Grade 4 Science Unit: Energy - Light and Sound PDF

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If you want the Google Slides version, you can access it by clicking on this link: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Z-06Y1OV94l3Hjnce_5GPUezAJpES67PokBg5lXpT-U/copy Example – Google Slides Edition – Free With This Purchase THANK YOU! Super Simple Sheets Join Our Mailing List for FREEBIES and News on our Products © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com New Ontario 2022 Science Curriculum - Grade 4 – Light and Sound. This product was created to cover the NEW 2022 Ontario Science Grade 4 curriculum – Light and Sound. ***Strand A: STEM/Coding has been added to this unit at no extra charge! There are 138 activity sheets that cover the expectations in the new science curriculum. This massive unit contains readings, diagrams, experiments, true/false, and much more! Most importantly, we have made cross-curriculum connections to the grade 4 language program. Students will practice reading comprehension strategies (making connections, questioning, visualizing, and inferencing) as they work through this unit. Check out the preview of this unit to learn more about how it can benefit your students. We know you will love this no-prep, just print, time-saving resource! Some of the concepts that are covered: What is energy – light and sound All about light – interesting facts Light sources – natural and artificial light Light emitters and light reflectors Properties of light – light absorbing, light reflecting, and light refracting Light travelling in a straight path - shadows White light and why we see colours Light interacting with different materials Light and heat – wasting energy Objects and devices that create both light and heat Shadows – opaque, transparent, and translucent objects – lab experiment Devices that use light – research assignment Lab – making a kaleidoscope Protecting our eyes from light Light pollution – affecting the environment Sound – interesting facts Sound travelling through matter – solids, liquids, and gases How our ears decipher sounds Properties of sound – reflected, absorbed (soundproof rooms) Sound waves - pitch, frequency, and amplitude Vibrations causing sound waves Echolocation – animals use sound to see Doppler effect Protecting our ears and hearing Materials that transmit sound Inventions that use sound – research assignment Sound pollution – transportation (trains, vehicles, airplanes) Lab – making a cereal box guitar STEM Activities Hands on Experiments Building models, systems, or structures Writing code Reading code STEM Assignment – Writing Code for a Walkie-Talkie Unit test Answer pages for all activities This is a comprehensive unit that will save you hours of planning! It has been tested and found effective in helping students achieve the learning goals in the NEW science curriculum. © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Grade 4 Science – 2022 Curriculum Light and Sound Curriculum Expectations Pages That Cover the Expectations C1.1 assess the impacts on society of devices that use the properties of light or sound, or both 30 – 33, 55 – 56, 58 – 60 C1.2 assess the impacts on the environment of light energy and sound energy produced by various technologies, while taking different perspectives into account 61 - 62 C2.1 identify a variety of natural and artificial light sources 10 – 13 C2.2 distinguish between objects and living things that emit their own light and those that reflect light from other sources 14 – 16 C2.3 describe properties of light, including that light travels in a straight path and that light can be absorbed, reflected, and refracted 6 – 9, 17 – 22, 25 – 29 C2.4 describe properties of sound, including that sound travels through a medium as a wave and that sound can be absorbed or reflected and modified 34 – 37, 41 – 45, 50 - 54 C2.5 explain how vibrations cause sound waves 38 – 39, 43 – 49 C2.6 describe how different objects and materials interact with light and sound energy 21 – 22, 38 – 39, 57 C2.7 distinguish between sources of light that emit both light and heat and those that emit light but little heat C2.8 identify sensory organs and devices that make use of the properties of light and sound © Super Simple Sheets 23 – 24 30, 40, 55 – 56, 58 - 60 supersimplesheets.com NAME: _______________________ © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Name: ________________________ Define 5 Research the meaning of each of the key terms Light Sound Natural Light Artificial Light Sound Vibrations Echolocation © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Name: ________________________ 6 Curriculum Connection C2.3 What is Energy? Energy is the ability to do work as it allows things to move, grow, or change. Energy can make things move. When we run or jump, we are using energy from the food we eat to move. Energy can also make things change. When we bake a cake using different ingredients, the heat energy from the oven changes the liquid batter into a fluffy cake. Energy can also make things grow, as we see with plants using the suns energy to develop. We all grow based on the food we eat as well! Everything living needs energy to survive! Different Forms of Energy Light is the only form of energy that we can see with our eyes. It is made of electro-magnetic radiation that travels in a straight path. Heat is also called thermal energy. It is the movement of tiny particles called molecules. The hotter a solid, liquid, or gas is, the faster the molecules move! Food is chemical energy that all plants and animals need to survive. Food energy is measured in calories. Our bodies tell us we need more energy by making us feel ‘hungry’. Sound is a type of energy made by vibrations. When any object vibrates, it causes movement in the air particles. Our ears can detect these sound vibrations. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Questioning 7 Curriculum Connection C2.3 What questions do you have after reading the information? 