WP Final Exam World Politics PDF

World Politics WP Final Exam 30 multiple choice questions 2 essay questions 1. Essay questions 2. 3-4 big things / significant Section III: GLOBAL SECURITY Global Security ○ Realist vs liberal Role institutions play in...

World Politics WP Final Exam 30 multiple choice questions 2 essay questions 1. Essay questions 2. 3-4 big things / significant Section III: GLOBAL SECURITY Global Security ○ Realist vs liberal Role institutions play in facilitating peace and democracy Realism Anarchy makes states aggressive ○ Lack of certainty + trust requires self help War: offensive + defensive justified Liberalism Institutions + regimes create peace + order by facilitating trust + reducing uncertainty ○ EX: UN, alliances War: only defensive war is justified ○ Ranking of global threats Climate change Cyber insecurity ○ NATO Alliance b/w western europe and north america Purpose + activities Collective security Counterterrorism Humanitarian intervention Relevance to war in ukraine Actively trying to join Nuclear Proliferation ○ Horizontal vs vertical proliferation Vertical: increase in # of weapons within a state Horizontal: spread of nuclear capabilities across states More important = more states have more access to weapons ○ Who has nukes? US, UK, China, France, Russia, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel ○ Why do states get them? Security: protect from attacks/adversaries  Prestige: ultimate sign of hard power Self reliance: need to rely on self Deterrence: utility of nukes is in their nonuse ○ NPT: non-proliferation treaty 3 pillars Non-nuclear states not allowed to get them Nuclear states work towards disarmament Peaceful use of nuclear energy ○ Relevance of nukes in Russia Ukraine War Russia - aggressor Russian doctrine allows for use of nukes if “vary existence of state is in jeopardy” Threatened to use nukes Most likely to use tactical to deter NATO + more limited Multiple NATO states involved ○ IRAN vs. NORTH KOREA North Korea Security ○ Deter attacks from south korea, japan, US ○ Ensure survival of state and Kim regime Prestige ○ Elevates status as threat + member of nuke club Iran Need nukes? ○ Energy - prefers to save oil and sell it abroad ○ Deter regional threats (israel) Less of a threat than North Korea ○ Lots of sanctions from previous agreement devastated nation ○ Armed and Dangerous Article Personalist dictatorships (North Korea) More dangerous ○ Few domestic costs ○ Difficult to deter ○ More likely to use nuclear weapons ○ Leaders who have no limit to restrictions on their power How to counter threat ○ Work with allies and rivals to control nuclear materials and smuggling ○ Update deterrence strategy and nuclear arsenal  Terrorism ○ Define terrorism Perpetrators: states or non-state actors, individuals or groups Victims: state/military; other non-state actors (e.g. rebels), (innocent) civilian victims Tactics: create chaos and spread fear: indiscriminate violence using light weaponry, bombs (suicide bombing, IEDs, car bombs, etc.), attacking public spaces frequented by civilians (e.g. schools, shopping malls and markets, busy roads, etc.); kidnappings; propaganda and recruitment Goals: religious and/or political change ○ 2 deadliest groups Islamic States On the decline Geographically spread out HAMAS - Gaza Seek independent palestinian state ○ Where is it most found? Israel Pakistan Syria ○ Trends Related in 90% of affected countries ○ Lone actor terrorists Most common form of attack in West political extremists, nationalists, racial and religious supremacists Not new….comes in waves ○ Life and Death of Terrorist Networks article Largely through networking Facilitate exchange of recruits, financing, weapons, etc. More durable if groups share ideology, especially religion Alliances Section IV: HUMAN RIGHTS Human Rights ○ Distinction between civil political and economic social Civil political: values american love best Freedom of speech, press, choose leaders Economic social: western rights Right to wood, water, clean air, health, education  ○ DEBATE Universalism Many human rights should be applied to everybody everywhere Realist Protecting human rights isn’t in states best interest = won’t protect human rights Self interest and sovereignty take priority ○ Where there was progress Geneva Convention: protects civilians in wars Universal Declaration of Human Rights: all human beings born free equal Millennium Development Goals: promotes economic and social rights UN Human Rights Council: investigations, naming and shaming International Criminal Court: prosecutes individual for mass human rights abuses ○ Case Study: CHINA and WAGERS Cultural genocide Uyghurs held in concentration camps Violations Right to practice religion Right to live without violence (harsh punishments) Right to feel safe (police everywhere + lots of security cameras) War and Civil Wars ○ Role of civilians have in conflict Civilians disproportionately affected Targeted for violence as means of control ○ Wars between states on decline More democracy World is so interdependent = more costly Why states used to go to war Territory + conquer other states ○ Civil war Violent conflict in countries borders Often involve rebel groups Ex: Syria Greed vs. Grievance Greed ○ Competition to resources ○ Pursuit of material gain Grievance  ○ Ethnic or religious differences ○ Rebellion issues of identity + injustice ○ Ukraine War How it started Russia argued that Ukraine was far right + hostile Believes ukrainians belong to russia Loss of Ukraine to Soviet Union was deviation Russia concerned about Ukraine moving more West Why globally significant Most serious confrontation between Russia and west since cold war Challenging sovereignty + international law ○ Humanitarian Intervention When states militarily intervene JUST to protect civilians Biggest obstacle = conflict over sovereignty Responsibility to Protect Doctrine: Changes understanding of sovereignty Makes intervening more possible Section V: ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT Global Economy ○ Bretton woods institutions Right after WWII Didn’t want another global depression Economic stability would prevent war ○ International Monetary Fund (IMF) It's a lender, like a bank Only lends when countries can’t pay bills Has spillover (ripple effects on other countries) ○ Related to other course topics Security Conflict -> Poverty Terrosim ○ Trade Significance of global flow of goods Institutions to help manage that ○ Trump Tariffs Pros Reduce economic competitiveness of economic rivals  Make US goods cheaper by devaluing other countries currency Inflammation effect would be one-time hit Cons Long term inflation Prices on foreign goods would go up because of tariffs and on domestic goods because producers would increase their prices to take advantage Lots of job cuts China, Canada, Mexico Poverty and Development ○ Difference between two types of poverty Income Extreme poverty = global measure (less than $2.15 a day) Relative poverty = national measure (less $31k for family of 4) Wellbeing Food + water Health + healthcare Children Education Women ○ Inequality Definition Distribution of income of consumption across population Worse within countries, getting better globally Significance Affects economic efficiency + growth, political stability, terrorism + war Breeds conflict ○ Development Orthodox vs Alternative view Orthodox ○ Development = economic growth ○ Poverty is instability to meet basic material needs with income ○ Poor countries need integration into global free market Alternative ○ Development = entitlement, distribution, democracy ○ Poverty is instability to meet basic material + non-material needs, through sustainable societies Done through foreign aid  Promised to commit = 0.7% World Bank and UNVP Goals: reduce extreme poverty + foster income growth of bottom 40% ○ Build schools ○ Drought resistant seeds EX: millennium development goals ○ Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty Halve the world’s poor (