Food Security vs Food Supply Lecture PDF

Food Security vs Food Supply Teaser to make you think and read Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Is this Food Security? Dirk Zel...

Food Security vs Food Supply Teaser to make you think and read Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Is this Food Security? Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Is this Food Security? Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Is this Food Security? Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Is this Food Security? Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Is this Food Security? Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Food Security Catch phrase used widely by: FAO & other UN organizations Global food security community Global hunger community International development agencies/community… But also by fishing industry – Tuna – Industrialized fisheries What exactly do they mean? 7/20  Food Security For example: FAO Fisheries (2016 SOFIA): “ending hunger, achieving food security and improving nutrition” FAO Food Security et al. (2021) “Agrifood Economic Division” UN-SDG 1 No Poverty UN-SDG 2 Zero Hunger UN-SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being Australia’s blue economy plan: “…identifies food security as one of seven grand challenges” – Really? Does Australia have a food security problem? Yet: Australia imports around 70% of domestically consumed seafood… most from Asia USA imports around 60-65% of the fish they eat… much of it from developing countries EU is one of the world’s biggest importer of seafood… much of it from developing countries China? Massive imports (including fishmeal from African waters & catches from their own DWF)… but also big re-exports Is that food security? FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2021) The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome. xxiii & 213 p FAO (2016) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016 (SOFIA): Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. 200 p. Techera EJ (2018) Supporting blue economy agenda: fisheries, food security and climate change in 8/20 the Indian Ocean. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 14(1): 7-27.  Food Security 10/20 Food Security Food Security  Food Security Where do you draw the line between Food Security Food Supply How define each and their differences, if any?  Food security vs food supply Food security: Alleviating hunger and malnutrition locally 678 million undernourished people in 2018 (>840 million by 2030) Micronutrient deficiencies account for ~one million premature deaths annually Developing countries: “Fish not just another healthy complement to an already rich assortment of foodstuffs Rather, for millions of people, fish add the missing micronutrients and proteins to what would otherwise be an unbalanced diet” (Pauly 2019) Fish is a crucial health/nutrition asset Food supply: Economic activity to provide a diversity of food items to the highest bidder Fish as an economic commodity… Globalization of trade Fish is a complement to a diverse diet Golden et al. (2016) Nature 534: 317-320 Hicks et al. (2019) Nature 574: 95–98 Pauly D (2019) Nature (News & Views) 574: 41-42 Bennett et al. (2021) Ambio 50: 981-989 14/20 Vianna et al. (2020) Current Environmental Health Reports 7(3): 161-169  Fall in fish catch threatens human health Declining catches is indicator for more malnutrition in developing countries More dependent on wild fish Most at risk from illegal foreign industrial fishing, weak governance, poor stock status knowledge, high population pressure and climate change 15/20 Golden et al. (2016) Nature 534: 317-320  Fall in fish catch threatens human health Golden et al. (2016) initiated and spurred the thinking of “fish as food” and “fish as health asset”… rather than only as a commercial commodity (an iPhone with scales and fins…) Homework, read… 1. Golden CD, Allison E, Cheung WWL, Dey M, Halpern B, McCauley DJ, Smith M, Vaitla B, Zeller D and Myers SS (2016) Nutrition: Fall in fish catch threatens human health. Nature 534: 317-320. DOI: 10.1038/534317a 2. Hicks CC, Cohen PJ, Graham NAJ, Nash KL, Allison EH, D’Lima C, Mills DJ, Roscher M, Thilsted SH, Thorne-Lyman AL and MacNeil MA (2019) Harnessing global fisheries to tackle micronutrient deficiencies. Nature 574: 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1592-6 3. Pauly D (2019) Micronutrient richness of global fish catches. Nature (News & Views) 574: 41-42. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02810-2 4. Vianna GM, Zeller D and Pauly D (2020) Fisheries and policy implications for human nutrition. Current Environmental Health Reports 7(3): 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-020-00286-1 5. Bennett A, Basurto X, Virdin J, Lin X, Betances SJ, Smith MD, Allison EH, Best BA, Brownell KD, Campbell LM, Golden CD, Havice E, Hicks CC, Jacques PJ, Kleisner K, Lindquist N, Lobo R, Murray GD, Nowlin M, Patil PG, Rader DN, Roady SE, Thilsted SH and Zoubek S (2021) Recognize fish as food in policy discourse and development funding. Ambio 50: 981-989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01451-4 6. Golden CD, Koehn JZ, Shepon A, Passarelli S, Free CM, Viana DF, Matthey H, Eurich JG, Gephart JA, Fluet- Chouinard E, Nyboer EA, Lynch AJ, Kjellevold M, Bromage S, Charlebois P, Barange M, Vannuccini S, Cao L, Kleisner KM, Rimm EB, Danaei G, DeSisto C, Kelahan H, Fiorella KJ, Little DC, Allison EH, Fanzo J and Thilsted SH (2021) Aquatic foods to nourish nations. Nature 598(7880): 315-320. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03917-1 7. Viana DF, Zamborain-Mason J, Gaines SD, Schmidhuber J and Golden CD (2023) Nutrient supply from marine small- scale fisheries. Scientific Reports 13(1): 11357. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37338-z 16/20  Fish as a crucial public health/food security asset Fish is major component in diet of >3 billion people Undernutrition affects around 10-15% of population in developing countries Fish provide only ~7% of all protein intake, or ~17% of all animal protein intake globally Fish is the most crucial source of essential nutrients and micronutrients (fatty acids, zinc, iron, calcium, vitamins etc.) in poor, developing countries In developing countries, fisheries play a critical role in human nutrition Local fisheries can address malnutrition with local supplies of critical nutrients, making these accessible to low-income populations This local potential is jeopardized by overfishing, high levels of industrial fishing (mainly for export), climate change, fishmeal export factories and international trade Policy reforms that shift policy focus from “fisheries as a commodity provider” to “fisheries as a domestic public health asset” to ensure food- and nutrient-security Difficult for politicians to grasp… not easily measurable in $ terms Vianna et al. (2020) Current Environmental Health Reports 7(3): 161-169 17/20  Food security vs food supply Two differing world views of fisheries 1. Fish as an economic commodity. Industrial fisheries for consumption in the developed world, increasingly removing fish from the developing world waters to satisfy the developed world’s consumption wishes 2. Fish as a human health asset, providing crucial food and nutrition security, as well as local economic livelihoods, mainly in the developing world and emerging economies. Small-scale fisheries as crucial food security and nutrient security provider These two world views of fisheries drive the tension and conundrum around food security versus food supply 18/20  The nutritional role of fisheries Vania Andreoli… Last week’s lecture If interested….. Food security/nutritional/human health role of fisheries MSc projects: Wasted nutrition: the nutritional content of discards in Indian Ocean/global fisheries Several other interesting project opportunities …. Come and have a chat (Vania and/or me) Fishing for bait: the missing catch? 19/20 Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean