Immunology Review PDF

Immunology : First line of Defense : secondLine of Defense : I. Skin 1. Inflammation. 2 Mucous membrane. Innal...

Immunology : First line of Defense : secondLine of Defense : I. Skin 1. Inflammation. 2 Mucous membrane. Innale 2 immune cells. Normal 3 microbiota. 3 Complement system 4. Antimicrobials Fast : non responsive doesn't remember has short memory , when disease is introduced each time , it reacts with like its completely new Third Line of Defense : long term memory : will remeber each time a disease is - introduced. · specific immune cells · Antimicubials slow takes time generates memory , ,. Innate immune : system Adaptive immue system : Neutrophils B lymphocyte - - Mast cells T lymphocyte - -. Macrophages - - Eosinophils Basophils - - Natural killer cells. - Both have dendritic cells. phagocytes engulfs: anything that comes into contact wit. In skin : In blood : - macrophages - Neutrophils - dendritic cells - macro. - dend-cells. Granulocytes - shoot out granyl to kill In Skin ·In bloodi - most cells - Neutrophils - natural killer cells. - Eosinophils - Basophils. Phagocyte activation - > Cytokine -> Reinforcement. ↓ Siren ↓ activated by prago stabbed by a needle : bacteria, phagcytes engulf foreign cytokines come and neutrophils migrate to tissue to eliminate. invasion of bacteria : dendritic cells will migrate to MHC II. that substance. antigen any : substance makes the body react against a  B-cell make antibodies T-cells protect immune system from harmful pathogens and fight back. naive cells Plasma cell B ↑ dendritic cell = T T Cytotoxic cell- 1. Dendritic cell activation 2. Antigen presentation 3 B cell receptor recognition Backera infection. > - 4. B Lymphocycle activation (Extracellular Pathogen). Antibody 5 (Plasma cells) W production Adapte Immune response /Humoral Immunity) ↓ AntibodyProduction Ineutralizing bacterial B-cells are MHC II : in immune cells mally present w/infection. I-found in all T-cells are MHC cells telling : replacing not to eat them. T-cell binds to target cell to become cytotoxic cell. 1. Dendritic cell activation Viral Infection ( Intracellular). 2 Antibody presentation ↓. T 3 cell receptor reconge Adaptive Immune response I cell-mediated response) 4. T Lymphocyte activation h. 5 Generating Cytoxic T cells Cytotoxic cells (Virally Infected T-cells). Epitope : antigen [change in sequences. Lecture 5 : Contact Dermatitis : - some rash of redness on skin that cause an allergic rxn from a substance. Fleas : - fleas on doglcats bite Onto skin and the saliva causes an itchy response. Food Allergy : body mistakes food to harmful for the something body , Atopic Derm : redness or itchy areas that affect w/less hair. not single condition doctors don't know what it's · a , geneti environment · , mostly from allergies. Histamines , work to produce itch response. Mast cells : allergy cells responsible , IgE fantibody production) binds to proteins on cell surface that cause allergens , triggering activation : of release degranulation. B-class either 5 D have classes , IgM or are the only ones that are B-cell receptors. cloningOnly 1 Bell and make a clase switch. can go - In caused by Cytokine  IgG-highest , looking for blood IgM- original : Igh-found in milk passed on to humans IgD-unknown IgE-allergy. IgE secreated by plasma cells , binds to most cell by FC receptor , then for and an allergen binds to IgE degranulation release of itch - Allergy priming B-lymp activation B Lympocyte activation clonal expansion clonal expansion class switch class switching IgE productor IgE producto birds to m o st cells binds to cells most antigen re-exposure to IgE receptor 16 2 closes 2-4 week weeks apart. IgA : IgG from mother but at 6 it goes down vaccine - weeks so & needed. it vaccine before Greeks antibodies cancel out is given can and baby will not have enough.  Antibody secreting cell - yes division, no naive slow naive - , fast anti - no division naive , yes anti Polyclonal antibodies - mixture of antibodies that bind to the same antigen : aren't cloned Monoclonal antibodies all antibodies bind closed. - to the same epitope , Bedvinmab-Liberala Lokivetmab-Cytopoint Tetenus : - deep puncture wounds , bacteria cells die on org Surface ; this release toxin that causes occur. to spasms - soil ; intestines - Lecture 6 : FIV = Feline immunodeficiency, virus - RNA-retrovirus · affect T lymphocytes : deplets cats immune system they suffer. · · Pathogenesis : Mala is 149 infection 3-6 weeks - > Clinical signs m, L, p-per , more time clinical pass , progressive signs Clinical Signs : - weakened immune system non-specific infection - - chronic inflammation - prexcerbated to opportunistic infections. - excerbated to pre-existing disease. Toxoplasma : infection from parasite , in feces , baby can be infected, immune deficient can be affected. Neuroplasia : abnormal growths in body from cells having uncontrollable divisions. · can have solid tumors or streamed in the blood. Diagnosis : Signalment/breed gender) - , age , - Clinical pathology -Clinical Signs - History. Antibody Detection 760 days virus production PCR-lamp of material gene Treatment : no vaccine since 2015 1 fluid. therapy. nutrional 2 support 3. regular dental prophyaxsis 4 Oral. gels. 5 dichloric hexadine. 6 dental extractions 7 , antimicrobial extractions.  Bordetella : - small , highly pleomorphic gram bacteria - neg. to - 0 4-0.. 7 ym 2 um Transmission : Treatment : - Fomites - Induce 1-1 production : dampen immune system. Droplets/secreations Anti-inflammatory cytokine. - - - Direct contact Clinical Signs : I Coughing. C. Sneezing 3. Ocular : Nasal Discharge. In 4 appetence. Fever 5. 6 Difficulty breathing Avian Influenzai H5 highly pathogenic 71. 2 or H -1 not a disease, poultry or birds. Transmission : Treatment: contact w/wild types Depopulate : too contagious. infected poultry · water contamination · LPAI : HPAI : -low mortality same thing · rate drop in feed , egg production resp , o issues high mortality. mild to severe may mutate to HPAT PRRS : Porcine reproductive : respiratory syndrome. · Aretevirdae family : RNA Retrovirus. Transmission : · Movement of animals semen , feces , urine. Path : 1 Infection. 2. rep - macro 3 inhibit. macro 4. second infecti 5. lymfoid +issue 6. Macro. apotosis - Resp. ing inapp , lack of appetite fertility issues , abortionet , Latent : infection - > infection onset Inabatton: infection > - onset symptoms - Infection : Onset inf - -1 end of inter. Type A : onset infec > onset symptoms. -. before sym- contagious , harder te kill. , Type B : after symptoms , easier to kill. transmissible > contage - Pathogeneity : the level of a path. to cause a disease -. within a must rep cell need cell to rep , prooreuy ↑ -disease causing. Virus : Obligatory intracellular pathogen enveloped : easier to kill Hep Bi L , Avian non-env : harder , HepA ; E , Rhinovirus , Norvirus. 1. Entry : capsid as envelope 2 Release. DNA or RNA. 3. Hijack host cell machinery , to make copies 4) latency period. 5 shedding of viral particles DNAi RNA : Rhabdovirus : Rabies - Parvo Herpes - Corona POX - Relevovirus : FIX , Avian Problematic ? · shapeshifters genome mutation , assortment · antigens constantly charges , immune cell mem inaffective new vaccines always Treatment : supportive care · antivirals vaccine · good management ·  1. Fixation. 2 Cystal VI0let. Iodine Treatment 3 4. Decilduragation. Counter 5 stain w/safronin Bacteria : pro / no host Single cell wo cell bound membrane Spore : dormant form red-shaped · heat resis, chem resis · Wonutulenk. anthrax ·. c. b. - > found food toxin, diff. breathy , muscle paralysis companion Animals - Bacteria Infections Humans-fever , vomiting , cough , less workforce , health care system Animals : fever , lack of appetite, coughing runny nose vomiting , , , vet resources. Environment : corrosion , fouling , water clarity problems. Livestock Animals : Aylan Influenza Humans: rare but zoonotic , infect upper resp- tract spred to brain / diarrhea , fatigue, , fever. Animals : HPAI , LPAI , lack of app., drop infeed , egg production , resp. issues · yet resources - Environment : contaminated so infecting those who come in contact decrease in , biodiversity transmission. , Avian Influenza - > chickens who : chickens : when all life across stages where : barns Highy , pathogenic virus avian influenza : What : causal facters : exposure to wildtypes , contaminated animals How : Clinical signs : LPAI : Low mortality rate HPHIi drop in feed same symptoms · · drop in egg production but high mortality · resp. issues rate. may mutcle to HPAI Epidemology : the study of occurrence , determinants ; distribution of health related cases - - how often they occur -what are affected pop, - how do they occur. who-affected What what causes Where > - location when-time period How occur. do they Host gender genetics ,immunity , prlor history : , sex , med. /Aliving - Environment Agent Vector source : location ,. environment biologic , chemical helps define: solve a problem. Mode of transmission : Direct : close contact must be made bt. individuals. I nuse to nose , close contact , breeding) Contagious Equine metritis Indirect : contact of a common source. Crater source) · contact ulvector or formite. · Chlorea. Vector : transmission via living source. Disease is within Vector but not causing. I won't kill or have severe illness) not cross-contamination. ex mosquitoes fleas , ticks ·. , Necter borne disease : West nile , EEF , the plague. Fomite : transmission w/non-living source. ( needles boots, , ete). Endemic : continuous exposure to a disease in a limited region. atypical : Epidemic increased occurence of an illness in a limited region. Pandemic : increased occurence of an illness that crosses national borders. Outbreak : epidemic , limited to a localized , rapid T incidience of disease very small pop , rapid , sudden. single pt Of pathogen at single pt in : · exposure One source exposure of a a. time. multiple of exposure multiple pls. Of diff at diff. pt. : exposure or - groups exposed times. (endemic continuous pt · of exposure : pop , or herd exposed to a disease continuously , pandemic - Incidence the # of specific : is at time her cases a pop, risk during a · rate i risk pandemic · Prevalence # of existing specific # of time. : a cases in pop, a over · single pt. exposure or long period of time. When to use : Incidence : treatment , prevention ; causation of disease. · plan repeated events (issues that up). measure may come · strangles : avian influ. · Prevalence health (what's state of status of going on) : pop. · plan chronic disease. · disease. chronk wasting Passive : - not critical condition notified physicians healthcare , offices by · , reportable diseases · inexpensive completeness ; underreporting diseases. · Active : finding data ; location of - cases interviewing field tests. · , expensive ·.  Who , what , where , when , mode of transmission Necter, fomile) , incidence/prevalence ↓ is rate looking , Prehistoric time 14000 canine fossil unveiled earliest evidence. ↓ & TheCommensal Scavenger The cross-species Hypothesis adoptation hypothesis Wolves to human proactive role of · drawn humans campsites nuturing animals - Y Modern Day Integral family members · Bond : Paleints Signalment (breed , sex , age) : Behavioural state (issues affecting relationship Human : Animal Bond : activities to connect i reinforce relationship. Commitment Preservation Owner's : understanding i ability environment : location, vet client-patient status, geography , , economic societal norms , relationship. Pharmaceticals in Animals : Use : Reduce disease distress 10se Treat animals. Why study Principles : - Reduce Antimicrobial resistance - Reduce gov intervention - Improve food safety. Drug-- mitigation , treatment , diagnosis , cure i prevention Bilogicals : from extracted living organism ·. vaccines , insulin antibody probiotics · , ,. some hormones /extracted from living tissue) : growth factors. Antimicrobials : any natural or synthetic compound that kills microorganism their or supresses growth. that their Antibody kills or growth. : a drug suppress Pharmaceticals : nutrionals · · Para Fungi · Drugs hear t · hormones. ·  used foods animals- many in - · pain anesthetics · hormones · · antiparasites. of variety companion animals have more a : · cardio , gastro · respo concer : diagnosis proper treatment proper. HACCP : Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point for food ↳ program safety. backerin Bio : pathogen , viruses , parasites Chem : drug residues Physical -> broken needles Reason for Drug use in Livestock : Theraputic : treat infection , pain management inflammation , nutrient, reproduce · , mangement. · Preventive : vaccines : nutrients · Growth Promotion : antibiotics , hormones. Animals : like humans , gastro , Kidney liver , immune disease cancer. , , Health Canacla regulates all sales Veterinary Drug Directorate - food animals antimicrobials" legislation.  Livestock : companion : economic Longlife Span - - -trade domestically ; foreign money spent - geriatric members of family - - /food live w/ family - - consumption - treatherd or flock. -travel rowners to human not acceptable use drugs - - human Drug Rxn's : Intrinsic Rxn : Drug - - Dose-related - Predictable - mechanism : clinical / pre-clinical trail - Reproducible - side-effect that comes vf meds. can altered wh dosage. - be Idiosynthric Rxn - : -not close related - not predictable small of animals to proportion exposed it. - must be - stopped. immune deficiency related not allergies. patient , factors drug , environment - Allergic Ran's : - · not close related nun-pharmalogical events. severe emergi anticipated, minimized or decreased  YDD : licensing animal human drugs. YCPR : Veternarian Client-Patient Relationship - 1. Yet has for : client responsibility animal treatment health and follows instructions.. 2 Yet has sufficient knowledge to treat animal : documented ; care.. Yet 3 animal personally acquianted circumstances has seen recently ,. 4) Net is available for emergencies ; followups. ELU : -not Health Conacla using not explicit on label -used in humans but not animals EL DU : Only when yet is not available. drug in use or for animal the label according that's to using a drug an not but can be used for them. I Not animal. apported. 2 Not approved route. 3 frequency or close -> not specific 4. not disease specific.. 5 Human labeled drugs in humans. ELU of important antibiotics can result in resistance to bacteria. Antimicrobials Lecture : How do antimicrobials work ? AntimicrobialsAntifungais ↳> Antivirals ↳ Antibacterials. Livestock > - individual infection > - therapy. - > treatment of food animals. Prophylaxis- > administered to group of animals to prevent disease. Metaphylaxis- antimicrobials are given to a group of animals that have already been exposed a bacterial disease. Mechanisms of Action : 1. InhibitCell Wall Synthesis Inhibit Cell Wall C. DNA synthesis ; replication. DNA rep 3. Inhibit protin synthesis. Inhibit protein synthesis - AMR : Intrinsic : always genetic Acquired become acquiring : resistant w exposure by resistance gene. Bug--bacteria affects not host. ERF : Expected resistant phenotype. - > to replace "intrinsic" resistance Mechanisms of Resistance : I. Reduced Permeability Reduced perm. Antimicrobial modification. 2 agent agent mod. Active 3 efflux (pumps Out active efflux 4. Target modification. target moel Antimicrobial Stewardship : to clinical while optimize minimizing unitended consequences of antimicrobial use. · to minimise the selection ; dissemation of antimicrobial resistance. Regulatory changes : I. Mandatory surveillance reporting 2. NO Own Antimicrobials use Importation of Medically Important 3. Establishment license for Active Pharmacetical Importation 4. Alternative products approval. The Food System : Environment Package * process CFIA--Canadian Food Inspection Agency E - CDC -> Centers for Disease Control : Prevention Food Traceability : import : export Food Packaging L Labelling food. Norovirus RNA virus easily transmitted small infectious (10-20 virions) person to person. · , , , Symptoms > nausea diarrhea stomach cramps, omiting - , , 5 genogroups 32 · , subgroups. Food borne pathogen sources : · Milk · Meat : Poultry · Fish: seafood · fruits: veggles to cat foods really ·. Salmonella : · bacteria gram-neg. rocs transmission through consumption of contaminated food of animal origin. · domestic : wild-pet food animals symptoms show 6-72 hrs. after consumption illness 2-7 days. infected contact through animals , pet food/treat , person-to-person , kitchen cufting boarels field , where it grows, distribution , manufacturing production prep.i consumption , ,. control measures of all of the food chain. · parts ag production. ·. process · manu , , prep supervision of contact bt. Infants young children ; per that may carry disease. E Coli 0.5 toxin - shiga I. Consumption undercooked 2. Deficiently pasteur 3. Inadequate washing 4. Unpasteur. Direct 5 contact.. 6 Exposure water. foods cooked C destroyed at · · 70. 