Core 004: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World LESSON 1.pdf

Welcome to our Literature class! CORE 004 : 21 st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Prepared by: Ms. Elsa P. San Carlos, LPT General Description This course aims to engage students in appreciation and critical study of 21st Century Literature from the Philippines...

Welcome to our Literature class! CORE 004 : 21 st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Prepared by: Ms. Elsa P. San Carlos, LPT General Description This course aims to engage students in appreciation and critical study of 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World encompassing their various dimensions, genres, elements, structures, contexts, and traditions. Course Description Study and appreciation of the literature of the region where the school is located in relation to the literature of the other regions of the country. NOTE: Lit 12 has two parts: 21st century Philippine literature from the regions and 21st century world literature. Grading System Clasroom Rules Subject Requierements Lecture notebook Name tag  What is literature? Literature from the latin word Literra meaning ‘letters’ and referring to an acquaintance with the written works. Literature Literature is life itself. It emphasizes numerous themes that revolve around human experiences. While it is genuinely written in words, these words awaken in the creative mind of the person. Literature is a masterpiece that mirrors life. It is defined as the study of books, the work of art that expresses beauty, and creative writing through the medium of language. Literature is the written works which may appear in culture, region, philosophy or the study of such written work which may appear in poetry or in prose. Learning Competency: Identify geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to the contemporary. EN12Lit-Ia- 21 Why study literature? Reasons to study literature PROSE POETRY 2 FORM S OF LITERATURE Major Historical Events that Shaped 21st Century Philippine Literature 01  Philippine Literature is associated with the country’s pre-colonial and colonial legacies. our writers strove to express their sentiments while struggling with a foreign medium as we endured different colonists most of the notable literature of the Philippines was written during the Spanish period and the first half of the 20th century in Spanish language With the arrival of the American period, the early Filipino writers had difficulty in expressing themselves since English was a language new to them, yet the marvel is that they learned this language so quickly and with such a facility. Pre-Colonial Period oral in nature literature is full of lessons and ideas about life, its blessings, and its consequences contains ideas from birth to the grave usual themes include ceremonies needed to appease the deities, life and death, gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, supernatural beings, animals, and how things came to be shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our epics, folktales, and folksongs, and other forms. Pre-Colonial Period Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by Legends are a form of prose the common theme of which is about the origin of a thing, place, location or name. Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons about life. Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. Folk songs are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early forms of culture. Pre-Spanish Literature Other forms: o Epigram: An epigram is a brief, witty, and often paradoxical statement or poem that aims to provoke thought or amusement. It is more focused on cleverness and brevity rather than imparting moral or cultural lessons. o Salawikain (Proverb): A salawikain is a traditional Filipino saying that imparts wisdom or advice. It is often used to convey moral lessons or cultural values and is typically characterized by its rhymed and rhythmic structure Pre-Spanish Literature Other forms: o Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan are made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four to 12 syllables. It is known as tigmo in Cebuano, paktaton in Ilongo and patototdon in Bicol. o Chant (Bulong) is used in witchcraft or enchantment. o Maxims are rhyming couplets with verses of 5, 6 or 8 syllables, each line having the same number of syllables. Pre-Spanish Literature Other forms: o Sayings (Kasabihan) are often used in teasing or to comment on a person’s actuations. o Idiom(Sawikain) are used to state lines with hidden meaning. What is the difference between a proverb, an idiom, and a saying? A proverb (salawikain) is a figurative statement used by elders in the past to teach, advise, and guide the youth toward the right path and good behavior. It usually has meter and rhyme. An idiom (sawikain), on the other hand, is an expression whose meaning is not literal—meaning, the individual words don't combine to form the exact meaning of the whole phrase. It provides indirect meaning and reflects the thoughts and customs of a place. Meanwhile, a saying (kasabihan) is a traditional and brief phrase that expresses an idea believed by most people to be true or accurate. It is often used to offer advice or information about life and human experiences. Epigram: "The pen is mightier than the sword." "Time heals all wounds." "Ang kahulugan ng buhay ay hindi nasusukat sa haba ng oras, kundi sa lalim ng mga karanasan." "I can resist everything except temptation." — Oscar Wilde Salawikain (Proverb): “Kapag ang ilog ay matahimik, asahan mong malalim." "Huwag mong gawin sa iba ang ayaw mong gawin sa iyo."’ "A stitch in time saves nine." "Actions speak louder than words." "Practice makes perfect." "Don't put all your eggs in one basket." "The early bird catches the worm." These proverbs are short, traditional sayings that express general truths or pieces of advice based on common wisdom. An epigram is not the same as a salawikain. Here’s how they differ: Salawikain (Proverb): A salawikain is a traditional Filipino saying that imparts wisdom or advice. It is often used to convey moral lessons or cultural values and is typically characterized by its rhymed and rhythmic structure. Epigram: An epigram is a brief, witty, and often paradoxical statement or poem that aims to provoke thought or amusement. It is more focused on cleverness and brevity rather than imparting moral or cultural lessons. While both salawikain and epigrams can be concise and impactful, salawikain usually carries moral or practical advice based on tradition, whereas epigrams are often more about cleverness or irony. Riddle (Bugtong) "I speak without a mouth and hear without ears. I have no body, but I come alive with the wind. What am I?" Answer: An echo. "The more you take, the more you leave behind. What am I?" Answer: Footsteps. "I’m tall when I’m young, and I’m short when I’m old. What am I?" Answer: A candle. Chant ( Bulong) Example 1: Chant for Healing Bulong: "Saan ka man magpunta, sakit mo'y umalis, sa pangalan ng Diyos, ikaw ay gumaling." Translation:"Wherever you go, may your pain leave, in the name of God, may you be healed." Example 2: Chant for Protection Bulong: "Sa ilalim ng araw, sa ilalim ng buwan, lahat ng masama'y umalis, wala kang kapangyarihan." Translation: "Under the sun, under the moon, may all that is evil depart, you have no power here." Example 3: Chant for Good Luck Bulong: "Sa tatlong ulit, magtatagumpay, suwerte'y darating, lahat ay magiging maayos." Translation: "In three times, you will succeed, luck will come, everything will be alright." Maxims: A maxim can be considered a type of kasabihan in Filipino. Both maxims and kasabihan are concise statements that express general truths, principles, or pieces of advice. They are often used to convey wisdom and guide behavior. Differences and Similarities: Maxim: A maxim is a brief, pithy statement that expresses a general truth or principle. It is often used in various contexts, including philosophy, law, and everyday advice. Examples include "Honesty is the best policy" or "Actions speak louder than words." Kasabihan: A kasabihan is a traditional Filipino saying that often reflects cultural values, wisdom, or practical advice. Examples include "Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan" (Those who don’t appreciate their past will not reach their destination) and "Kung ano ang itinanim, siya ring aanihin" (You reap what you sow). Idioms (Sawikain): "Nagmumurang kamatis" Literal Translation: Ripening tomato Figurative Meaning: A person who is starting to mature or look more attractive. "Bibig ng bulkan" Literal Translation: Mouth of a volcano Figurative Meaning: Refers to a person who speaks with great intensity or is prone to outbursts. "Kumain ng tubig" Literal Translation: Eat water Figurative Meaning: To waste time or be idle; doing something that doesn’t accomplish anything. Spanish Period (1565-1898)  SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ♦ The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman alphabet. ♦ The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.  SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ♦ The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many of its words to our language. ♦ European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros.  SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ♦ Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects. ♦ Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan. ♦ Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone.  THE FIRST BOOKS ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE). This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography. Nuestra Señora del Rosario. It contains the biographies of saints, novenas, and questions and answers on religion. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog). This is the first book printed in typography.  THE FIRST BOOKS Ang Barlaan at Josephat. This is a Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja. The Pasion. This is the book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ. It is read only during Lent. Urbana at Felisa. Spanish Literature o Folk songs. They show the Filipinos’ innate appreciation for and love of beauty. o Recereational Plays. There are many recreational plays per formed by Filipinos during the Spanish times. Almost all of them were in poetic form. Spanish Literature FORMS OF RECREATIONAL PLAYS o Tibag – The word tibag means to excavate. This ritual was brought here by the Spaniard to remind the people about the search of St. Helena for the Cross on which Jesus died. o Lagaylay – This is a special occasion for the Pilareños of Sorsogon during Maytime to get together. Spanish Literature FORMS OF RECREATIONAL PLAYS o The Cenaculo – This is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ. o Panunuluyan – This is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Jo seph for an inn wherein to deliver the baby Jesus. Spanish Literature FORMS OF RECREATIONAL PLAYS o The Salubong (or Panubong) - The Salubong is an Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in many Philippine towns. o Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest. Spanish Literature FORMS OF RECREATIONAL PLAYS o Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or melodrama three acts which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or political proble. o Sainete – this was a short musical comedy popular during the 18th century. They were exaggerated comedies shown between acts of long plays and were mostly performed by characters from the lower classes. Themes were taken from everyday life scenarios. Spanish Literature FORMS OF RECREATIONAL PLAYS o MORO-MORO. Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-moro is presented also on a special stage. This is performed during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion. o KARAGATAN. This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature celebrated during the death of a person. o DUPLO. The Duplo replaced the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning. The roles are taken from the Bible and from proverbs and saying. It is usually played during wakes for the dead. Spanish Literature FORMS OF RECREATIONAL PLAYS o BALAGTASAN. This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or issue. This replaced the DUPLO and is held to honor Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar. o THE DUNG-AW. This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative beside the corpse of the dead. No definite meter or rhyming scheme is used. o AWIT and the CORRIDO. Some use these two interchangeably because distinction is not clear.  