Historical Development of Filipino Psychology PDF

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY Jesus Perpinan - Received his B.S. in Education from Siliman University, 17th Century...

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY Jesus Perpinan - Received his B.S. in Education from Siliman University, 17th Century his MA from Columbia University, Upon his return to the - Philosophical Psychology (brought by the Spaniard Philippines, he set up the FEU Psychological Clinic and Priests) was taught at the University of San Carlos became head of Department of Psychology (Cebu) and at the University of Santo Tomas (Manila) as part of the European academic tradition Elias Bumatay Received his Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from the Early 1900’s University of Texas (1940) - The University of the Philippines was established by the - He became the Dean of the Education at National Americans and psychology was taught as a subject University separate from Philosophy - A Department of Psychology was established attached Angel de Blas to the School of Education A Spanish priest, received his Ph.D. in Philosophy from UST (1934) 1948 - Established the Experimental Psychology at UST (1938) - UST being the first institution to offer a Bachelor of and was a chairman of the Department of Psychology Science in Psychology, Master’s, and Doctorate degrees from its establishment in the early 1930’s to 1954 in the field Emmanuel Vit Samson 1960’s A physician, succeeded de Blas as chairman of UST’s - Department of Psychology relied heavily on education Psychology Department (lasted for 18 years) courses particularly those in Guidance and Counselling - In schools without Psychology departments, Estefania Aldaba-Lim psychology courses were organized and offered - Received her undergraduate training in Education at the primarily by colleges or departments of education Philippine Women’s University and an MA in Education - Majority of those teaching psychology courses in and from UP, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology at University out of departments of psychology held degrees in of Michigan Education - She is the first Filipino to receive a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology The Pioneers - She began the psychology program at PWU with the Agustin Alonzo establishment of its Institute for Human Relations Bachelor and Master’s degree in Education from UP - Received a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the Alfredo Lagmay University of Chicago in 1926 - Obtained AB and MA degrees in Philosophy from UP - Became head of the UP Department of Psychology before going to Harvard University where he received a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology (1995) Isidro Panlasigui - Became chairman of the UP Psychology Department Ph.D. in Education from University of Iowa (1928) for 22 years - Succeeded Alonzo as Chairman of UP’s Psychology Department Mariano Obias - Received his Ph.D. in Comparative and Physiological Sinforoso Padilla Psychology from Stanford University (1995) First to major in Psychology from the undergraduate to - After teaching at UP, he joined Caltex Philippines as the doctoral level head of their Personnel Department - Earned his AB in Psychology from Willamette University (Oregon, USA) in 1924, an MA from University of Oregon in 1926, and Ph.D. from University of Michigan in 1928 - Established the Psychological Clinic at UP in 1932 Jaime Bulatao UP records: “A Study of Extra Sensory - Received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from Fordham Perception” by Aurora Minoza (1953) University (1961) “The Present Status of the Rorschach Test in the - Established the department of Psychology at the Victoriano Luna General Hospital” by Ruiz de Arana Ateneo de Manila University (1954) “A Study of Drugless Healing” by Teresa Goba (1955) THE FRONTIER “The Group Rorschach Method: Preliminary Studies on Filipinos” by Charlotte Floro (1955) first courses new courses In the area of psychology practice, the first ✓General Psychology ✓Experimental psychological clinic was set up by Sinforoso Padilla at Psychology UP (1932) – clients were mainly students but outsiders ✓Genetic Psychology ✓Personality Theory are also accepted Services: ✓Educational Psychology ✓Abnormal Psychology ✓Testing (intelligence, personality, vocation) ✓Counselling ✓Tests and ✓Comparative ✓Therapy Measurements Psychology * Hypnosis was used by Padilla ✓Social Psychology The Institute of Human Relations at PWU in 1948 consisted of: The pioneers felt the responsibility to introduce and ✓Clinical Psychologist: E. Aldaba-Lim strengthen scientific psychology in their respective ✓Guidance Counsellors (chief of students counselling schools. center) There was a lot of resourcefulness necessary to teach ✓Psychiatric Social Worker early laboratory courses: ✓Psychiatrists - Lagmay remembers constructing his own Skinner ✓Remedial Reading Specialists boxes ✓Junior Level Psychologists (testing) -Bulatao recalls making mazes and finger dexterity - Earliest recorded systematic practicum program for devices psychology students - Extended its services to other schools and to the There does not seem to have much research work done community at large in early years up until the early 1960’s: UP records: “The Psychology of Feeling” – MA thesis The first to offer neuropsychological services was the V. in Psychology by Agustin Alonzo (1922) Luna General Hospital (1947) “Girl’s Juvenile Delinquency in the Philippines” – by ✓Psychiatrists: Jaime Zaguirre Estefania Aldaba-Lim ✓Clinical Psychologist: Olga Ruiz de Arana 13 other theses are listed prior to World War II, listed ✓Psychologist: Natividad Dayan under Psychology written for degrees in Education ✓Social Workers UST records: “An Attempt to Determine the Nature of * Clients were military personnel and some civilians Dreams” by Sr. Mary Cuenca (1935) UST records: “Pleasure and Happiness” a Ph.D. thesis The 60’s to 80’s by Josefina Conlu 23 schools offering AB Psychology UST record: “Psychology from the Standpoint of 15 schools offering BS Psychology Scholasticism” by Merquiades Papa 6 schools offering AB Behavioral Science 14 schools offering MA Psych 1 school offering MS Psych After World War II works (reflects an interest in Clinical 9 schools offering MA in Education major in Guidance Psychology): and Counseling UP records: “Ink-Blot Study of Imagination” by Cornelio 4 schools offering Ph.D. in Psych Manuel (1947) 3 schools offering Ph.D. in Guidance and counselling *** Psychology has been used as one of preparatory forward Western behaviour patterns as models for courses for medicine the Filipino” – Enriquez (1992) There is a search for national identity and a quest for *1960’s national development. - A group of government psychologists from National Mental Hospital were pushing for the Psychology Bill *1963 (for certification of psychometricians and licensing of – Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) practicing held its first annual convention, leading to its first psychologists) publication, Symposium on the Filipino Personality *1962 *1970’s - The Psychological Association of the Philippines was – Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez (Ph.D. in Social Psychology at established Northwestern University, USA) introduced the concept of - Committed to promoting excellence in psychology’s Sikolohiyang Pilipino teaching, research, and practice and its recognition as a - V. Enriquez and Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay (Chairman of scientifically oriented discipline for human and social Dept. of Psychology at UP) embarked on a research into development the historical and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology *1963 *Early 1970’s - PAP holds its first annual convention, leading to its -Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (Measure of Personality first publication: “Symposium on the Filipino and Character) V. Enriquez & A. Lagmay – a two volume Personality” of bibliography on Filipino Psychology *1975 *Spanish Era *American Era ❖November 6 – 11, 1975 – founding Pambansang Samahan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino (National Association -Filipino intellectuals, - American education for Philippine Psychology) notably two Philippine system and language is ❖Unang Pambansang Kumperensya sa Sikolohiyang heroes Jose Rizal and introduced, with it came Pilipino (First National Conference on Filipino Apolinario Mabini, American Psychology Psychology) – held at Abelardo Auditorium at UP expressed dissatisfaction - ‘Mainstreamed at the pejorative psychology’: psychology ❖Founders of indigenization movement: interpretations of Filipino in the West disseminated ✓Virgilio Enriquez (Sikolohiyang Pilipino) behavior by Western throughout the world ✓Prospero Covar (Pilipinolohiya) observers. This through colonization ✓Zeus Salazar (Pantayong Pananaw) disenchantment continued as Filipinos struggled to assert their Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez national and cultural - Ama ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Father of Filipino identity. Psychology) - Established the Philippine Psychology Research and Training House (PPRTH) *1960’s - UP Department of Psychology chair from 1977-1982 – Filipino intellectuals and scholars were already - “Psychology moving East” (1987) sensitive to: -“Indigenous Psychology and National Consciousness” ✓inadequacy (not being enmeshed and bound by (1989) the culture being studied) - “From Colonial to Liberation Psychology” (1992) ✓unfairness of the Western-oriented psychology - “Pagbabagong-Dangal: Indigenous Psychology & ▪ “impressionistic point of view of the colonizers” Cultural Empowerment” (1994) –Enriquez (1992) ▪ “the native Filipino invariably suffers from the comparison in not too subtle attempts to put  Defining Sikolohiyang Pilipino C.Liberalism – Philippine propaganda movements SP’s *Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas (Psychology in the Philippines) principal emphasis is on identity and national – the general form of psychology in the Philippine consciousness, social awareness and involvement, context psychology of language and culture, and applications *Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino (Psychology of the and bases of Filipino psychology in health practices, Filipinos) – theorizing about the psychological nature of agriculture, art, mass media, & religion. the Filipinos, whether from a local or a foreign perspective Pambansang Samahan ng Sikolohiyang * V. Enriquez came up with the definition of psychology that takes into account the study of emotions and experienced knowledge (kalooban and kamalayan), awareness of one’s surroundings (ulirat), information and understanding (isip), habits and behavior (diwa), and the soul (kaluluwa) which is the way to learning about people’s conscience Defining Sikolohiyang Pilipino GOALS (Layunin) of PSSP *Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino ) Promote (isulong at itaguyod) Sikolohiyang Pilipino - “Sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan, at (SP) as understood in our own perspective and based on oryentasyon ng Pilipino, batay sa kabuuang paggamit ng our context. kultura at wikang Pilipino” Impart (ipalaganap) SP at universities, government - The scientific study of psychology derived from the departments, private agencies, and the media. experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of Filipinos Cultivate and use knowledge and methodology based - Anchored on Filipino thought and experience as on the culture and experiences of Filipinos. understood from a Filipino perspective Create a systematic research methods and data gathering tools based on Filipino culture and Four Filiations of Sikolohiyang Pilipino experiences of Filipinos *Zeus Salazar (1985) *PSSP E-Diwa - A historian that examined the History of Sikolohiyang To help the marginalized (isinantabi) Filipinos Pilipino and came up with the four filiations of Philippine Psychology Why does teaching and learning Sikolohiyang 1. Academic-scientific psychology – coincide with birth Pilipino matter? of scientific psychology and the entry of Western 1. CHEd requirement psychology (mainly American) at Philippine universities CHEd Memo Order 34 Series 2017 2. Academic-philosophical psychology – from western tradition: study of psychology as an aspect of philosophy 3. Ethnic psychology (Katutubong Sikolohiya) – major basis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino which includes Indigenous Psychology, Psychology of Filipinos, and the Practice of Psychology by Filipinos 4. Psycho-medical system with religion as a cohesive element and explanation (indigenous medico-religious practice) i.e. babaylan-katalonan Major Characteristics of Sikolohiyang Pilipino V. Enriquez A. Empirical Philosophy – academic-scientific psychology 2. Creates a more inclusive psychology. B. Rational Philosophy - clerical tradition, ✓Corrects the biases of a dominantly phenomenology Euro-American Psychology 3. Contribute to global discourse Items from foreign Psychological Test: “ I mow the lawn during summer, and I shovel the snow during winter” “How much is a dime?” *Proper use of foreign made tests ✓ Compare scores with local norms ✓ Make alterations with permission from the test author ✓ You may prefer to use non-verbal tests (i.e. Culture Fair Intelligence Test) 4. SP as an instrument of decolonization From CULTURE FREE TEST to CULTURE FAIR TEST: TRACES OF COLONIALISM IN PH authored/ developed by Raymond Cattell and Karen Yet while “independent” implies a Philippines officially Cattell free from foreign rule, many contemporary narratives of Filipino identity, citizenship, and statehood are inevitably 5. Gives us more opportunity to understand and influenced by the colonial past and the continuing undue appreciate ourselves as Filipinos influence of other countries. FILIPINO COLONIAL MENTALITY - internalized oppression and perception of ethnic Socio Cultural Research or cultural inferiority Socio-cultural psychological research explores how o skin-color hierarchy social and cultural contexts influence human behavior, o patronage of foreign culture thoughts, and emotions. o Desire for immigration Kulelat Syndrome PAGTAWAD: HAGGLING BEHAVIOR - to perform badly; to be last in a competition; to Tawad (haggling) do poorly Diksyunaryo Tesauro, defined tawad in two ways: (a).paghingi ng diskwento o paghiling ng bawas sa *SP can be an instrument of decolonization halaga (request for discount) - Impacts of colonial history on how we think and behave (b). diskwento o bawas (discount given or allowed) - involves a dialogue between the buyer and the Decolonization refers to the task of unlearning colonial seller, typically done in informal marketplaces. mentality. Its objective is to retell the narrative of the Haggling is a behaviour, perhaps as universal as helping oppressive colonial experience throughout Philippine itself. It is a product of man's economic nature society for the purpose of exposing its oppressive intent. Different Haggling Strategies Yango (2009) asserted that “liberation begins with The specific strategies mentioned and claimed to be recognizing one’s history” thus the means of effectively used by the respondents are categorized into decolonizing is not found in the destruction of the two: colonial narrative but within the “power of knowing the 1) Cognitive approaches - most often employed by colonial experience”. individuals who are cool, calculating, given to weighing advantages and disadvantages of any act; the appeal is Angat – Patong Approach rational, directed toward the seller's sense of judgement - iangat mo mula sa ibang kultura at ipapatong or evaluation. mo sarealidad ng ibangkultura(Mangulabnan, - the desired commodity which offers it at a lower 1978) price. "Don nga sa isang tindahan binibigay na sa - Uncritical acceptance and use of theories and akin sa ganitong halaga, kaya lang methods without carrying out (even the nagbabakasakali pa tayong nakamura: " slightest) technical changes to make it more culturally appropriate 2) Emotional approaches - most often employed by - Using foreign made psychological tests persons who are quite sensitive themselves; the appeal is effective, directed toward the seller's kind-heartedness, inherent cooperativeness, Init ng Ulo - More overt; 'hotheadedness'; little nuance compassion. is implied; described. - Filipinos are generally emotional people "madaling mabagbag ang kalooban at maawain" ASPECT CONNECTED TO CHARACTERISTICS OF SUMPONG SUMPONG The results and conclusion for haggling based on the 1. Food habits 1. Deviation from what is participants were viewed as an avenue of deception usual (seeking the advice of more experienced people to avoid making errors) and one has to be on the alert against 2. Work habits 2. Temporary duration this deception. Others take haggling as a venue for satisfying the need for achievement. 3.Folklore and 3. Cyclical and recurrent superstitions nature Situational or environmental determinants also play an important role in the person's decision to haggle or not 4. Sickness 4. Not directly explainable and his choice of haggling strategy. The determinants 5. Personality 5. Irrelevant behaviors cited include the place of buying, the object/item to be bought and the person from whom it is to be bought. 6. Artistic temperament 6. Non-deliberateness Additionally, pagtawad appeals to a broad spectrum of customers, encouraging pleasant persuasion and TYPES OF SUMPONG personal connections. 1. Aggressive Sumpong - the individual always expresses some anger People definitely have different reasons for haggling: - hostile facial expression or overt aggressive behaviour - motivated by economic necessity Hostile or aggressive sumpong may be manifested in - psychological satisfactions the following ways: ❖ Madaling uminit ang ulo, nagdadabog SUMPONG (hot-headed, bangs and throws things) - coping strategy against a hostile environment. ❖ Masungit, mahirappakibagayan (cranky, hard to In Filipino culture, the term "sumpong" describes a brief, understand and deal with) impulsive, and frequently recurrent departure from a ❖ Naiinis, naiinip, nakasimangot (impatient, person's usual conduct that is usually regarded as irritable,scowling) insignificant and doesn't call for major action. This behavior is thought to be transient and inexplicable. 2. Withdrawing Sumpong Psychological analysis of the word reveals that it is a - retreats, withdraws, or even escapes from the culturally accepted means for Filipinos to defuse stress, uncommunicative and unapproachable, and may resort showing a propensity for indirect and delayed reactions to sulking, unproductive. Sumpong Is also associated to anger or displeasure. This behavior's cultural context with depression. is made clearer through the application of "pagtatanung- Withdrawing sumpong may be manifested in the tanong, " a nonreactive research approach that has been following ways: culturally adjusted. ❖ Nagmumukmok, tahimik, ayaw makipag-usap hindi makausap (sulky,silent,will not speak or be RELATED FILIPINO CONCEPTS: spoken to) Baltik - Similar to sumpong but more hostile; ❖ Nasa sulok (literally, inacomer, i.e., keep to characterized by erratic bursts of hot headedness. oneself; unapproachable). One Respondent even Tampo - Shares some of the behavioral manifestations described the person as suwapang sa pagkatao of sumpong, however, it has a readily identifiable origin, niya, which literally means "greedy about his own usually an external, interpersonal event. person" and therefore very approachable. Sama ng Loob - Ill feelings towards another; the reason ❖ Matabang, hindi pinapansin ang ibang is readily identifiable to the person himself but may not tao(Insipid, pays no attention to people.) necessarily be evident to the object of the ill feeling. ❖ Tamad, di makagalaw; di-makakilos: (lazy,motionless)  - combination of empathy and emotional 3. High-spirited Sumpong intelligence. To feel and understand the loob of - excitable, high-spirited, andactive the other (kapwa) ❖ Silakbo ng damdamin (Impulsiveness) ❖ Manloloko, tawa ng tawa (Fooling Others, Practicing “Pakikiramdam” through the Platinum Rule laughing and laughing) “The Platinum rule cultivates a deep sensitivity to ❖ personhood. It is an exercise in “pakikiramdam” (Tagalog 4. High Specific Sumpong term for shared inner perception) that increases the ❖ sumpong sa bait(sumpong of goodness) chance that our connections are personalized and ❖ sumpong sa sipag (of industriousness), genuine.” - Lana Jelenje Antecedents Correlated with Increased Probability of Applying the Platinum Rule involves understanding and Sumpong respecting the unique preferences of individuals in 1.Physiological changes (biorhythm, menstrual blues, various contexts, fostering better relationships and even "bagong gising”) collaboration. 2.Boredom 3.Neglect 3.Bahala na 4.Frustration The term is derived from, “Bathala na” 5.Personality traits (immaturity, insecurity, a lack of This means, “Bahala na si Bathala” “I leave everything in equilibrium) the care of God.” 6.Child-rearing patterns (spoiled child) MISCONCEPTION: EXPRESSION OF PASSIVITY CORE CONCEPT FATALISM KAPWA: THE SELF IN OTHERS -The belief that all events are predetermined and KAPWA signals Filipinos’ unity and connectedness with therefore inevitable. humanity and creation. “What is the point in doing anything, when you cannot change what will happen? 1.Pakikipagkapwa/Pakikisama The idea of "shared self" opens up the “Bahala na” heart-doors of the I to include the Other. It means connecting myself with others, feeling myself in the other and having a sense of shared -Expression of courage -Embracing uncertainties identity and a shared inner self. -Attitude of faith and and the fact we cannot surrendering to a higher control everything. We care about the future but Two categories of Kapwa: power. we let God take the lead. a Ibang-Tao (outsider) - The interaction can range from pakikitungo Source of Strength Requires Faith (transaction/civility with), to pakikisalamuha Katatagan The real essence of this (interaction with), to pakikilahok When feeling in doubt or expression is to say it (joining/participating), to pakikibagay with faith. hopeless, gather all your (Sincere vs Bukang (in-conformity with/inaccord with), and to strength and turn to God. bibig) pakikisama (being along with). Determination and Filipinos are theistic, b. Hindi-Ibang-Tao ("one-of-us") Risk-taking spiritual. - Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (being Taking courage and face in-rapport/understanding/ acceptance with), or difficulties in life. pakikisangkot (getting involved), or the highest level of pakikiisa (being one with). 3.Utang na Loob ( Debt of Gratitude) -refers to the obligation to repay kindness or favors 2.Pakikiramdam (KNOWING THROUGH FEELING) received from others. It reflects a deep sense of - about being skilled in reading the other person’s gratitude and responsibility within Filipino culture. feelings, guessing inner states, tracking and adjusting behaviors.  Cultural Context Key Dimensions (Philippine Stat i s t ics Authority, 2 0 24) The national poverty incidence among families in Filipino Values 1) Closeness 2023 was recorded at 10.9 percent. This is Reflects Kapwa 2) Obligation equivalent to 2.99 million Filipino families without Personal Dimensions 3) Reciprocity 4) Respect enough income to meet their basic food and 5) Satisfaction non-food needs. Negative Aspect of Utang na Loob Poverty Debt Trap -the concept of Utang na Loob often arises in Poverty is a state of someone’s life strained relationships wherein they have no sufficient am Inequality/ Stifled Gratitude ount of needs such as clothes, Manipulation & Toxic Relationship (Invisible Debt - Guilt-tripping) A. HIYA (Cabaguing & Villanueva, 2022) Importance of Utang na Loob - [We celebrate birthdays, sometimes I run Social Harmony: Utang na Loob fosters strong relationships and community cohesion, essential in out of money but its ok as long as we are maintaining harmony within families and able to celebrate] neighbourhoods. - [It has been part of our tradition to prepare Cultural Identity: It reinforces Filipino identity, foods during fiestas, I even borrow money distinguishing it from other cultural frameworks and for us to celebrate] emphasizing the importance of gratitude