Wk 4 HSC411B Comprehensive School Health Education PDF

WEEK 4 HSC411B Comprehensive School Health Education: Applying the Science of Education to Improving Health Instruction  Influential Policymakers in the Education Community 1...

WEEK 4 HSC411B Comprehensive School Health Education: Applying the Science of Education to Improving Health Instruction  Influential Policymakers in the Education Community 1 U.S. education is grounded in decentralization- (the transfer of authority from central to local government.) Responsibility for educating youth rests with the states. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 2-2 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Influential Policymakers in the Education Community 2 State mandates are interpreted by local school districts and put into practice. Due to a growing number of educational options available to parents and students, a lot of competing messages exist about what is best for schools and students. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 2-3 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Types of Educational Options 1. Charter or Community Schools 2. Home Schooling 3. Private Schools - Tuition Vouchers 4. Public Schools © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 2-4 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Charter or Community Schools Operate with public monies and conform to state standards and federal civil rights laws. Are granted autonomy in policy, curriculum, and program development. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 2-5 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Home Schooling Students are educated by parents or caregivers. Educational plans and records must be submitted to the state department of education. There is an increase in educational materials available. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 2-6 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Private Schools An established and historically significant educational alternative in the United States. Operate with a minimum of government influence and control. Majority of funding generated from student tuition and fees. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 2-7 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Tuition Vouchers Vouchers were initially proposed by politicians and education reform advocates. They are a way for economically disadvantaged children to gain access to a wide range of school choice alternatives. The Supreme Court ruled states have the right to distribute public tax dollars to parents for use as © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 2-8 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Public Schools Public schools operate in full compliance with federal, state, and local laws. They must respond to expectations of taxpayers. Influential stakeholders have a voice in school policy and practice. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 2-9 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Influence at the National Level 1 Until recently, Congress specified that the government would maintain broad control in public education. With the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in 2002, the federal role in public education was expanded and strengthened. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 10 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Influence at the National Level 2 Termed “No Child Left Behind” (NCLB), this act is a multiyear national agenda to improve achievement of students. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 11 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Influence at the National Level 3 As a result of NCLB, the federal government assumed leadership in state agencies and local school districts regarding: Improving student performance. Eliminating achievement gaps. Upgrading the qualifications of teachers and paraprofessionals. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 12 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  No Child Left Behind (NCLB) 1 NCLB was built with a focus on: Accountability for results. Emphasis on policies and instructional practices demonstrated by research to be effective. Expansion of options for parents. Extension of local control and flexibility in the management of schools. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 13 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  No Child Left Behind (NCLB) 2 The mandate was grossly underfunded. Instructional time allocations were modified to accommodate mandated testing. Students are heavily tested (50+ hours per week taking tests). Students spend up to 110 hours per year engaged in test preparation activities. 2- 14 Standards-based reform, rigorous © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Blueprint for Reform 1 Given the failure of the U.S. Congress to reauthorize NCLB and the commitment to education reform made by the Obama administration, The White House released the Blueprint for Reform of Elementary and Secondary Act in 2010. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 15 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Blueprint for Reform 1 Grounded in the belief that NCLB created a system of incentives for states to lower standards and measure students’ skills on “bubble tests,” the Blueprint contained strategies to fix identified problems reveals in the law to move the imperative of education reform forward with 2- “common-sense strategies.” © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 16 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Blueprint for Reform 1  Acknowledged that the most effective teachers are not rewarded for doing a great job. Asserted value of multiple assessment strategies.  Recognized NCLB narrowed the focus of curriculum and marginalized history, the arts, and other critical subjects. Focused on high-quality educational 2- 17 outcomes for all students in various © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Blueprint for Reform 2  Eliminated the misuse of test data and teaching to the test. Measured school performance both on achievement level and growth in student performance.  Refocused punitive orientation of NCLB. Empowered states to adopt high and rigorous standards for student performance. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 18 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  The Common Core State Standards Initiative  In collaboration with teachers, administrators, and other experts, the Common Core Standards published in 2010 provide a set of high-quality academic standards in Mathematics and ELA that identify what students should know and be able to do by the completion of each grade in school. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 19 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  The Common Core State Standards Initiative  In addition, these goals were created to ensure that all students would graduate from high school with the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in college, career, and life, regardless of where they live. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 20 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Influence at the State Level 1 The U.S. Constitution asserts that education is the responsibility of each state. The State Board of Education (SBE) is responsible for policymaking, enforcement, and governance of public schools. The SBE is responsible for long- 2- term goals and bipartisan © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 21 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Influence at the Local Level 2 School districts must comply with federal and state educational laws. Local school boards establish policies and practices governing day-to-day district operations. Most local school board members are elected. Collaborative policy development between local health and service 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 22 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Influence at the Local Level 4 Daily operations are also influenced by principals, assistant principals, and “site-based management” teams. Research confirms the importance of engaging school, family, and community stakeholders in school policy and program implementation. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 23 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Authentic Instruction and Achievement 2 Instructional approaches should be consistent with the following criteria: Use of higher-order thinking skills. Depth of knowledge. Meaning beyond the classroom. Conversation about the subject. High level of social support for the achievements of peers. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 24 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Developmentally Appropriate Practice A foundation for sound teaching. One of the best strategies for engaging children in meaningful learning. Should relate to age-appropriate attributes and characteristics of individual students. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 25 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Age-Appropriate Activities and Individually Appropriate Activities 1 Age-appropriate activities. Based on universal and predictable sequences of growth and change that occurs in the various domains (that is, physical, emotional, social) of all children. Age-appropriate cues serve as a foundation for instructional activities when teachers are unfamiliar with the learners. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 26 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Age-Appropriate Activities and Individually Appropriate Activities 2 Individually appropriate activities. Teachers who are familiar with the learners are encouraged to use individually appropriate activities (which are based on learning characteristics of each student). 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 27 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Considerations for Developing Age- Appropriate and Individually Appropriate Learning Strategies 1 Connect functional knowledge and essential skills with aspects of students’ lives. Lesson planning is most effective when based on student characteristics, the subject literature, and teachers’ best professional judgments. Students learn best in an 2- environment that encourages © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 28 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Considerations for Developing Age- Appropriate and Individually Appropriate Learning Strategies 2 Learning activities should be concrete and relevant. Flexibility, resourcefulness, and humor are important for teachers to cultivate. Activities should be structured to avoid sexist and culturally biased language, examples, and 2- stereotypes. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 29 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Characteristics of Effective Health Education Curricula 1 Focuses on specific behavioral outcomes. Is research-based and theory driven. Addresses individual values and group norms. 2- © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 30 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Characteristics of Effective Health Education Curricula 2 Focuses on increasing perception of risks involved in risky behaviors and reinforces protective factors. Addresses social pressures. Builds personal and social competence. Provides functional health 2- 31 knowledge. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Characteristics of Effective Health Education Curricula 3 Uses strategies to personalize information and engage students. Provides developmentally appropriate and age-appropriate information, learning activities, teaching methods, and materials. Incorporates culturally inclusive learning strategies, teaching 2- methods, and materials. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or 32 further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Characteristics of Effective Health Education Curricula 4 Emphasizes adequate instructional time. Provides opportunities to reinforce skills and positive health behaviors. Provides opportunities to connect with influential others. 2- 33 Includes teacher information and © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.