. # Module 1 ## LESSON 2: Fishing and Hunting ### Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: - identify the detrimental effects that human population caused to the environment in the context of fishing and hunting, and - recommend possible human activities that can alleviate environmental concerns on fishing and hunting. ### Introduction: Hi, how are you? I hope you are doing well! Welcome to Lesson 2 of Module 1. In this lesson, we are going to explore the fishing and hunting activities of humans that affected ecological balance. For better understanding of these topics, there are series of activities that you need to accomplish that will guide you in your wider and deeper exploration. Are you ready? Let’s begin! ### Activity: Unscramble the words in Column A, write your answer in Column B and determine which sector those words belong (Fishing or Hunting) and write your answer in Column C. | Column A | Column B | Column C | |---|---|---| | IHRFEIESS | | | | OAICGNPH | | | | SAACRCS | | | | WATRSL | | | | GOIIEVFSRHN | | | | ИОЕСТTNNX | | | ### Analysis: Fishing and hunting are common human activities. To what extent these activities start causing damages to the environment? Analyze the images on Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2 below to help you expound your answer. [Images: Figure 1.1 Overfishing; Figure 1.2 Poaching] ### Abstraction: As you can see, fishing and hunting do not always cause harm to nature. However, human activities that go beyond consumption are the events that trigger environmental destruction. Now, let’s discuss further other important details you should know about this topic. Let's start with the definition. A fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species, an activity known as fishing. The ecosystems that support fisheries, together with other economic activities, are subject to a number of alterations of significant relevance to their functioning and resilience and to the goods and services they can provide. ### The Detrimental Effects of Fisheries - Fisheries impact target resources. They reduce their abundance, spawning potential and population parameters (growth, maturation, etc.) - They modify age and size structure, sex ratio, genetics and species composition of the target resources, as well as of their associated and dependent species. - When poorly controlled, fisheries develop excessive fishing capacity leading to overfishing, with major ecosystem, social and economic consequences. Fishing may also affect ecological processes at very large scale. The overall impact has been described as comparable, in aquatic systems, to that of agriculture on land in terms of the proportion of the system's primary productivity harvested by humans. [Images: Figure 1.3 Stable Ecosystem; Figure 1.4 Stressed Ecosystem] ### Overfishing Overfishing transforms an originally stable, mature and efficient ecosystem (see Figure 1.3) into one that is immature and stressed (see Figure 1.4). This happens in various ways. By targeting and reducing the abundance of high-value predators, fisheries deeply modify the trophic chain and the flows of biomass (and energy) across the ecosystem. - They can also alter habitats, most notably by destroying and disturbing bottom topography and the associated habitats such as (e.g. seagrass and algal beds, coral reefs) and benthic communities. ### Human Activities: | | | |---|---| | Human Activities | Physical | | | Mechanical | | | Chemical | **Overfishing** may result in changes in productivity of resources. - **Destructive fishing techniques** - Using dynamite or cyanides or inadequate fishing practices (e.g. trawling in the wrong habitat) - **Pollution from fish processing plants** - Use of ozone-depleting refrigerants; dumping at sea of plastic debris that can entangle marine animals or be swallowed by turtles; - **Lack of selectivity** - Affecting associated and dependent species, resulting in wasteful discarding practices, juvenile mortality, added threat to endangered species, etc. **Important:** Poorly-managed large-scale mariculture can damage coastal wetlands and nearshore ecosystems, often used as nurseries by key capture fishery resources, and contribute to ecosystem contamination with food residues, waste, antibiotics, hormones, diseases and alien species. ## Hunting to Extinction Nowadays, most people hunt for sport, often leaving the carcass and taking the head, leaving the remains to decompose. Because hunters are only allowed to pursue specific species, some environmentalists argue that hunting creates an imbalance in the natural elements of the environment (see Figure 1.5). Nature has a delicate balance and human hunting can have an impact on that natural balance. [Image: Figure 1.5 Diagram of an unbalanced ecosystem when predators are hunted to extinction] - **Predator** - Wolves - Mountain Lions - **Prey** - Deer - Moose - Coyotes - Rodents **Important:** Opponents to hunting claim that animals have their own ways of population control and humans are not needed to aid that process. **Did you know that?