and reciprocity. Moral Framework: Acts as a guiding principle for B. PAKIKIRAMDAM (Close toMany) behavior, encouraging individuals to act with kindness, (Cabaguing and Villanueva, 2022) gratitude, and a sense of responsibility towards others - Extended family among Filipinos emphasizes the value of pakikiramdam, 4.HIYA "Hiya" translates to "shame" or "embarrassment." wherein they live under one roof with their More intense for Filipino ; CORE value children, parents, and siblings. Filipinos are Linked to the Filipino concept of honor and dignity known to be generous, especially to family members, they see to it that they share APPLICATIONS OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO IN whatever they have. SOCIAL ISSUES POVERTY AND MIGRATION (Solis, 2023) - The community pantries displayed not just SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO generosity, but also showed respect and (Pua & Marcelino, 2000) consideration towards others. The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to foster national identity and consciousness, C. BAHALANA social involvement, and psychology of language (Tuason, 2008) and culture. It is thus concerned with proper - Filipinos who were raised poor but later applications to health, agriculture, art, mass media, became rich typically put their hopes on religion, and other spheres of people’s daily life. external and more powerful forces— God, luck, and fate. They trusted in God to Sikolohiyang Pilipino is based on assessing provide for their needs and bless them with historical and socio-cultural realities, understanding fortitude. They prayed to God and asked the local language, unraveling Filipino Him to reward their hard work. characteristics and explaining them through the - In this sense, letting go implies faith in God eyes of the native accompanied by optimism and  responsibility (Marcelino, 1990), rather than out with their fellow Filipino migrant workers to fatalism. lessen their homesickness (Lu, 2013). It is a coping mechanism for OFWS in a way that they D. PAKIKIPAGKAPWA hang out with their fellow Filipino in their country to (Tuason, 2008) feel a sense of belongingness. It is a way for them - Those who became rich generally relied on to divert their emotions caused by challenges they other people (pakikipag-kapwa), such as encounter (Atos, et.al, 2022). their extended family, for help and support. - Up poor and continued to be poor generally PAKIKIRAMDAM With their distance to their relied on other people (pakikipag-kapwa), families, Filipino migrant workers as an example especially neighbours and relatives, and shows how they comfort each other in difficult also gave when asked in return. times. They found comfort from their own kabayan, in which their empathy comforts each other (Atos, E. UTANGNALOOB et.al, 2022). Some Filipino recommend TFC to (Tuason, 2008) fellow OFW to watch to still feel connected to their - Those who became rich typically expressed roots and it makes them feel like they're still at their need to give back and help their home, even when they're far away from the families, to return the favor they had been Philippines (Pacoma, M.A., 2020). given (utang na loob), or to serve other people in need. Those who have stayed BAHALA NA Serves as coping mechanism where poor typically express their need to return they try to divert themselves from the emotions favors (utang na loob). brought by the challenges they feel through praying, hanging out with fellow Filipinos and working to strengthen their will to continue (Atos, L., Cruz,E., Migration Hong,S., Kim,S., Soliven,M.2022) Overseas Filipinos is the term encompassing all Filipino migrants, whether permanent or temporary, KATARUNGAN In the context of Filipino migration, legal or unauthorized (Asia. 2017) Katarungan can be seen in the way that migrant workers demand fair treatment and equal rights, Categories of Filipino Migrants (CFO) despite the many challenges and hardships they Permanent Migrants face. With the problems faced by other migrant Temporary Migrants workers, they unite with others to protest and Irregular Migrants support their rights (Pacoma, 2020 Labour Migration- The Philippines relies on KAGANDAHANG-LOOB It refers to the idea that international migration as an economic engine and individuals should strive to be good and kind, even source for jobs. One of the main reasons for in the face of adversity. Filipino migration. Kagandahang- loob can be seen in the way that migrant workers show kindness and compassion UTANG NA LOOB Acts as motivation for to their fellow migrant workers and to their loved temporary migrant workers in order to return the ones back home help they received to the people who helped them achieve their work abroad (Ramos, 2020). PAKIKIPAGKAPWA In difficult times, migrant workers find themselves meeting up with each other to feel sense of belongingness. They hang