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NURS 3400 Clinical Pathophysiology Module 3 Adaptive Immunity Chapter 7 Key Terms Antibody Antigen Immunization Immunoglobulin Immunosuppression Adaptive Immunity  Purposes: Destruction of infectious microorganisms that Long-term, highly effective protection agai...

NURS 3400 Clinical Pathophysiology Module 3 Adaptive Immunity Chapter 7 Key Terms Antibody Antigen Immunization Immunoglobulin Immunosuppression Adaptive Immunity  Purposes: Destruction of infectious microorganisms that Long-term, highly effective protection against microorganism  Inducible Specific Long-lived  Has memory Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Adaptive Immunity (Cont Elements:  Antigens Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells) Components: Humoral—immunoglobulins (antibodies)  Bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses Cellular—T cells Subpopulations (effector T cells) Kill target directly Stimulate other leukocytes Both produce memory cells Interact Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 “T” stands for tough Two types of immune res substances  Cell mediated immunity T cells respond directly to foreign substances This response involves destruction of target c lymphokines  Humoral immunity B cells recognize and destroy antigens B cell produce antibodies that incapacitate the  Immunoglobulin mediated immunity 6 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. General Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity Adaptive Immunity  Naturally Acquired Active Immunity Exposure to antigen Passive Immunity  Maternal antibodies in breast milk (IgA) or antibodies that cross placenta (IgG) Artificially acquired Active Acquired  Antigens introduced by vaccines Passive Acquired Preformed antibodies or T-cells are administered Lymphoid System Primary lymphoid organs Bone marrow Thymus Secondary lymphoid organs Tonsils Spleen  Lymph nodes and lymphatics Peyer patches (GALT, MALT) Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Antibodies Also called immunoglobulin Chief function protect the individual from infection Degree of antibody protection is assessed by titer Produced by plasma cells Classes of antibodies IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD Characterized by antigenic, structural, and functional differences Immunoglobulin G (IgG)  Most abundant class (80%-85%) Accounts for most of the protective acti Transported across the placenta  Major antibacterial and antiviral antibod Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Two classes:  IgA molecules are found predominantly in the IgA-2 (secretory IgA) molecules are found pre (most important) Defends against pathogens on body surfaces respiratory and GI tracts Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Largest of the immunoglobulins  Pentamer stabilized by a J chain First antibody produced during the prim Synthesized early in neonatal life Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Immunoglobulin D (IgD) Low concentration in the blood Function as one type of B cell antigen r Easily broken down Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Immunoglobulin E (IgE) Least concentrated of the immunoglobu Mediator of many common allergic resp Defender against parasites Stimulates the release of mast cell gran and heparin Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 IgE Function Provides protection from large parasite Initiates an inflammatory reaction to attract eo  When produced against innocuous env common cause of allergies Fc portions of IgEs are bound to mast cells Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 IgE Function (Cont.) Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Special Considerations Pediatric Immunity The normal human infant is immunologically immature at birth. The fetus can produce IgM but is unable to produce IgG or IgA. Maternal antibodies provide protection within the fetal circulation and during the first months of life Immunologically immature when born with deficiencies in antibody production, phagocytic activity, and complement activity Aging and Immune Function Decreased T-cell activity Thymic size is 15% of its maximum size Thymic hormone production drops, as does the organ’s ability to mediate T-cell differentiation Decreased antibody response to antigens Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights