Ethics (Mindterm) PDF

ETHICS Ethics: Branch of Philosophy that studies morality. Right or wrong. Greek word is “ethos” which means character or manner. Provided by an external source governed by professional Morality: Speaks code or system of behavior Social and cultural rules IMPORTANCE OF RULES: ✓ Regul...

ETHICS Ethics: Branch of Philosophy that studies morality. Right or wrong. Greek word is “ethos” which means character or manner. Provided by an external source governed by professional Morality: Speaks code or system of behavior Social and cultural rules IMPORTANCE OF RULES: ✓ Regulate behavior ✓ Guarantee each person certain rights ✓ Rules produce justice MORAL STANDARDS VS NON-MORAL STANDARDS: Moral standards: Involve the rules people have about the kinds of action they believe are right and wrong. Justice Respect Honesty Loyalty Non-moral standards: Rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations Rules in games House rules DILEMMA: A situation in which a tough choice has to be made. Not all dilemmas are moral dilemmas Moral dilemma: Situations in which a difficult choice has to be made between 2 courses of action. It involves morally unacceptable situations. 3 LEVELS OF DILEMMA: Structural: Cases involving operative theoretical paradigms Organizational: Encountered and resolved by social organizations Personal: Experienced and resolved on the personal level CULTURE IN ORAL BEHAVIOR Culture: Cumulative deposit of experience, beliefs, etc. Social conditioning theory: Process by which people of a certain society are trained to think and react in a way that is approved by the society or the groups within it. Ethnocentrism: Own culture as the center. Judging about the food of other countires Cultural or moral relativism: To not judge a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong. Normative moral relativism: All societies should accept each other’s differing moral values. There are no universal moral principles. 6 BASIC FILIPINO VALUES: Pakikisama: Maintaining good public relations. May submit to overgenerous praise on another. Hiya: Afraid to do bad things. Related to the concept of face and a concern with how one appears in the eyes of others. Amor-propio: Self respect or self esteem has been characterized as a high degree of sensitivity that makes a person intolerant to criticism because of high pride. Utang na loob: Balancing of obligations and debt. Concepts of reciprocity. Filipino hospitality: Innate ability and trait of Filipinos to be courteous. Warm, welcoming, and accommodating Respect to elders: When excessive nonetheless, respect to elders makes one dependent or irrationally obedient. MORAL AGENT: Those agents expected to meet the demands of morality. Must also be capable of conforming to at least some o the demends of morality. Kaya ma distinguish kung ano ang tama at mali. Non moral agents: Hindi kayang distinguish kung ano ang tama at mali. Babies and those people na may Developmental problems and mental problems are non moral agent. KOHLBERG’S 3 STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT: Level 1 (Pre conventional morality): 9 year old and younger. Shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their rules. Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation: Child is good in order to avoid being punished. Stage 2: Individualism and exchange: Recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed Don by the authorities. Gumagawa ng mabuti kasi gusto mo may kapalit. Level 2 (Conventional Morality): Most adolescents and adults. Want to fit in. Begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adults role model. Do good to win the approval of others. Stage 3: Good interpersonal relationship: Do good in order to be seen as being a good person. Stage 4: Maintaining the social order: Becomes aware of the wider rules of society. Level 3 (Post conventional morality): Have self chosen principles. As far as most people get. Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights: Becomes aware that rules might exist for the good of the greatest number. Stage 6: Universal principles: Developed their own set of moral guidelines that may or may not fit the law. FEELINGS AND MORAL DECISION MAKING: Emotions: Intuitions play a major role in most of the ethical decisions people make. Quick reaction. Feelings: Tawag sa kung ano ang nararamdaman mo. Feelings as instinctive response to moral dilemmas: Believed that ethics is also a matter of emotion. They hold moral judgements at their best should also be emotional. Feelings and emotions can become obstacle to becoming ethical. Ethical subjectivism: Truth or falsity of ethical propositions is dependent on the feelings, attitudes, or standards of a person or group of persons. This theory contradicts that principle that there is objectivity in morality. Suggest that we are able to identify our moral principles by simply following our feelings. Emotivism: Developed by Charles L. Stevenson. Mere expression of emotion of the speaker. States that moral judgements express positive or negative feelings. Fail to distinguish moral judgement from mere expression of personal preferences. Non Cognitivism: Claims that ethical statements do not convey authentic propositions. Cognitivism: Interprets that ethical sentences as statement of fact. Could be a fact or false. Logical positivism: Must be empirically verifiable. Debatable MODULE 5: Reason: Basis or motive for an act. Impartiality: Listening to others pov. 7 STEPS MODEL FOR MAKING MORAL DECISIONS: Gather the fats: We answer “What do we need to know?” Determine the ethical issues: Moral issues should be stated in complete terms. Identify the principles that have a bearing on the case: Biblically weighted mostly. List the alternative: List possibilities Compare alternative with principles: Assess the consequences: Consequences of one are the mirror of the other. Make a decision: What would you decide IMPORTANCE OF WILL AND COURAGE: Will: Capacity to act Moral courage: Doing the right thing DEVELOPING MORAL COURAGE: Develop and practice self-discipline Do mental strength Draw inspiration from people Repeatedly do acts that exhibit moral courage Avoid deeds that show lack of moral courage and will