yr 8 all term workbook english.pdf

Name: _______________________ Class:________ Geography Year 8 (Form 2) Notes + worsheet Term 1 Topic 1 By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 1 Learning outcome: Reference LO 8.1 – I can use aerial ph...

Name: _______________________ Class:________ Geography Year 8 (Form 2) Notes + worsheet Term 1 Topic 1 By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 1 Learning outcome: Reference LO 8.1 – I can use aerial photos, maps, the internet, interactive maps and software to locate various key physical and human features of Malta, the Mediterranean, Europe and the wider world. What is a map? A map is a representation of the Earth`s surface as seen from above to show us ex- actly the location of different places. A map can show us a place for A map can show us also big example Malta to show us street places such as continents names and localities Cartographer A cartographer is a person who draws maps of certain places. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 2 Previously, maps used to be drawn by hand, but nowadays they are being done by a special programme called GIS (Geographic information system) Although the pictures are all showing the Maltese This map is showing us main roads Islands, they are showing us different things in Malta. Are all maps the same? This map is showing us the towns and villages By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 3  Different types of maps Climate maps This map show Different types of maps us the climate of different countries Political map: This map is showing us the continents of the world Physical map: This map is showing us the location of mountains, river, volcanoes and more. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 4  Maps have names and the most common are: These show: Name of cities and localities Name of roads Boarders The world map is an example Big bodies of water By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 5  These show: Physical features such as An example of this is the physical map of the mountains, rivers, deserts, world volcanoes and more. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 6  A good map has the following: A map shows us the direction from the North eighter with an arrow or with a comass. To show us what the map is about In this map the different colours are showing the different height above sea level. 3. Scale: Shows real life distance By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 7 Key: Map symbols It is impossible that we write everything on a map. Instead we use a key. (A brief 3 The key can be either in the form revision Of a: 1. drawing 1 of year 7) 2. letters Remember 2 3. different colours (Map key) that.... Without a map key, it will be difficult for us to With the map key, I will be know what the symbols are representing able to understand what the symbols on the map means What is the map This is a geological map of the Maltese Islands showing? Every colour on the map is This time we have a colout instead of a rpresenting drawing different heigh above sea level By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 8 Direction. What is a compass and why do we use it.. How do we use directions in everyday life on a map. What is a compass? Acomass is an instrument which shows us direction. It always shows where the magnetic North is. ) What is a comapss Rose? on the compass, there will be the compass rose. so the compass rose helps us to read directions on a map By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 9  Working the scale Working the scale Step 2: Measuring distance Step 1: Reading the scale 1. Measure the distance 1. We use the ruler to measure from point A to point 1cm. B 2. We check how much 1cm is The distance on the map on the scale is 10cm 1cm = 25m Working the scale Step 3: Measuring the real scale We use the scale to measure the real distance. 1. Write the scale: 1cm = 25m 2. Distance on the map = 10cm 1cm = 25m 10cm = ? 10cm x 25m= 250m By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 10  Name: _______________________ Class:________ Geography Year 8 (Form 2) Notes + worksheets Term 1 Topic 2 Rotation and Revolution By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 11 Learning outcome: We are going to learn about rotation and revolution Reference LO 8.2 – 1. Use a globe or online sources to demonstrate that the Earth makesa complete rotation in 24 hours. 2. Identify areas which are experiencing day and night on a diagram of a globe. Ancient Greeks believed that Helios, an ancient Greek god used to make Dis you know that…. Earth turn everyday with a chariot !!! For sure this is not true but it is interesting to know that fist our planet is not round but spherical which means that it is a flatter at the top and bottom. Id-dinja iddur f`żewġ mozzjonijiet: Our planet makes 2 turns: Rotation Revolution By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 12  1. Rotation Rotation is when the Earth spins on it`s own axis that is from west to east, the same as when a ballerina spins on it`s leg. That is why when we look at the globe it will be inclined.. Earth is not straight, but is inclined by 23.4°. The Earth`s axis is an imaginary vertical line passing through the middle of Earth. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 13  We see the sun going up and down, but in reality, does it move? The sun rises from the East We say this because the sun spins on itself while rotating around the sun. Earth takes 1 day (24 hours) to rotate once on it`s axis. The sun sets on the Places which will be West facing the sun will have daytime while places facing the op- posite side will have Day and Night night time. That is why when it is morning in Malta it will be evening in Australia. So we can say that the sun doesn`t move but it is Earth which spins around the sun. The sun looks as if it is moving because of Eath`s rotation around it. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 14  Name: _________________________________ Class: ________________ Date: ________ Fill in with the correct word (10 marks) sphere West Helios two axis nightime Rotation 23.4°. 24 hours chariot 1. Ancient Greeks used to believe that _____________an ancient Greek God used spin Earth around the Sun everyday with a _______________. 2. Earth has th form of a ________________. 3. Earth makes _______________ movements. 4. _________________________is when Earth spin around itself.. 5. Earth is not straight but inclined by ___________________________. 6. The Earth1s ______________________is a vertical imeginary line passing through the middle of Earth. 7. Earth spins from __________________to East. 8. Earth takes ________________________ to spin once on its axis. 9. This means that if it is morning in Brazil, in Australia which is on the opposite side of the globe, it will be _____________________. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 15 When Earth will be spinning on itself, it will be rotating around the Sun as well. This process is called Revolution. It will take Earth 1 year or 365 days to revolve once around the sun. Did you know that not all the planets take 1 year to revolve around the Sun? It all depends how far these planets are from the sun and how big they are By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 16 What do you think that the Earth will experience by it`s inclination and rotation? By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 17  Name: _________________________________ Class: ________________ Date: ________ Colour the sentences which are referring to the Earth`s Rotation in blue and those referring to the Earth`s revolution in green. When you finish, on the globe, colour the continents in brown and the oceans in blue (10 marks) Causes day Happens in and night One turn one day. takes 24 hrs One turn The sun rises takes 365 from the East days. and sets on the West Happens in one year. The movement of Earth around the sun. Causes Earth spins seasons. on it`s owns axis. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 18  Name: _________________________________ Class: ________________ Date: ________ Colour the picture below and show the places on the globe which are experiencing daytime in yellow and those which are experiencing nightime in grey. (4 marks) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 19  Name: _________________________________ Class: ________________ Date: ________ Draw Colour some arrows the picture below on andthe diagram show belowontothe the places show from globe where which arethe sun is shining. experiencing (4 marks) daytime in yellow and those which are experiencing nightime in grey. (4 marks) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 20  Name: _________________________________ Class: ________________ Date: ________ Answer the following questions (10 marki) 1. Why do you think that Earth`s rotation is important? (2m) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why do you think that Earth will cool down in the evening? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why do you think that the Earth`s tilt is important? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 21 Learning outcome: Earth`s rotation and revolution Reference LO 8.2 – Interpret a 24-standard time zone map of the world. To calculate time, we need to use a grided map. And to use the longitudes. But what are longitudes ? Latitudes Longitudes Equator Prime Meridain By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 22  Latitudes are imaginary horizontal lines. They start from the Equator where the coordinates are 0° The Equator divides Earth into 2: the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Countries located on 0° are: Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Indonesia and Brazil. Latitudes are important because they help us locate climate. There are 5 line of latitudes. These are: The Arctic circle (66.5° North) Tropic of Cancer (23.5° North) Equator (0°) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° South) Antarctic Circle (66.South) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 23  What are Longitudes? Longitudes are imaginary lines as well, drawn vertically on the globe. They divides the globe into two that is the Western and Eastern Hemisphere. They are drawn from north to south. The prime line of longitude is the Prime Meridian which is 0°. Countries found on the Prime Meridian are Greenwich an Cambridge in the UK, Lleida in Spain and La Havre in France. The Prime Meridian is found in Greenwich in England and that is why it is called so. Longitudes are important because they help us calculate the time. Altogether there are 360° lines of longitudes B`kollox insibu 360° tal-linji tal-lonġitudni. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 24  15° = 1 hour so Between one line 360° = 24 hours and another, there are 15° From Minnwhere we start fejn jibda jiġi to cal- culate time? kkalkulat il-ħin? Time starts being calculated from the Prime Meridian, located in London England. It is called “standard time” or By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 25  Some of these lines are not straight because of governmental confinments so that small countries like Malta will not have more than 1 time zone. The International Date line This is an imaginary line which shows us the difference between one day and another Kull 15° fuq For every 15°Lvant on the(East) East,jiżdied b`siegħa,byfilwaqt time increases 1 hourli while kull 15° fuq il-Punent for every jonqos 15° on b`siegħa. the West, time decreases by 1hour. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 26  Fill in accordingly (6) Mark the correct answer (5) 1. What do we call the movement of Earth on its own axis? Rotation Revolution 2. What happens when the earth rotates on its axis? Day and night seasons 3. How long does it take for Earth to make 1 rotation? day 12 months 4. Revolution is the spinning of Earth Around the Sun On it`s axis 5. For Earth to make 1 complete Revolution, it takes: 365 days 24 hours By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 27 By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 28  Your Model should look like this when it is assembled. You will need: Scissors Glues stick A4 coloured cartonchine Colours By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 29  Malta Iceland France New Zealand India Brazil Madagascar 1. The time in London is 5 o`clock in the morning (5.00). What is the time in: (7) Brazil? _______________ Iceland? _________________ France? _______________ Malta? _____________ Madagascar? ________________ India? ______________ New Zealand? _____________ 2. Maria , who lives in Qormi is a great X Factor fan. She searched on the internet and found that the next show is going to be held in New Zealand. She also found that the show is going to start at 5:00 in the afternoon (17:00) New Zealand time. On the day of the show, Maria switched on the TV before 5:00 but to her disappointment she realised that the show had already finished. So Maria concluded that the information on the internet was incorrect. Do you think that Maria`s conclusion is correct? Yes / No (1) 3. Give reason for your answer. (2) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 30  Name: _______________________ Class:________ Plate tectonics Year 8 (Form 2) Geography notes and Term 2 workbook By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 31 Many of us must have felt, at one time or another, the ground tremble under our own feet. It may have been caused by some heavy vehicle speeding. But this kind of ground trembling is very limited when compared with the shaking of the earth`s surface as a result of some violent volcanic explosion or earthquake From various documentations, we know that the ground shake during an earthquake or a volcanic eruption like the Vessuvius and Mount Etna. In fact we have documentations which shows that the city of Pompeii was destructed in AD 79 by the volcano Vessuvius. Who is the Grologist? Geologists study earth`s history; from the time it was created till nowadays, by studying rocks. All the information and evidence of what happened million of years ago, can be found in the rocks. Some information on Earth`s interior: 1. The inner Core: is 500 degree Celsius and is made up of iron and nickel. 2. Outer Core it is approximately 2,000 km and almost liquid. 3. Mantle is between liquid and a solid state and is about 3,000 km. It is the thickest part. 4. Crust is the part where we live and it is the thinnest part, ap- proximately 50-70 Km thick. It is divided into plate tectonics, both Oceanic and Continental plates. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 32  Earth`s layers Earth is made up from 4 different layers: We Nistgħu nqabblu can compare id-dinja Earth with anmaavocado avocadoor an jewbecause apple, tuffieħathey għaliex l-istess are all madebħad-dinja up from dif- tagħna, ferent layers.dawn għandhom saffi differenti. The Earth`s crust is note whole, but it is broken into pieces which makes the Earth`s Crust. These are called : Plate tectonics. These all rest on the layer beneath them which is the Mantle. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 33 Name: ___________________ Class: ______________________ Inside Earth (4m) Learning about Earth is awsome !!! 1. Label the diagram showing the Earth`s interior (4) 4. Choose the correct answer (3) 1. Which layer is found above the Mantle? a) Outer Core c) Inner Core b) Crust d) Mantle 2. Which layer is the hottest layer of Earth? a) Outer Core c) Inner Core b) Crust d) Mantle 2. Write if the statement is True or False (3) 3. Which layer of Earth we live on? 1. The inner Core is liquid while the outer Core is solid. ___________ a) Outer Core c) Inner Core 2. The coolest layer of all is the Mantle. _______________ b) Crust d) Mantle 3. We live in the Mantle. ____________ By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 34  Tectonic Activity Our world is not static but dynamic and is continuously changing. There are more than 600 active volcanoes around the world which can erupt at any time.About 160 strong earthquakes and thousands of other weaker ones occur suddenly each year throughout the world. Some of them cause many deaths and great material damage. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 35 Are these continents still moving? Yes Yes…. This is because when extreme heat tries to go out from within the earth`s core, it creates convection currents in the molten rock found in the mantle. These currents makes the earths crust to move. Did you know……. Alfred Wegener was the German geologist who came out with the Pangea idea of continental drift and that the continents were once joined to- gether forming one super continent that scientists named Pangea? His only problem was that he couldn`t understand and explain how these plates moved!!! So how do these plates move? These move by convection currents. Both a kettle and a pot will heat the water in Links to help you study: the same manner: Convection currents https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=2Kku4Ifcl7w This means that heat coming from the cooker, will heat the water. Warm water will rise because it is lighter, cools as it goes up and will fall down again, creating a rotational movement. What are convection currents? Convection currents are magma currents rising to the Earth` crust. These form because of high temperatures found in the Earth`s inner core. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 36 Convection currents caused the Earth`s crust to be broken into 7 pieces ( plates). When these plates move, they cause earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and give rise to fold mountains. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 37 Because of these convection currents, the Earth` crust is broken into 7 pieces. When these plate tectonics move, they cause: earthquakes, Which are the tectonic plate boundaries? volcanoes and fold mountains. The black line is showing the out- line of these tectonic plates. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 38 Are thes plates still moving? Yes… This is because the heat that is coming from the Earth`s Core, creates convection currents in the molten rock in the Earth`s Mantle, which in turn cause the plates in the Earth`s Crust to move. In fact, the African continent is splitting in a way that the South East part of it will by time become an island. Links that helpd you in your study: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=MmMX83diwl0 https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=0mUU69ParFM By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 39  At first the continents were all joined together. This super continent was called Pangea, which in Greek Earth was always the same? means “one Earth”. By time, because of tectonic movements, these plates started to move, until they No Along the 4.6 billion years from when it was formed, Eath changed a lot. At first the continents were all joined together, but by time, they atarted to move because of the convection currents. Europe Europe Tethys sea Tethys sea Africa Africa Even the Mediterranean sea was different. In the beginning, it was bigger than it is nowadays, was wider and was called “Tethys” By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 40 Name : ___________________ Class: ________ Cunvection Currents 1: Look at the picture below showing how 2: Now by comparing Earth with this pot , color it`s convection water boils in a pot currents with blu indicating a cold current and red indicating a hot current. (2m) 3. Briefly, describe how convection currents move the Earth`s tec- tonic plates. (5) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 41  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ a. Continue the following paragraph. (9m) Earth has __________________ layers. The __________________________ is the outer layer and is made up of continents and oceans. The ______________________ is found beneath the crust and is made up of _______________________. The ________________________ _________________________ are responsable for the movement of ________________________ which are found on the mantle. The plate tectonics move few _________________ a year. The _______________________ is the hottest part with temperatures as high as the sun`s surface!. b. Name the 2 platforms responsable for the movement of the Eurasian and African plate. 1.___________________________ 2. ______________________ ċ. These 2 tectonic platforms are moving towards or away from each other? ________________________________. d. What is happening because of the movement of these 2 tectonic plates. ? __________________________________________________________ e. What are the black lines on the map called? _________________________________. f. This movement is possible because of the ___________________________ which we find in the mantle. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 42  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ The pictures below are showing how Earth changed through time. Write the number (from 1-6) under the correct picture num- ber 1 being the oldest. (6m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 43 Plate movement Plate movements are caused because of the convection currents. These plates move in different directions 1. When 2 continental 2. When a continental and oceanic 3. When these plates move away from each other (constructive plates), 4. When they rub against plates move towards each plate move towards each other lava comes out from the ridge / each other (conservative / other (convergent plates), (convergent plates), they cause a big crack and volcanoes will form in the transform plate) the friction they cause collision zones depth in the sea (trench). This is the sea like. An example is the Mid At- will cause an earthquake. and form Fold mountains. way some of the volcanoes are formed. lantic ridge. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 44  So far we learnt that plates move What do you think that hap- pens when these plates move? They cause: 1. Muntanji immewġa (fold mountains) What are fold mountains? A mountain is a pice of land which geologists assume that it will be higher than Muntanja 600 metres and inclined by 2 degrees. How are fold mountains formed? These are formed on collision plates, when 2 continental plates move towards each other. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 45  There are different types of Do you think that all the mountains mountains: are on land? When the mountains will be next to each other, we call them mountain chains. We use an Atlas and a physical map to locate mountains. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 46  Where do we find the Fold mountains?: We also find fold mountains in areas where they are prone to earthquakes and volcanic activity. So we can conclude that the effect of the movement of these plates is stronger on plate boundaries. Some examples of Fold mountains are the : l-Alpi, ‘Rockies’ u l-‘Himalayas’. these are made from sedimentary rocks. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 47  1. Himalayas These are found in the Asian continent Is amountain chain approximately 2,400km long Passes over -Indja, Pakistan, Afghanistan,China, Bhutan u Nepal. Formed 55 million years ago and are considered as young compared to the Alps which formed 770 million years ago !! The highest mountain is ount Everest which is 8,850 metru high and is the highest mountain top. This is a natural border dividing Nepal from China. 2. Alps Found in Europea. Passes over 8 countries: France, Monaco, Italy, Switzerland, Leichensten, Austria, Germany and Slovenja. The highest mountain is Mont Blanc which is between France and Italy and is approximately 4,807 metres high. This is the highest mountain top in the Alps By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 48  3. Atlas Mountain chain in Northern Africa Approximately 2,500km high Passes over -Marocco, Algeria u Tunis. Mount Toubkal is the highest mountain top, 4,167 metres high By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 49  There are more montains in the Mediterrane- an. These are Why are mountains important? 1. Provide non salty water suitable for drinking. 2. Provide wood and forest products together with a variety of food. 3. Ecological sites where a lot of animals live like the: Alpine goat, African tiger, bengal tiger. 4. Provides natural borders like the l-Himalayas in Asja and the Pyrenees in Europe. 5. Good for the economy because they attract tourism. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 50  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ Write the name of the mountain in its correct place. Use the names provided below (7m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 51  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ Write True and False next to each sentence. (10m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 52  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ Match the name of the mountain with it`s location. (10m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 53 When these plates move, they cause earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and fold mountains. But… what is this movement? This movement is called an earthquake. How earthquakes form? When these plates move in different direction, they cause friction to build up. When this friction is eventually released, they create shockwaves—earthquake. It is the same what happens when you try to light a match stick with the match box. The friction caused by rubbing it will light up the match stick. Links which help you in your study!! The energy that we mentioned will be coming from the Mantle, the same where we find the https://earthquake.usgs.gov/ earthquakes/map/? plate tectonics. The countries which are mostly extent=18.81272,- effected, are those located next to the epicentre. 125.77148&extent=53.80065,- 64.24805 https://www.youtube.com/ watch/_YLjIvJXhpg http://ds.iris.edu/seismon/ swaves/ By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 54  Earthquakes happen mostly at tectonic plate boundaries. Seismic waves These are energy waves travelling in a circular movement in the Earth`s crust which cause earthquakes. These seismic waves are formed when the pressure around the plate boundaries is released. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 55  Focus / hypocenter In the Earth`s crust (under the surface / underground), the place where the energy is released, is known as the focus or hypocen- ter. This is the place from where an earthquake starts. Epicenter Directly above the focus, on the Earth`s surface, we find the epicenter This is found directly above the Focus. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 56  Check if there wasn`t an earth- quake today!! https://earthquaketrack.com/p/ malta/recent?mag_filter=3 Do you think that we ever felt an earthquake in Malta? Yes By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 57  Epicenter This is the place where an earthquake is the strongest and therefore cause a lot of damage. The further away a place is from the epicenter, the less the Aftershocks damage. After a main shake, These are known as Epicenter Plate boundary movement there will be a number aftershocks of other small shocks Earth`s surface Earth`s crust Focus Seismic waves By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 58  What happens if an earthquake happens in the sea? Submarine quake and Tsunami A submarine is an earthquake in the sea. Tsunami are huge waves created by the mare moto. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 59  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ Look at the picture and answer the following questions. 1. Do earthquakes occur in the Mediterranean? (2m) 2. Which is the country that has the greatest ammount of earthquakes? (2m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 60  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ Look at the picture and write the name of each country in its correct place. (10m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 61  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ Choose the correct answer (8m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 62  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 63  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ (8m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 64  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ Place the labels in their correct place (6m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 65  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ (6m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 66  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ (8m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 67  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ (10m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 68  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ (8m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 69 Name : ___________________ Class: ______________________ Earthquakes Fill in as required An earthquake hits Italy 1. Italy is often hit by earthquakes that cause a lot of damage. The picture in Figure 1 shows the seismic wave of an earthquake that hit Italy in 2016. Which town shown on Figure 1 is closest to the epicentre of the Italy You can do it!! earthquake? ________________________________ (1) Rome 2. Which town shown on figure 1 is likely to have suffered most damage? Give one reason for choosing this town. __________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ (2) Figure 1 3. Write down three effects that the earthquake may have had on the area where it occurred.. _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________ (3) 4. Name a country in the Mediterranean region, other than Italy, that is often hit by earthquakes. _______________________________ (1) 5. Give an example of how you should behave if you were caught in an earthquake. ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 70  How are earthquakes measured? There are 2 types of how the shake is being measured: The Richter scale which measures the magnitude of the earthquake The Mercalli which describes the effect of the earthquake. What is a seismograph? This is an apparatus which is being used by seismologists to record the intensity of an earthquake. It`s aim is to measure the shake during an earthquake. Dr. Charles Darwin together with Dr.Gutenberg invented the Richter scale. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 71 So what is a seismograph? When the ground shakes, so does the instrument. Therefore, most seismographs involve a large mass of some sort. A pen is also used so that it mark / record the shaking. The higher the number, the stronger the earthquake will be. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 72  Clips to help you in your study https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=NT_fVQ1LdQY By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 73  Interesting facts about earthquakes Movement of tectonic plates has formed large mountain ranges like the Himalayas and the Andes. Japan is the most seismic country in the world. In fact the most pow- erful ever recorded in Japan’s his- tory, killed over 15,000 people and triggered a nuclear meltdown By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 74  1. DROP : kneel on your knew and hands. This position can protect you from falling and to find nearby shelter. 2. COVER : cover your head and neack. Than if you find a table or desk somewhere crawl and go underneath it. If there is nowhere solid to go underneath, crawl next to a wall but be carefull; avoid doors and windows !! 3. HOLD: try to hold something with When the earthquake will stop, wait before coming out of 1 hand. your shelter as things still continue to fall. It is crucial to avoid If you are outside, avoid buildings, trees, using lifts and if needed, call for help, if you need help and electricity cables and anything that can fall cannot phone, remain sheltered and wait for help. on you. The most important thing is to remain calm and focused. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 75 2. Volcanoes What is a volcano? It is a vent in the earth`s Crust from which magma flows out from within. When this magma (molten rock) comes out from the volcano, it is called lava. Certain volcanoes has the shape of a mountain or hill, depending on what type of volcano or lava it is made up of. Did you know… The name "volcano" has its origin from the name of Vulcan, a god of fire in Roman mythology. Most of the volcanoes are caused when 2 tectonic Links you can use for studying: plates move toward each other. Some volcanoes are very dangerous because they Volcano | The Dr. Binocs Show | Learn erupt violently. Videos For Kids - YouTube By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 76  Volcanic eruptions are among the most spectacular and destructive natural events. They alter the environment, the weather as well as global climate. And they also affect millions of people who live close by. Who are the vulcanologists? That`s right! I study earthquakes. Vulcanologists are those people who`s work is to study earthquakes. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 77 How do vvolcanoes form? 1. In the Earth`s core there 4. Eventually will come out from a vol- 2. This heat will rise to the 3. That magma will rise cano. When the magma will come out will be tremendous heat. mantle and forms magma to the surface, we call it lava. Where do volcanoes form? Most of the volcanoes form at plate boundaries By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 78  Volcanoes form at: Destructive plates When a continental and an oceanic plate move towards each other, the oceanic plate being heavier and denser will slip under the continental plate. Due to this, magma starts to form and collect and because of immense pres- sure, a volcano starts to form. In fact, violent volcanoes are common in these plate boundaries. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 79  The Mid Atlantic Ridge Constructive plates This is separating the North American plate from the Eurasian plate and the Here the plates move away South American plate from the African from each other. plate. The void in between will be These tectonic plates move each year. In replaced by magma and fact the Atlantic ocean is growing by when this magma cools, it 2.5cm each year. solidifies into rock and there- fore new land is created. Although most of the geological system These are called ocean ridges happens under the sea, when this rise to the surface, new land is being created in the form of volcanic islands. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 80  Where there are ridges, we find volcanoes in the sea. The biggest volcano in the sea is Havre Havre volcano is located 900 meters deep in the sea. The Pacific ring of fire If volcanoes are formed around plate bounda- ries, how do we find volcanoes in the middle This is an area around the of the sea? Pacific ocean where most volcanoes and earthquakes These are called Hot spots. are located. 75% of the world`s volca- noes, are found here. In fact there are around 452 volca- noes!!! By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 81  Composite These are formed by layers of ash There are and lava. different types Have steep sides. of volcanes: Violent eruptions. Also known as stratovolcanoes By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 82  Have circular / oval shape. Not so steep. Eruptions are not so violent Volcanoes are normally active for a short period of time maybe for a couple of weeks or months. Between eruptions, thwy sill be dormant or inactive and they can stay like this for hundreds of years. Volcanoes are called dead or extinct when it hasn`t erupted for the past 3,00 years. There were exceptions where we These volcanoes are made thought that a volcano was extinct and it erupted without up from non explosive notice and caused a lot of damage. F’dan il-perjodu, l-arterja volcanic eruptions, where vulkanika u l-bokka tal-vulkan jinstaddu bil-lava. the lava is vey thin and runny, therefore they form gentle slopes. This happens because when the pressure starts to build up again, it will need a big explosion for the magma to come out again as the vent will be blocked by time from previous eruptions. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 83  A volcano can be: Active volcano An active volcano is a volcano that erupted recently and there and it will erupt again in a short time. Extinct Active Dormant Extinct volcano Dormant volcano An extinct volcano is a volcano that hasn`t erupted for thousands of years A dormant volcano is a volcano that it erupted quite a long time ago, but and there is a possibility that it will not erupt again. An example is Mount there is a possibility that it will erupt again in short time. An example is Kilimanjaro in Kenya in Africa. Mount Fuji in Japan. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 84  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ Write True or False next to each sentence. (7m) 1. A volcano is a vent in the Earth`s crust from where magma comes out. 2. A dormant volcano will never erupt again. 3. A volcano which at the moment is inactive but still can erupt, is called a dormant volcano. 4. Mount Etna in Sicily which erupted in 2021 is called and extinct volcano. 5. When lava cools down, it forms magma. 6. When magma reaches the surface and comes out, it is called lava. 7. Most of the volcanoes are formed around the plate boundaries. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 85 Cross section of a volcano: 2. Main vent 1. Magma chamber This is were we will find the collection of magma in the earth`s mantle This is the main passage from where the magma flows. 4. Crater 3. Secondary vent This is a secondary passage from where the magma flows This is the opening from where the magma comes out. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 86  Every time that molten rock coming from the mantle called mag- ma, will finds its way to the surface, a volcano will erupt. When the magma will cool down, it will start to cool and eventu- 5. layers of ash and lava ally solidifies into lava and then volcanic rock. During each eruption, a high amount of ash and lava will come out from the volcano. These layers will eventually pile up upon each other and the sides of the volcano will get steeper through time. If the magma that comes out will be thick, it will cool and quickly solidifies. Ther- These layers will pile upon each other after each eruption. fore the volcano will form steep sides On the other hand if the magma is thin and runny, it travels longer distances before it solidifies. Therefore it forms volcanoes with gentle slopes. In other places around the world, like Iceland and Hawaii, the lava will come out from deep fissures deep within the rocks. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 87  Name: _______________________________ Class: _______________ Date: __________ Fill in the blanks with the correct word. Use from the words provided (10m) Description of a cross-section of a volcano This is the opening from where the magma comes out. This is a secondary pessage from where the magma comes out. Secondary vent This is where we find the collection of magma in the Earth`s crust This is the main passage from where the magma flows. These pile up upon each other after each eruption. Magma chamber By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 88 Name : ___________________ Class: ______________________ Date: ____________ Cross section of a volcano Fill in with the correct word. Secondary vent Main vent Magma chamber Lava flow Crater Layers of ash and lava Volcanic rocks Secondary cone/vent By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 89  What happens because of a volcanic eruption? 1. Lava flow This is a river of molten rock sliding down a volcanic cone /sides, which can travel for hundreds of meters before it solidifies. This will burn and destroy everything in its path like trees and agricultural land. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 90  2. Lahr Effects People must be evacu- ated In fact in Iceland, 800 people had to be evac- uated. This happens when the ice that there will be on the volcano will melt because of the lave, therefore creating an avalanche of mud which includes a mixture of water, volcanic rock and ash. 3. Ash cloud Volcanic ash cause a lot of health prob- lems like problems in the respiratory system and irritation of the eyes and skin. This is an ash cloud and it travels for long distances. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 91  Effects Effects Both animals and people When the volcanic ash will be can die due to suffoca- big, this can block the sun`s tion because of volcanic rays so darkness will fall. ash. It can also interrupt in commu- nication systems. Effects Volcanic ash in the atmosphere is very dan- gerous to airplanes, so flights will be can- celled. In Iceland, 95,000 flights were cancelled for 5 days because of the ash cloud. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 92  Do you think that Malta was ever effect- Malta is located near Mount ed by ash clouds? Etna. Although we do not have volcanoes in Malta, we still were effected by this volca- no Ash cloud Pyroclastic cloud Pyroclastic cloud - High temperatures 200-700 degrees Celsius. - Toxic and harmful gasses - Velocity of 200km per hour. This is a cloud containing harmful gasses, volcanic rock and ash which goes down the volcano sides. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 93 Name : ___________________ Class: ______________________ Case study: Pompeii 1: On the picture below, colour Italy in green. (2m) 2: On the picture below, write the name Mount Vessuvius in the space provided. (2m) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 94 Name: ___________________ Class: ______________________ Case study: Pompeii 3: From the miniclip that you just watched, answer the following questions a. Pompeii is found in Italy True / False (2) b. We can find Mount Vessuvius in Naples True / False (2) c. Why there were many people in town during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius? (2) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. d. Name 2 things why the eruption of Mount Vesuvius caused a lot of damage. (4) 1.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ e. What happened after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that caused a lot of damage too? (2) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ f. Why the people were frozen in time (like statues) during the eruption ? (2) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 95 By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 96  Iceland has many volcanoes because it is situated between 2 plate boundaries : North American and Eurasian plate. One of these volcano is the active volcano Eyjafjallajökull. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 97 Negativ impact on the economy: flights had to be halted due to smoke. less tourists because they were afraid of more eruptions. air and water transport had to be halted so a lot of perishable goods had to be thrown away. meetings had to be postponed and mail took a long time to be delivered. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 98 By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 99 By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 100  Do we have volcanoes in the Mediterranean? Volcanoes in the Mediterranean In Greece we find Santorini Etna In nice, clear weath- This is the most ac- er, it can be seen tive volcano in the from Gozo Mediterranean By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 101 Name : ___________________ Class: ______________________ You can do Volcanoes it!! Fill in as required Figure 2 shows some volcanoes found in the Mediterranean. On the map in figure 2, label Mt Etna. (1) Figure 1 1 (2) c. On the map in figure 2, write down the name of another volcano in its correct place. (1) By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 102  Negative and positive aspects of living in tectonically active 1. Airports will close 2. Lava flow Ash clouds are very dan- This will destroy everything gerous for aero planes and in it`s path, like trees and that is why they close dur- agricultural land. ing volcanic eruptions. 3. Health 4. Lahr Volcanic ash creates respira- This happens when the ice on tory problems together with top of the volcano will melt eye and skin irritation. because of the lava, therefore creating havoc. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 103  Some of the products that are being cultivated are: 1. Fertile soils When the lava and ash crumbles down, they form very fertile soils because they will contain many minerals. This means less fertilizers and pesticides are used so the farmer ends up with more income. Here coffee beans, grape vines and Oranges Olives Grapes citrus fruits are cultivated. Grape cultivation in vol- canic areas. 2. Precious stones 3. Geothermal energy Volcanic activity creates precious stones in In a number of countries like New Zealand, different forms like metal and minerals. USA and Iceland, the hot water that comes These include diamonds, magnesium, silver, out from volcanic areas is used to supply hot water in homes and at the same time warm the gold, uranium, mercury and titanium. houses. By Ms. Analise Calleja Jones 104  The warm water in the rocks can mix with Volcanic areas are famous with tourists. Vessuvius, 5. Thermal ash and soil therefore creating streams of 4. Attracts a Pompeii, Mount Etna, geysers in Iceland and Yellow- mud warm mud which is very good for the skin. lot of tourists stone national park in the US are visited by millions of tourists each year. Sulfur, collect- ed and sold. Lava rocks used for build- Volcanic rock like lava is cut into slabs and used ing 6. Slabs for for building purposes and pavements. building