** The University of Michigan predicts over hunting will be the cause of extinction in about 25 percent of all animal extinctions during the 21st century. Whales and some African animals have become endangered due to hunting issues. ### Effects on the Environment | Positive Effects | Negative Effects | |---|---| | - Hunting disrupts natural order. - Over hunting will cause the decline in the particular animal species. - It affects the natural environment in that it throws off natural predation and population growth of the wildlife. - Hunting also disrupts migration and hibernation of the animals. - Hunting trips cause hunters to drive long distances until they reach a hunting ground. This causes them to emit CO2, adding to their carbon footprint. - Hunters set-up campfires and a lot of littering, which is harmful to the wildlife. - The smoke that is emitted by the fire negatively impacts the animals, and the litter on the ground may cause animals to choke. - Population Control: The money hunters spend on their hunting licenses is pumped back into programs that help protect and enhance wildlife and the environment. - Wildlife managers view sport hunting as the principal basis for protection of wildlife | - Population Control: The money hunters spend on their hunting licenses is pumped back into programs that help protect and enhance wildlife and the environment, and wildlife managers view sport hunting as the principal basis for protection of wildlife. | [Image: Figure 1.6 Effects of hunting to the environment] As shown in Figure 1.6, the negative effects of hunting to the environment outweigh the positive ones. ## Application: You have learned that if fishing and hunting are both properly regulated, negative effects to the environment can be avoided. Give at least (1) recommendation of what programs can be implemented to control fishing and hunting activities. **Fishing:** **Hunting:** ### Assessment: Match Column A with Column B to show the cause and effect relationship of the items below. Write only the letter of your answer. | Column A | Column B | |---|---| | 1.Hunting | a. stable, mature and efficient ecosystem into one that is immature and stressed | | 2. Poorly-managed large-scale mariculture | b. More Emission of CO2 | | 3. Overfishing | c. Damaged coastal wetlands and nearshore ecosystems | | 4. Pursuing Specific Species of Predators | d. Extinction | | 5. Long distances rides of hunters | e. Environmental Imbalance | Excellent! You just finished Lesson 2 of this Module! Should you have any questions or queries regarding this lesson, please do not hesitate to reach out to your instructors. Are you ready to take your next lesson? Lesson 3 will discuss about Urban Industry. Good luck and enjoy reading. # Module 1 ## LESSON 3: Urban Industry ### Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: - describe urbanization and industrialization and their connection, - determine the positive and negative impacts of urbanization to the environment, and - explore possible means to mitigate their negative effects ### Introduction: Hello again, how are you now? Hope you are still doing fine! Welcome to Lesson 3 of Module 1. In this lesson, you will be exploring one of the products of human activities which is called urban industry and its impacts to our environment including the utilization of our limited resources. We will also identify some means to mitigate their adverse effects. Therefore, be ready to engage in some tasks that you need to accomplish so that you will appreciate what’s ahead of you. So are you ready? Alright, let’s begin! ### Activity: List at least 3 things you can describe in each of the following pictures. Write them on the spaces provided. [Image: A] [Image: B] ### Analysis: Based on what you’ve mentioned above, identify at least 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of each of those to the environment and explain why. **Advantage:** A) B) **Disadvantage:** A) B) ### Abstraction: Before going farther to the effects, let’s learn first the basic concepts underlying the emergence of urban industry, the urbanization and industrialization. These two also have some similarities. Study Figure 1.7 below. ### Urbanization vs. Industrialization: | Feature | Urbanization: | Industrialization: | |---|---|---| | Definition | It is a process whereby populations move from rural to urban areas, enabling cities and towns to grow. | It is a process of applying mechanical, chemical and electrical sciences to recognize production with inanimate source of technology. | | Transition | Follow process of transition. Aim for the betterment of human life. Carry both beneficial and adverse effects to environment. | | [Image: Figure 1.7 Comparing and Contrasting Urbanization and Industrialization] Now, let’s define Urban Industry. What does it mean? Based on the descriptions above, we define the term Urban Industry as an economic activity which is concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacturing of goods in factories located within towns or cities. Next, we will direct our focus on urbanization which we consider a powerful force to cause positive and negative changes to human life and to the environment. [Image: Figure 1.8 Enlists the different events that caused the emergence of urbanization] ### Causes of Urbanization: * Rural-urban Transformations: Rural communities start to adopt the urban culture and ultimately become urban centers. * Modernization: More technology, sophisticated communication, infra, changes in the mode of living namely habits, attitudes, food, beliefs... * Industrialization: Shift from old agricultural economics to a novel non-agricultural one. * Commercialization: Distribution of goods and services and commercial transactions * Social Benefits and Services: Better educational facilities, living standards, sanitation and housing, health care, recreation facilities and social life * Employment Opportunities: Access to well-paying jobs from developmental sectors such as public health, education, transport, sport and recreation, industries and business interprises [Image: Figure 1.8 Causes of Urbanization] ## Effects of Urbanization to Human ### Advantages: - The market potential of the population is greater, there is a much greater variety of shopping opportunities than in rural areas. This may result in lower prices and longer shopping hours. - Urban areas are able to provide a variety of services that small rural areas cannot. These might include a public transportation system, water and sewage services, a greater variety of educational and recreational facilities, and larger and more specialized healthcare facilities. - Urban areas provide a great variety of accommodation for their citizens ranging from individually owned houses to high-density apartments and condominiums. - Many new developments include open spaces for playgrounds, schools, and community areas. ### Disadvantages: - Many stores are owned by national and international chains, making it difficult for small independent businesses to succeed. - Cities may experience traffic jams, infrastructure breakdowns such as watermain breaks, lack of appropriate housing and jobs, and institutions that are so large that they become impersonal. - Many cities have areas where housing is poor and may even have a homeless population, often in downtown neighbourhoods. This may give rise to shelters for the homeless and soup kitchens for those down on their luck. ## Effects of Urbanization to Environment Urban populations interact with their environment. Urban people change their environment through their consumption of food, energy, water, and land, and in turn, the polluted urban environment affects the health and quality of life of the urban population. - People who live in urban areas have very different consumption patterns than residents in rural areas. For example, urban populations consume much more food, energy, and durable goods than rural populations. Urban populations not only consume more food, but they also consume more durable goods. In the early 1990s, Chinese households in urban areas were two times more likely to have a TV, eight times more likely to have a washing machine, and 25 times more likely to have a refrigerator than rural households. This increased consumption is a function of urban labor markets, wages, and household structure. - Energy consumption for electricity, transportation, cooking, and heating is much higher in urban areas than in rural villages. For example, urban populations have many more cars than rural populations per capita. Almost all of the cars in the world in the 1930s were in the United States. Today we have a car for every two people in the United States. If that became the norm, in 2050 there would be 5.3 billion cars in the world, all using energy. As of 2018, 12.7 million motor vehicles in the Philippines are registered and running. - The urbanization of the world’s populations, however, will increase aggregate energy use, despite efficiencies and new technologies. And the increased consumption of energy is likely to have deleterious environmental effects. [Image: Figure 1.9 Environmental Effects of Urbanization] ### Effects of Urbanization on the Environment: - Regions downwind from large industrial complexes also see increases in the amount of precipitation, air pollution, and the number of days with thunderstorms. - Urban areas affect not only the weather patterns, but also the runoff patterns for water. - Urban areas generally generate more rain, but they reduce the infiltration of water and lower the water tables. This means that runoff occurs more rapidly with greater peak flows. - Flood volumes increase, as do floods and water pollution downstream. - Habitat clearing, degradation and fragmentation of the landscape. - Endangering species of animals - Spread of unlawful resident settlements represented by slums and squatters. - Increase in air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, formation of smog and precipitation of acid rain, urban GHG emission - Reduce physical activity and unhealthy nutrition, air travel carries bacteria and viruses from one country to the next ### Threats of Urbanization: [Image: Figure 1.10 Threats of Urbanization] - Animal populations are inhibited by toxic substances, vehicles, and the loss of habitat and food sources. - Intensive urban growth can lead to greater poverty, with local governments unable to provide services for all people. - Pollution and physical barriers to root growth promote loss of urban tree cover. - Urban development can magnify the risk of environmental hazards such as flash flooding. - Large volumes of uncollected waste create multiple health hazards. - Automobile exhaust produces elevated lead levels in urban air. - Concentrated energy use leads to greater air pollution with significant impact on human health. ### Ways to Mitigate the Negative Effects of Urbanization: - Combat poverty by promoting economic development and job creation. - Plant trees and incorporate the care of city green spaces as a key element in urban planning. - Create private-public partnerships to provide services such as waste disposal and housing. - Reduce air pollution by upgrading energy use and alternative transport systems. - Involve local community in local government. [Image: Figure 1.11 Ways to Mitigate the Negative Effects of Urbanization] Although urbanization is a necessary condition for modernization, we can mitigate the effect of it. We just need to learn how to save the planet and conservative our natural resources, through recycling water and the use of renewable energy. ## Application: Now, it’s time you apply the concept you have learned. Analyze the pictures below. Describe each one of them and extract the common message those images are telling you. [Image: A] [Image: B] A) B) C) Message: ### Assessment: Instructions: Write positive if the statement is true and negative if not. Write your answer on the space provided before the item number. 1. Urbanization is a result of industrial revolution that took place during 18th century. 2. In urban areas, people consume food, energy and durable goods as much as the rural population. 3. Much energy is consume in urban areas since the population is greater than that of the rural. 4. There is no direct evidence that urban areas affect the weather conditions in whole region. 5. The increase emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is attributed to growing population in the rural areas. 6. Unstable urbanization may leads in the decrease of animal populations due to loss of their habitat and food sources. 7. Urban cities generate large volumes of uncollected waste which pose health hazards. 8. Urbanization is necessary condition for modernization even at the expense of the environment. 9. Upgrading energy use and alternative transport systems reduce air pollution. 10. Population growth in the urban areas is an outbreak of unemployment caused by industrialization. Congratulations! You just finished Lesson 3 of this Module! Should you have any questions or queries regarding this lesson, please do not hesitate to reach out to your instructors. Are you ready to take your next lesson? Lesson 4 will of this module will explore everything about water use. Good luck and enjoy reading. # Module 1 ## LESSON 4: Water Use ### Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: - distinguish water intake from water discharge as they affect the amount of consumed water, and - outline the anthropocentric, biocentric, and ecocentric activities that lead to a freshwater shortage. ### Introduction: Hello, hope you are doing good! Welcome to Lesson 4 of Module 1. In this lesson, you are about to learn some human activities affecting water resources. Moreover, there are some tasks that you need to accomplish so that you will grasp the gist of these topics. So, are you ready? Alright, let’s begin! ### Activity: Mention activities that pertains to the uses of water. Use the designated space below. ### Analysis: A. From your list of activities, classify them whether they belong to an in-stream use or to a water withdrawal use. | | | |---|---| | In-Stream Use | Water Withdrawal Use | ### Abstraction: As you can see, humans can both benefit and exploit environmental resources. Now let’s discuss deeply how our water use affects the environment. Water use is described as the total amount of water withdrawn from its source to be used. **There are two ways in which we can classify our water use:** ### In-Stream Use - It includes hydroelectric power, boating, and swimming, for example. - While in-stream activities do not use up the water, they can degrade the water quality through pollution. ### Water Withdrawal Use: - This classification includes household use, industry use, irrigation, livestock watering, and thermal and nuclear power. - Most withdrawals are consumptions, meaning that the activity uses the water and does not return to the source. ### How can we determine our water consumption (see Figure 1.12)? | | | |---|---| | **Water** Difference between water intake and water discharge | **Water Intake** The amount of water that is taken (or withdrawn) from the source | **Water discharge** The amount of water that is returned | | **Amount water** The recirculated amount of water (good indicator of water efficiency) | **Gross water use** Total amount of water that is used | **Water intake** Water withdrawals from rivers, lakes or aquifers for infrastructure, agricultural, municipal or industrial purposes | [Image: Figure 1.12 How Human Population Consumes Water] ## Water Use and Shortages: The Environmental Impact Freshwater is one of the most imperiled natural resources and is the ultimate rate-limiting step for food production. Remarkably, the production of food is, in essence, the most water-intensive activity in the world. ### Areas of Concerns in Freshwater Consumption: | | | | |---|---|---| | **Anthropocentric** Freshwater is a vital resource for the survival of our population. Seeing as less than 1% of the world’s water is fresh water and available for us to consume, there are limitations that factor into our carrying capacity as a population on Earth including the availability and