3-8 incubation 3-4 median 10 days , , recovering Ecoli Like Oli Osu-Shigatoxin watery diarrhea ; vomiting ·. internal bleeding dairy ; beef · · raw flow fresh/frozen produce Listrosis : transmitted but NOT contagious leading cause of death in tood-borne illness. · in Soil -3 silage domestic mammals ; poultry · · bacteria transmitted to baby if preg. women Catch Gox). focus of food facilities production · prolonged time bet. exposure ; incubation period. · antibiotics. Campylobacter : raw poultry Imik water Contam · contactvl animals · grave positive - > Commo shaped. Detection : Stool , body tissue , fluids , bacterla culture DNA test Lever diarrhea stomach Symptoms : , , cramps. specific treatment not needed. · antibiotics. > immune disease patients olds chemo no Only - , ,. Food Contam. hand improper washing · cross-contam inapp Storage treatment ·. · contam · animal wa s : microbes in intestines , improper wash of FiY. Bacteria : ecoliis listere salmon , , campmly , Protozoa : cyry , girdia (beaver fever). Foodborne illness : raw food · , unsafe Source inadequate cooking colonized person handling. Biosecurity : intended to protect animals from spread/introduction of disease" harmful agents 1. Structural Biosecurity /so physical layout. 2 Operation (sanitation). 3 Conceptual (scope , location , setting Components : · strategic decisions adequate investment management · · equipment movement training supervision ; , accountability. Develop : · site risk assessment · line of separation · routes of disease ; exposure to livestock CCP -- Control points to prevent diseases People · supplies · · Equipment · Animals ,  Hi danger to health dange to health A : investigating hazard investigate C : crucial for containment crucial containment C conditions handling conditions. handling : Pi position in process. position in process. Emerging Diseases : · new disease that hasn't been observed before OR disease that's i incidence and a known in expanding in host , vector geographic or ranges. Lyme disease (tick) I diff ! ·. locations Plague · · Dengue /mosquitoes to humans. Streptococcus (1 in humans) eq. zoono. subspecies showing , up. Vector bornei noneteric zoonotic : don't cause Gl issues, · Anaplasis · rabies · Lyme disease plague · EEE · toxoplasmosis. WEE anthrax · Babesiosls · Ayian Influ. but birds. · jump back to jumped seals can majority are zoonoti animal to humans · - > underdeveloped countries a re better at adapting · · zoonoses - Bacteria Helminth , , Viruses Protozoa ,  emerging diseases come and go : kill their own host. 1 Climate change. contact vi (pathogens are chaghy. 3 Increased # to Vectors : exposure land. 3 change in use. 4. Social-economic factor I travel more) Climale Chang. 5 Vaccine hesitatla ↑ # invectors ; exposure. Misinformation 6 chage in land use. sociale econ Behaviour : Vacche Mus infer Antecedent : event environment or triggering can be modified to change behaviour make changes before dog behaves differently , very small changes or big changes. Behaviour : · train alternative behaviour actively · che behavior problematic doesn't get practiced. Consequence : of problematic behavior prevent/reinforce behaviour ensure reinforcement of alterative behaviou. accurate assessment.  Medication : · abnormal or problematic a result to problematic result disorder or disease treated ulmeds. behaviours direct dysfunction of Neurotransmitters. · hyperarousal anxiety , , fearfulness , phobia Pyschobiological approach : · physiological Psychological approach : health can influence behaviour ; learning · Behaviour - social , behavioural , needs - > evolutionary goals. · animals have emotions that influence behavior. history assessment/underlying emotions , integration of phys "psych.. Panksepp's < primary affective systems : 1 Fear. 2. lust 3. Care 4. Seeking lanticipation 5. Rage 6. Panic Igrief 7. play NHET environment mental stare nution Freuth" benavar  emotions influence behaviour low recillance Negative cog. bias : dog always expects neg. outcomes istressors. outward sign of what's going on inside fear , , anxiety aggression ,. of · brain predicts Schario's pastor present outcomes I protect : ensure survival all life important. · experience is Desentization : gradually introducing stimulithat doesn't trigger a negative response. Habituation : exposure to stimuli until animal stops responding. sensitivity , learned helplessness. observe behaviors : ask questions chid , coloringa scolding E add pleasent stim/1 behavior add aversive ↓ behaviou remake oversive stim/T benavide remove pleas. " behavior ↳ remove phone, miss removesa curfew - Classical condit> involun Operant > volun - na