The Skeletal System PDF - Y1-M7A

MANANSALA, MARCEL T. Y1-M7A The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system include: 1. FUNCTIONS OF THE S...

MANANSALA, MARCEL T. Y1-M7A The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system include: 1. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones (skeleton) Joints 1. Support - It supports and stabilizes surrounding tissues Cartilages such as muscles, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, fat, Ligaments and skin Divided into two divisions: 2. Protection - It protects vital organs of the body such as the 1. Axial skeleton (skull, ribs, and vertebra) - Center brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs, and it protects other soft 2. Appendicular skeleton (pelvis, extremities)- Lateral tissues of the body 2. STRUCTURE AND SKELETAL TISSUES 3. Movement - It assists in body movement by providing 2.1 Extracellular Matrix - an essential component of skeletal attachments for muscles that pull on the bones that act as tissues, providing structural support and playing a key role in levers cellular functions 4. Blood cell production - It manufactures blood cells. Red 2.2 Classification of Bones bone marrow, a connective tissue within the bone, produces Four categories of bone, based on their shape, according to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a process VanPutte, Regan, & Russo, (2016) called hemopoiesis. 1. Long Bone (Ex. Humerus of arm) 5. Storage - It is a storage area for mineral salts, especially Long bones include those of the arms, legs, fingers, phosphorus and calcium, and fats. and toes. It is covered by dense connective tissues on the outside called the periosteum and a thinner inner lining called the endosteum. Long bones have several parts: Diaphysis - shaft or body Epiphysis -head of each end of a long bone Medullary cavity -marrow cavity or space that contains yellow marrow 2. Short bones (Ex. Carpals or wrist) Generally, cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone 3. Flat bones (Ex. Parietal bone of the skull) Thin and flattened, Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone 4. Irregular bone (Ex. Vertebra) Do not fit into other bone classification categories Trabeculae - Spaces Blood Vessels - Arteries (RED), Veins (BLUE) 3. BONE DEVELOPMENT Yellow Marrow - Fats 3.1 Bone Histology 3.2 Bone Formation 3.3 Bone Growth 3.4 Bone Remodeling 3.5 Bone Repair 3.1 Bone Histology  MANANSALA, MARCEL T. Y1-M7A 3.2 Bone Formation Skull, Vertebral Column, Laryngeal Skeleton, Ossification - The process of bone formation Thoracic cage is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of 3.3 Bone Growth the head and trunk of a vertebrate. Growth in length it consists of 80 bones and is composed of six parts; Growth in Thickness the skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone, the rib cage, the sternum, and the vertebral Chondrocytes - specialized cells found in cartilage. column. 3.4 Bone Remodeling 1. Head (28 bones) bone is constantly made and destroyed in an ongoing cranial bones – 8 process Facial bones – 14 Protein - most abundant ossicles – 6 Hormones - factors that affect cells during ❖ Malleus – hammer remodeling. (Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus ❖ Incus – anvil Vitamins A, C, and D.) ❖ Stapes – stirrups, the smallest bone in Diet plays a major role in how our body can the body synthesize these hormones, vitamins, and minerals. 2. Hyoid bone (1 bone) ✔ Parathyroid hormone (PTH) unpaired, u-shaped bone found in the anterior part of ✔ Human growth hormone (hGH) and Insulin-like growth the neck and supports the tongue factor (IGF) unique part of the skeleton because it does not ✔ Sex hormones attached directly to any other bone Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture 3. Vertebrae Column (26 bones) - forms the flexible central pillar found in the posterior part of the body. Functions of the vertebral column : – to support the head and upper limbs – to provide muscle attachments – to protect the spinal cord Cervical - 7 | smallest vertebral bones ❖ C1 (Atlas) ❖ C2 (Axis) ❖ C3-C6 (Spinous Process) ❖ C7 (Atypical Vertebra) 1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed Thoracic - 12 | articulating with the 12 pairs of ribs 2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Lumbar - 5 | the largest and heavies 3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus sacrum- 1 | triangular bone that joins 2 pelvic bones 4. A bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch coccyx - 1 “tail bone” | end of the vertebral column. Note: Sacrum and Coccyx (FUSED) 4. DIVISION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 4. Thoracic bones/Rib Cage (25) - form a partially flexible, 4.1. Axial Skeleton protective shield for the heart, lungs, and other thoracic organs 4.1.1. The SKULL a. Cranial Bones Ribs/rib cage (24 bones) - thin, narrow, bony arches b. Facial Bones articulate with the vertebral column 4.1.2. The Vertebral Column 4.1.3. Thoracic Cage Classification of ribs : a. true/sternal (vertebro-sternal) (1-7) | attach to sternum 4.2. Appendicular Skeleton b. false/asternal (vertebro-chondral) (8-10) | 7th Rib bone 4.2.1. Pectoral Girdle c. floating/vertebral ribs (11-12) | attach to Vertebral column 4.2.2. Upper Limbs ❖ Rib 11 = T11 | Rib 12 = T12 4.2.3. Pelvic Girdle 4.2.4. Lower Limbs The Sternum (1) - a daggers-shaped bone plate consisting of 3 separate bones. Divisions of the Skeletal System manubrium sterni – most superior bone Axial skeleton – Skull, hyoid bone, spinal column, body (gladiolus) – intermediate bone and rib cage xiphoid process – most inferior bone Appendicular skeleton – Limbs (forelimb and hindlimb) – Girdles (thoracic and pelvic) The Axial Skeleton:  MANANSALA, MARCEL T. Y1-M7A Pubic Symphasis - cartilage that connects pubic bones.. The Skeletal System - JOINTS Functions of joints: a. Hold bones together 2. The appendicular skeleton b. Allow for mobilit Shoulder Girdle, Upper Limb, Pelvic Girdle, Lower Limb. Ways joints are classified: is the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that support the appendages. a. Functionally There are 126 bones The two Girdles: Synarthroses – immovable joints Example: Syndesmoses, sutures, Gomphosis Pectoral Girdle = 64 bones Supports the Arms Amphiarthrosis – slightly moveable joints Clavicle and Scapula Example: Ribs Clavicle 2 Diarthroses – freely moveable joints Example: Lower Limb | Articular Cartilage Scapula 2 Humerus - Single bone on arm 2 b. Structurally Radius - Forearm | Flathead 2 Fibrous joints – Generally immovable - Bones united by fibrous tissue Ulna - Forearm | Shaped-C 2 - Examples: Suture, Syndesmoses (Allows Carpals - Wrist 16 more movement than sutures) Example: distal end of tibia and fibula Metacarpals - Palm 10 Phallanges - Fingers 28 Cartilaginous joints – Immovable or slightly moveable Phallanges Bones connected by cartilage Examples: Pubic symphysis, Intervertebral joints Distal (fingertip), middle (mid), Proximal (metacarpals) Synovial joints – Freely moveable Pelvic Girdle = 62 bones - Articulating bones are separated by a joint Supports the Legs cavity Pelvis (coxae) - Parts: Ilium, ischium, pubic bone - Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Protects several organs : (Reproductive organs, Inflammatory Conditions Associated to Joints Urinary bladder, Part of the large intestine) Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by Pelvis - Hip bones 2 a blow or friction Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths Femur - Thigh bone | Strongest 2 Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of Patella - Knee cap 2 joints Tibia - leg bone 2 Clinical Forms of Arthritis Fibula - leg bone 2 Osteoarthritis Tarsals - ankle 14 – Most common chronic arthritis – Probably related to normal aging processes Metatarsals - sole 10 Phallanges - toes 28  MANANSALA, MARCEL T. Y1-M7A Rheumatoid arthritis – An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints – Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints – Often leads to deformities Gouty Arthritis – Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood – Can usually be controlled with diet