distribution of freshwater. | **Biocentric** Other species rely on freshwater besides humans as a vital component of their survival! Overuse of freshwater in household settings means there is less freshwater for agricultural use (which affects humans on a food scarcity level), but many livestock species rely on freshwater. | **Ecocentric** Wasting water while our demand for water increases (as population and standards of living increase globally), means that we need to supplement this lack of freshwater by pulling it out of aquifers or groundwater supplies in which their regeneration rate is lower than the extraction rate. | [Image: Figure 1.13 Effects of Aquatic Environmental Conversion] Figure 1.13 shows how aquatic environment conversion (triggered by human activities such as agricultural and industrial activities) affects the environment and causes environmental destruction. - **Diversion of aquatic environment** (for agricultural and industrial activities, and - **Plant and animal species are threatened or endangered due to habitat destruction** - **Loss of species can trigger the loss of other species within freshwater ecosystem** - **Risk to human's health if an environment is contaminated** - **Human existence will be affected because all of us depend on healthy ecosystems** - **Loss of species can trigger the loss of other species within freshwater ecosystem** Moreover, water takes a lot of energy, time, and money to filter so that it is safe and drinkable. Therefore, wasting water or extensive water consumption means that you are wasting the energy-intensive process of filtration (see Figure 1.14). [Image: Figure 1.14 Effects of wasting safe and drinking water] - **Filtration** - **Extraction** - **Transportation** - **Safe Drinking water** These processes require non-renewable fossil fuels. When these fuels are depleted, their dangerous by-products (Carbon dioxide) build-up in Earth’s atmosphere and may cause Earth’s rising temperatures. ## Application: A. Provide the possible hydrological impact of human activities to the environment. Use the designated column for your answers. | | | |---|---| | Human Activities | Hydrological Impacts in the Environment | | 1. Drilling of wells | | | 2. Mass construction of houses, etc. | | | 3. Urbanization of area completed by the addition of more buildings | | | 4. Drilling of deeper, large-capacity industrial wells | | | 5. Increased use of water for air conditioning | | B. Give at least 5-sentence descriptions on how human hydrologic activities decrease long term water security and availability. ### Assessment: Instructions: Choose the letter of your answer. Write your answer on the space provided before the item number. 1. Which of the following will commence when fertilizers enter the surface water that leads to watershed problems? * A. Causing rapid algal growth that decreases oxygen levels and chokes aquatic life. * B. Increasing the amount of nutrients available to fish in lakes and streams. * C. Raising the water level in nearby rivers to levels leading to flooding. * D. Clogging of narrow streams and preventing water from flowing. 2. Close monitoring of the use of pesticides and herbicides is cautiously done due to its effect they can have on the environment. Which of the following is a possible negative effect on the use of these chemicals on the environment? * A. These chemicals are expensive to produce. * B. These chemicals cannot be purchased in large bulk. * C. Runoff carries these chemicals into lakes and streams. * D. Storage space for these chemicals is limited. 3. Which of the following will be considered as endpoints of wastes products produced by agriculture, households, industry, mining, and other human activities? * A. Groundwater. * B. Ocean. * C. Stream and River. * D. All of the choices. 4. The movement of water through a man-made water system shifts water from its withdrawal point to a location where treated wastewater is discharged back to the environment. This reduces infiltration as well as reduces low flows between the point of withdrawal and the point of discharge. All of the following will generally occur out of these changes except one. Which is it? * A. Reduce water depth. * B. Decrease water temperature. * C. Increase the negative impact of sediment oxygen demand. * D. Degrade the water quality. 5. When can an impact of water withdrawals become a serious concern to local water suppliers? * A. When the rate of withdrawal does not exceed the replacement of that water. * B. When it can lead to water quantity challenges (shortages). * C. When it gives positive environmental impacts. * D. None of the given choices. Excellent! You just finished Lesson 4 of this Module! Should you have any questions or queries regarding this lesson, please do not hesitate to reach out to your instructors. Are you ready to take your next lesson? Lesson 5 will discuss about Energy and Transport. Good luck and enjoy reading. # Module 1 ## LESSON 5: Energy and Transportation ### Objective: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: - determine the different forms of energy commonly used by the country, - explain the relationship between energy and transportation and the ecosystem, and - realize the significance of energy conservation through various practical ways. ### Introduction: Hello there? Hope you are doing good! Welcome to Lesson 5 of Module 1. In this lesson you will learn that using energy and transportation has an effect towards the degradation of our natural resources. Energy makes everything works. It is even the life of any mode of transportation. But, since energy sources has been challenge today. You will also learn how to conserve energy sources and promote sustainable use of it. ### Activity This activity will need your investigation skills… **Procedure:** 1. Create a list of what you ate yesterday. Include the type of food and the amount of each type of food that you intake. 2. Search for a daily dietary meal of a football player. 3. Search for a daily dietary meal of a body builder who is competing for Mr. Universe. 4. Convert the total individual food intake into the total calorie count. You can refer from the table below. 5. Compare the three calorie intake. 6. Explain the relationship of calorie intake and the nature of work of each individual. | Name of food item | Calorie contents (Kcal/kg) | |---|---| | Rice | 3490 | | Vegetables | 430 | | Fish | 1360 | | Meat | 1090 | | Milk | 670 | | Pulse | 3430 | | Fruit | 200 | | Edible oil | 9000 | Source: Imai (2003) | | Total calorie intake | Nature of work | |---|---|---| | 1. Me | | | | 2. Football player | | | | 3. Body builder | | | ### Analysis After the completion of the activity, answer the following questions: 1. What is the significance of the nature of work to the total calorie intake? 2. How does this activity depict the country’s use of energy? ### Abstraction Energy is the capacity to do work. This principle is true in any physical context. From a labor worker who carries the loads in the port using the energy from the food taken up, to a cargo ship which cross the pacific, carrying tons of cargo, navigating using the energy stored in the fuel taken by its engine. Our country uses different sources of energy to supply the needs of its citizens. We mainly rely on Fossil fuel but we also have hydroelectric plants, geothermal power, solar power, Wind power, Biomass power. Because of the increasing population, our country’s demand for energy also increases. For example in 2010 the country’s fossil fuel consumption was 60.11% total energy use while in 2014 it reaches 62.43%. But, because fossil fuel is non-renewable source of energy, we are now trying to invest more on renewable source of energy creating more Hydroelectric plants, Geothermal power, Solar power, Wind power, Biomass power (see Figures 15 a and b; Figures 16 a and b). But how does it affects the environment? We know that the carbon emission is mainly the result of fossil fuel which leads to climate change that has greatly affect extreme weather condition leading to hazardous natural calamities which does not only destroys property but also the physical condition of our environment. This may also be the case for renewable energy source. ### Geothermal Power [Image: Geothermal power plant has a negative effect on the environment] - Land use- it requires huge land are - Water quality- it releases hazardous material towards water sources - Air quality - it emits sulfur and other hazardous gas to the air ### Hydro Power [Image: Hydro Power plant has a negative effect on the environment] - Land use - it occupies big land area to construct water dam. - Damage to wildlife habitats and migratory paths - it destroys forests and rivers to construct a dam. ### Wind Energy [Image: Wind Energy has a negative impact on the environment] - Land use - it occupies lands usually plains suitable for farming. - Damage to wildlife habitats - it kills migratory birds and bats leading to the decline of their population affecting the other species in their habitat ### Solar Power [Image: Solar Power has a negative effect on the environment] - Land Use - it occupies large amount of area which includes forest and farmland - Water Use - it produces toxic waste that harms water sources including the animals in it. [Image: Figure 1.16 a) Wind Energy and b) Solar Power] But, all of these negative impact towards our environment is far from the damage brought to us by using fossil fuel in transportation. Here in the Philippines, we are using primarily diesel for our public utility jeepney and buses for transportation, not to include trucks, cars and motorcycles that use fossil fuels. Figure 17 shows how transportation contribute to the degradation of our environment. [Image: Figure 1.17 Transportation and Its Effects to the Environment] - **Transportation** - Pollution on air and water - carbon emission pollutes the air quality and responsible for the formation of carbonic acid leading to acid rain. - Wildlife and habitat - carbon emission is mainly responsible for climate change that resulted extreme weathers that destroys habitat in the forest such as extreme raining leading to extreme flooding and land slide. Construction of transportation infrastructure such as roads and bridges destroys forests and habitats. - Land loss - construction of transportation infrastructure such as roads, railways and bridges uses big land areas. Climate chance also leads to global warming which is responsible for the sea level to rise sinking islands and shrinking coastal areas. ## Application: Create a diagram that

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