Period of Enlightenment (1972- 1898)  The Propaganda Movement (1872- 1896) o This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. The Propaganda Movement Literature The Propaganda Movement Literature The Propaganda Movement Literature The American Regime (1898-1944) The American Regime o Jose Garcia Villa became famous for his free verse. Angela Manalang Gloria used free verse in writing her poetry about illicit love. The American Regime The active arousal in the field of literature started to be felt in the following newspapers. o EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day). Established by Sergio Osmeña in 1900. The American censors twice banned this and threatened Osmeña with banishment because of his nationalistic writings. o EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the Nation). Estabished by Pascual Poblete in 1900. o EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth). Founded by Rafael Palma in 1901. Characteristics of Literature during this period During the first year of the American period, the languages used in writing were Spanish and Tagalog and the dialects of the different regions, but Spanish and Tagalog predominated. The writers in Tagalog continued in their lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts to arouse love for one’s native tongue. The writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the Americans The Japanese Period (1941-1945) FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts. Three types of poems emerged during this period. They were: Haiku Tanaga Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD The field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote short stories, among them were: Brigido Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos, NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim, Ligaya Perez, and Gloria Guzman. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945) Because of the strict prohibitions imposed of the Japanese in the writing and publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in English experienced a dark period. POETRY IN ENGLISH DURING THIS PERIOD For the first twenty years, many books were published both in Filipino and in English. THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD Philippine literature in Tagalog was revived during this period. Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the poverty of life under the Japanese government and the brave guerilla exploits.  Period of Activism (1970-1972)  THE LITERARY REVOLUTION The youth became vocal with their sentiments. They demanded change in the government. This was manifested in the bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk expressions but also in literature. Campus newspapers were written to show their protest. They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!). Period of the New Society (1972- 1980) FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY Poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs and the beauties of nature and surroundings. Those who wrote poetry during this period were: Ponciano Pineda, Aniceto Silvestre, Jose Garcia Revelo, Bienvenido Ramos, Vicente Dimasalang, Cir Lopez Francisco, and Pelagio Sulit Cruz. THE PLAY UNDER THE NEW SOCIETY In this period, old plays and dramas were revived like the Tagalog Zarzuela, Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the Muslims which were presented in the rebuilt Metropolitan Theater, the Folk Arts Theater and the Cultural Center of the Philippines. COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS During this period of the New Society, newspapers donned new forms. News on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism and the like were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape and robberies. Filipinos before were hooked in reading magazines and comics. Given below are some of the examples.  Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)  FILIPINO POETRY Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary. Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the government. The supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent, profane and insulting language.  FILIPINO SONGS Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and of fellowmen.  CHILDREN’S BOOKS Among the well-loved forms of writing which abounded during this period were those of children’s stories. The Children’s Communication Center (CCC) directed by poet and writer Virgilio S. Almario already.  Post- Edsa I Revolution (1986-1995) THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD: In the short span of the existence of the true Republic of the Philippines, several changes already became evident. This in noticed in the new Filipino songs, in the newspapers, in the speeches, and even in the television programs. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD: On Newspapers and other publications: Newspapers which were once branded crony newspapers became instant opposition papers overnight. This was true of BULLETIN TODAY which became the opposition paper. The now crony newspapers that enjoyed an overnight increase in circulation were THE INQUIRER, MALAYA, and the PEOPLE’S JOURNAL. 21st Century Period 21st Century Literature The new trends have been used and introduced to meet the need and taste of new generation. 21st Century learners are demanded to be ICT inclined to compete globally so as the style and format of writing as well. New codes or lingos are used to add flavor in the literary pieces produced nowadays. Any Questions? Let’s have a board work! Activity 1 Directions: Era Assignment: Each group will be given a specific historical period, like the Pre-Colonial Period or the Spanish Period. Skit Scenario: Your skit should show a character who is reading a book and suddenly finds themselves in the time and place described in that book. Show Their Reaction: Act out how the character reacts to being in the past, how they behave, how they speak, and what they do. Duration: Your skit should be between 2 to 5 minutes long. Thank you!