wk4.Immune System.slides.pptx

PROTECTION – IMMUNITY, INFLAMMATION, INFECTION NURS 3203 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY  INFECTIOUS PROCESSES HOST-MICROBE RELATIONSHIP BREAKING THE CHAIN  TYPES OF PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS BACTERIA SINGLE CELLED ORGANISM CLASSIFIED BY SHAPE, REACTION TO STAINS, AND OXYGEN R...

PROTECTION – IMMUNITY, INFLAMMATION, INFECTION NURS 3203 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY  INFECTIOUS PROCESSES HOST-MICROBE RELATIONSHIP BREAKING THE CHAIN  TYPES OF PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS BACTERIA SINGLE CELLED ORGANISM CLASSIFIED BY SHAPE, REACTION TO STAINS, AND OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS VIRUSES SMALL PIECES OF GENETIC MATERIAL ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS AND LIPIDS FUNGI CAN BE SUPERFICIAL, SUBCUTANEOUS, OR SYSTEMIC PARASITES ESTABLISH WITH AND BENEFIT FROM ANOTHER ORGANISM  IMMUNE SYSTEM SELF-REGULATED SELF-LIMITING MUST BE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH SELF FROM NONSELF ANTIGENS TWO MAJOR ACTIONS: DEFENDING AND ATTACKING  COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM EPITHELIAL BARRIERS MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM LYMPHOID SYSTEM LEUKOCYTES CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF IMMUNE FUNCTION  INNATE DEFENSE BARRIERS NONSPECIFIC IMMEDIATE RESPONSE DISTINGUISH SELF FROM NONSELF DO NOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PATHOGENS INCLUDE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES CHEMICALS  INNATE DEFENSE BARRIERS PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BARRIERS NOT COMPLETELY IMPENETRABLE ADDITIONAL BLOOD BORNE INNATE DEFENSES INCLUDE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE PYROGENS INTERFERONS COMPLEMENT PROTEINS  INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE VASCULAR AND CELLULAR REACTION.​ NEUTROPHILS (PMN), PLATELETS, MAST CELLS.​ MANIFESTATIONS INCLUDE ERYTHEMA, EDEMA, HEAT, PAIN, AND ULTIMATELY DISABILITY.​  PYROGENS FEVER-PRODUCING MOLECULES PRODUCED BY MACROPHAGES CREATE AN UNPLEASANT ENVIRONMENT FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH SEVERE FEVER—LIFE-THREATENING  INTERFERONS PROTEINS RELEASED FROM VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS. BIND TO NEARBY UNINFECTED CELLS. THE UNINFECTED CELLS RELEASE AN ENZYME THAT PREVENTS VIRAL REPLICATION. WHEN THE VIRUS INFECTS THESE CELLS, THEY ARE UNABLE TO REPLICATE.  COMPLEMENT PROTEINS PLASMA PROTEINS THAT ENHANCE ANTIBODIES ACTIVATED BY ANTIGENS IMPORTANT IN BOTH THE IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES  ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY SPECIFIC DEVELOP OVER TIME USE MEMORY SYSTEM DISTINGUISH SELF FROM NONSELF AND BETWEEN PATHOGENS INCLUDE T CELLS: CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY B CELLS: HUMORAL IMMUNITY  HUMORAL IMMUNITY MEDIATED BY B CELLS ON ENCOUNTERING ANTIGEN. B CELLS MATURE IN BONE MARROW. B CELLS DIFFERENTIATE INTO TWO TYPES MEMORY CELLS IMMUNOGLOBULIN-SECRETING CELLS ANTIBODIES ARE PRODUCED 72 HOURS AFTER INITIAL ANTIGEN EXPOSURE. SUBSEQUENT EXPOSURE TO SAME ANTIGEN LEADS TO QUICKER RESPONSE (MEMORY CELLS).  IMMUNOGLOBULINS Immunoglobulin Properties and Functions IgM First Ig formed in response to foreign antigen (primary immune response). Present in bloodstream but not in tissues. Large pentamer antibody cluster very effective for combining with foreign antigen. IgG Most prevalent Ig produced rapidly in large amounts (secondary immune response) to replace IgM. Found in blood and tissues. Crosses placenta to protect fetus until infant immune system can produce antibodies. IgA Present in bloodstream, in secretions produced by mucous membranes (respiratory and GI tract), and in breastmilk to provide maternal antibody protection to infant. IgD Small amount in bloodstream and on surface of B lymphocytes. Undetermined functions. IgE Present in bloodstream and attaches to mast cells and basophils, which causes allergic response when sensitizing antigen encountered. IgE evolved to protect against parasitic infections common in developing countries, but in developed countries causes allergy problems in susceptible (atopic) persons.  CELLULAR IMMUNITY MEDIATED BY T CELLS ON RECOGNITION OF ANTIGEN. T CELLS ARE PRODUCED IN BONE MARROW AND MATURE IN THE THYMUS. TWO TYPES REGULATOR: T HELPER, T SUPPRESSOR EFFECTOR/KILLER T CELLS PROTECT AGAINST VIRUSES AND CANCER. T CELLS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS AND TRANSPLANT REJECTIONS.  ACQUIRED IMMUNITY ACTIVE IMMUNITY ACQUIRED BY HAVING THE DISEASE (I.E., PRIOR ANTIGEN EXPOSURE) AND BY VACCINATIONS LONG LASTING BUT TAKES A FEW DAYS TO BECOME EFFECTIVE PASSIVE IMMUNITY RECEIVING ANTIBODIES FROM EXTERNAL SOURCES: MATERNAL–FETAL TRANSFER OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND BREASTFEEDING SHORT LASTING