1) 2) True or False Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. Light energy is the movement of vibrations in the air True False 2. Food energy is measured in calories True False 3. Energy allows things to move, grow, and change True False 4. Without energy, we would have no heat, light, food, or sound True False 5. Sound energy is also called thermal energy True False Questions Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) Why do we need energy? What would life be like without energy? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) How does energy make things grow, move, and change? Grow Move Change © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 8 Curriculum Connection C2.3 What is Light? Light has no mass and is not considered matter. We can see it, but we can’t feel it. Light is a kind of energy called, “electromagnetic radiation”. It travels in straight lines, called light rays. The light rays we see are only a small portion of the types of light that exist. All the light rays are measured on the electromagnetic spectrum, however, the human eye only sees specific areas of the spectrum. Other animals and insects can see other parts of the spectrum that we can’t! How Fast is Light? Light travels SUPER fast – about 300,000km per second! This means light from the Sun takes about 8 minutes to go 149 million kilometres to the Earth. This may seem slow, but this shows you how far the Sun is from the Earth. If you tried to drive to the Sun at 100km/h, it would take you 177 years to get there! Another cool fact is that in one second, light can go around the Earth 7 times! You’ve seen how fast light travels when you turn on a light. You’ve probably noticed that you can’t see the light waves moving. All you see is the room lit up as soon as you flip the switch. Interesting Facts About Light Space does not have any light. We can see things in space because of light from the sun and stars bouncing off objects in space. Infrared light has a wavelength that is too long for the human eye to see Light that we see from the Sun actually left the Sun 8 minutes before we see it Sunlight is powerful! It can penetrate the oceans up to 80 metres deep! Beyond 80 metres, the oceans are dark. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ True or False Curriculum Connection C2.3 9 Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. Light travels at 300,000km per hour True False 2. It takes sunlight 8 minutes to travel from the Sun to the Earth True False 3. Sunlight can be seen up to 80 metres deep in the oceans True False 4. Space has light that can be seen in the form of stars and sunlight True False 5. Some animals/insects can see more types of light than we can see True False Questions Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) How fast is light? Explain. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) What did you find most interesting about light? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ V i s u a l i z in g Draw what you were picturing while you were reading. Explain the picture ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 10 Curriculum Connection C2.1 What is Light? Light is a type of energy that allows us to see the world around us. Without it, many of us would live in fear, because it is human nature to need light. That is why many children and even adults are afraid of the dark. Light comes from many different light sources, but we can categorize them into natural light sources and artificial light sources. What Are Natural Light Sources? Natural light sources are sources of light energy that come from our environment and are not man-made. The sun, stars, and fireflies are all examples of natural light sources because they occur naturally in our environment and we do not produce them. The sun provides us with the most light energy of anything in the world. The sun is a nuclear fireball spewing light energy in all directions. Even the light from the moon is actually just the sun’s light reflecting off the moon. The moon is not a natural light source because it isn’t a light source at all. Artificial Light Sources An artificial light source is any source of light that is created by humans. It is artificial because it does not occur naturally in our environment, therefore, it is human-made light. Examples of artificial lights include: candles, fireworks, and light-bulbs. Imagine living without artificial light. Having no light after the sun sets would be terrifying for many people and would also lower the functionality of our society. We rely on artificial light after dark in our businesses, at home, and on our streets. Having the ability to change the lighting around us has led to a much higher quality of life. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Questions 11 Curriculum Connection C2.1 Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) What is the difference between artificial and natural light sources? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) What would life be like for you if we didn’t have artificial light? Explain. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Making Connections What does the reading remind you of? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ True or False Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. Fireflies are an example of an artificial light source True False 2. Candles are an example of an artificial light source True False 3. The sun is the largest producer of light on our planet True False 4. Light is a type of energy that allows us to see the world around us True False 5. It is human nature to need light to survive True False © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Curriculum Connection C2.1 12 Natural light is light energy made without humans. Artificial light is made by us. Natural or Artificial Circle whether the picture is natural or artificial light Natural Artificial Natural Artificial Natural Artificial Natural Artificial Natural Artificial Natural Artificial Natural Artificial Natural Artificial Natural Artificial Natural Artificial Natural Artificial Natural Artificial © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Name: ________________________ Questions Curriculum Connection C2.1 Cut and paste the light sources putting them in the right category Natural Light © Super Simple Sheets 13 Artificial Light supersimplesheets.com Name: ________________________ 14 Curriculum Connection C2.2 Emitting Light vs Reflecting Light Light sources that create light for us to see are light emitters. Emitting light means they create light instead of just reflecting light from another source. Have you ever seen a black light show at a bowling alley and noticed that if you’re wearing a white shirt, you will stand out? This is because your white shirt is reflecting the light, which gives you an appearance of glowing. Your white shirt is the perfect shade for reflecting the UV light in the black light. Examples of Light Emitters The sun, stars, candles and light bulbs are all examples of light emitters because they are all sources of light. They all create light instead of just reflecting light. They do not require any other light source to help create light. Examples of Light Reflectors The moon, safety reflecting vests, and minerals are all examples of light reflectors. The moon is a light reflector that reflects the light from the sun. That is why you can stare directly at the moon, but not at the sun. Staring at the sun can cause blindness because it is such a powerful light emitter, but the moon won’t cause you any damage because it is not creating any light. Safety reflecting vests use bright colours because they reflect more light than darker colours. Darker colours absorb more of the wavelengths from the light energy while white, yellow, orange, and light green colours reflect most of the wavelengths. Some minerals in rocks reflect more light than others. Shiny Materials - Lustre Lustre is a property of minerals that tells us how much of the mineral reflects light. Platinum is a mineral that has more lustre than any other mineral. Platinum is a very shiny metal that reflects a lot of light. It looks like it is glowing! On the other hand, non-metallic minerals have hardly any lustre. They look dull or waxy instead of shiny. Examples of non-metallic minerals that have no lustre are earthy rocks found in the soil. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ True or False 15 Curriculum Connection C2.2 Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. A light emitter is a light source that creates light True False 2. A light emitter only reflects light and does not create it True False 3. Stars, the sun, and light bulbs are light emitters True False 4. The moon is a light emitter True False 5. Light colours are better light reflectors and dark colours absorb light True False Questioning What questions do you have after reading the information? 1) 2) Questions Use information from the text to support your answer 1) What is the difference between a light emitter and a light reflector? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) What are some examples of light reflectors you see in your day-to-day life? Which colours are they? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Which Type? Curriculum Connection C2.2 16 Is the picture an example of a light emitter or light reflector? Emitter Reflector Emitter Reflector Emitter Reflector Emitter Reflector Emitter Reflector Emitter Reflector Emitter Reflector Emitter Reflector Emitter Reflector Emitter Reflector Emitter Reflector Emitter Reflector © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Name: ________________________ 17 Curriculum Connection C2.3 Four Properties of Light The properties of light explain how light works and provides us with important information about how we can use light for different purposes. 1. Light Travels in a Straight Path Once light has been produced, it will travel in a straight line until it hits something else. We can witness this property by examining a shadow. An object blocks light so that it can’t reach the surface where we see the shadow. If light could bend, it would go around the object. 2. Light Can Be Absorbed When light hits an object, it is sometimes absorbed, which means it does not reflect the light. Wood is an example of material that will absorb light instead of reflect light. When the light waves are absorbed by a material, it means the electrons in the light energy are captured by the matter in the object. Darker colours absorb light while lighter colours reflect light. 3. Light Can Be Reflected Light will reflect off some materials like the Earth. This is why the sky is blue, as the light from the Sun hits the Earth’s surface and the blue light is reflected more than the other colours because it travels in shorter, smaller waves. The angle of the light hitting a material affects its ability to bounce off the material. 4. Light Can Be Refracted When light hits an object, it can sometimes go through the object and bend at an angle. An example of this is when light hits a diamond or water. The light will go through the material and bend out of the other side. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ True or False Curriculum Connection C2.3 18 Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. When light bounces off a material it means it is refracted True False 2. Light will reflect off a surface depending on the angle it hits at True False 3. Light always travels in a straight path True False 4. Light never stops moving – it continues forever True False 5. When light hits a diamond or water, it reflects off the surface True False Questions Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) Which colours absorb light and which reflect it? When would you want to reflect light? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) What does it mean for light to be refracted? When have you seen this in your life? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ V i s u a l i z in g Draw what you were picturing while you were reading. Explain the picture ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 19 Curriculum Connection C2.3 White Light Did you know that all of the colours we can see come from white light? White light is defined as the complete mixture of all of the wavelengths that are visible to us. Think about it, we can see many things in our environment because of the natural light coming from the sun. But why does sunlight allow us to see different colours? Sunlight is just white light. The reason is because that white light is made up of all the different colours mixed together. How Do We See Colour? When the sunlight shines on a tomato, the red part of the sunlight is reflected off the tomato, while all the other colours are absorbed or soaked into the tomato, which is why we don’t see them. The same goes for a brown book. Light from sunlight or lightbulbs begins its journey as white, but is reflected in different colours. So why is a tomato red and why is that book brown? It’s because of the atoms inside each object. A tomato is red because when the light shines on the tomato’s skin, the atoms inside the tomato get excited and produce photons. Photons are a form of energy that our eyes can see as light. Our eyes are complex devices that figure out what colour different photons are. That is why some people see different colours and why some people can’t see certain colours. It’s because some people’s eyes don’t process certain photons the same way other people do. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ True or False 20 Curriculum Connection C2.3 Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. All the colours we can see come from white light True False 2. Sunlight comes in more than one colour, not just white True False 3. We see colour because our eyes can see photons in objects True False 4. Everyone sees colour the same way because our eyes all work the same True False 5. All light sources emit light as white light, not coloured light True False Questions Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) What is white light? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) Why is a tomato red and not blue? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Summarize Summarize the reading by writing the important information ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 21 Curriculum Connection C2.3, C2.6 Light Interacting with Materials We have learned that light reflects off some materials and is absorbed by others. Sometimes light will even go through materials and bend so that the light rays go in a different direction. This is called refraction. Depending on the material, light might refract, reflect or be absorbed. Materials that Reflect Light Water – water is a good reflecting substance, although some light is absorbed into the water. The shallower a body of water is, the more light it will reflect. A pond will reflect much more light than an ocean. Mirrors – one of the best surfaces that reflect light. Some mirrors are perfect, which means they reflect all the light energy and do not absorb or refract any of it. Materials that Absorb Light Dark clothing - dark colours absorb more energy from the sun than objects with light colours. That means your black shirt will absorb more sunlight than your friends white shirt and you’ll be a lot warmer! Metals – most metals absorb light well, especially darker metals. That is why metal is often hot on a warm day. Materials that Refract Light Diamonds – diamonds are sparkly because of the way they refract and bend light. Experts can tell if a diamond is real based on how much light they refract. Glass – high quality windows use glass that allows almost all light to refract through it. Lower quality windows produce reflected light that causes a glare. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Questions 22 Curriculum Connection C2.3, C2.6 Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) How does light interact with materials? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) Why is a black car that has been out in the sun warmer than a white car? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Making Connections What does the reading remind you of? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ True or False Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. Dark colours reflect more light than light colours True False 2. Water can reflect and absorb light True False 3. Lower quality glass windows reflect more light which causes glare True False 4. Metals absorb light which often makes metals in the sun very hot True False 5. Quality mirrors refract light and do not reflect or absorb any light True False © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 23 Curriculum Connection C2.7 Sources of Light that Provide Heat A source of light is something that creates light for our environment. Some sources of light also provide heat as well. The Sun is the most obvious example, as it has a surface temperature of over 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Candles are another example of a source of light that also produces heat. Approximately one quarter of the energy created by the burning of a candle is given off as heat radiating from the flame in all directions. The other 3 quarters of energy is light energy that is emitted into our environment. This means that candles are an inefficient source of heat and a better source of light. An incandescent light bulb also provides heat, even though it has been designed to provide us with only light. The heat provided by these lightbulbs make it an inefficient light source as the heat that comes from the bulb is unwanted. They produce 90% of its energy as heat and only 10% as light. Sources of Light that Provide No Heat LED lights are the most efficient form of light because they provide much less heat than other light bulbs. In fact, they can be cool to touch even after operating for a long time. This means all the energy emitted from the bulb is in light form, without the wasted heat energy. Fireflies produce light through a chemical reaction called chemiluminescence. For fireflies, 100% of the energy they produce goes into making light, and none go towards heat. Another source of light that provides no heat are glow sticks. A glow stick works through a chemical reaction, much like with fireflies. This reaction causes a bi-product that is light without heat. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ True or False Curriculum Connection C2.7 24 Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. Incandescent light bulbs are very energy efficient providing just light True False 2. LED light bulbs are inefficient, providing too much heat True False 3. The sun is over 100,000 degrees Fahrenheit True False 4. Glow sticks work because of a chemical reaction True False 5. Fireflies provide light and no heat True False Questions Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) List some sources of light that produce heat and some that do not. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) Do you think it is good that some sources of light produce heat? Can the heat be unwanted sometimes? Explain. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ V i s u a l i z in g Draw what you were picturing while you were reading. Explain the picture ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 25 Curriculum Connection C2.3 Light Transmission The transmission of light is the moving of light rays through a material. Light transmission refers to how well a material will allow light to pass through it. We use the terms transparent, translucent, and opaque to describe materials based on how much light they transmit. The difference between these materials is the density of the molecules in the materials. Some materials have molecules that are so close together, that light will not transmit through them. Other materials have molecules that are less dense, which means the molecules are more spread out. This means light can easily find its way through. Transparent Materials A transparent material is a material that allows light to pass through completely. We can clearly see through these materials. We call these materials, ‘see through’. If an object is on the other side of this material, we will be able to see it because the material is transparent. Examples of transparent materials are: air, water, some plastics, and glass. Translucent Materials A translucent material is a material that allows some light to pass through, but not all light. We can see partly through these objects. Examples of materials that are translucent are wax paper, frosted glass, jelly, clouds, and paper cups. Opaque Materials An opaque material is a material that does not let any light pass through. We cannot see through these objects at all. All of the light that shines on these materials is either reflected or absorbed. Examples include: cardboard, metal, cell phones, and dice. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ True or False Curriculum Connection C2.3 26 Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. Light transmission means that light bounces off a material True False 2. Transparent materials allow light to completely pass through True False 3. Opaque materials allow some light to pass through True False 4. Wax paper is an example of an opaque material True False 5. We can see partly through a translucent material True False Questions Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) What is the difference between a transparent and translucent material? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) What does opaque mean? Does sunlight shine through opaque materials? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Draw Draw pictures of examples of transparent, translucent and opaque materials Transparent Translucent © Super Simple Sheets Opaque Name: ________________________ 27 Curriculum Connection C2.3 What are Shadows? The Sun sends light rays that travel in a straight line at nearly 300,000 kilometers per second. Eight minutes later, these rays will hit whatever is in their path on Earth. If the object they hit is opaque, a shadow forms. Remember, opaque means that light cannot pass through the object. Therefore, a shadow is an absence of light, meaning it is a dark area on a surface produced because an object is blocking the Sun’s light rays. Light Sources and Shadows There are many sources of light – stars, candles, light bulbs, flashlights, and computer screens are all examples. The light produced by these sources travels in straight lines until they hit something. All of these sources of light can produce shadows if the path of the light rays are blocked by an opaque object. Some sources of light produce so much bright light that the shadows are really visible, whereas other sources of light can only produce shadows at close distances. Size and Shape of Shadows The shape of the opaque object that is blocking the light rays will always determine the shape of the shadow. However, the size of the shadow can change based on the position of the light source. The Sun’s changing position in relation to the Earth affects shadows. When the Sun is low on the horizon, the shadows are long. When the Sun is high in the sky, the shadows are much shorter. The same effects can be seen with a flashlight. If you change the position of the light source, the shadow will also change. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Summarize 28 Curriculum Connection C2.3 Summarize the reading by writing the important information ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ True or False Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. All objects will produce a shadow True False 2. Only opaque objects will produce a shadow True False 3. Shadows are largest when it is noon when the sun is straight above us True False 4. Shadows are largest when the sun is rising or setting True False 5. Shadows are an area of darkness where light is blocked by an opaque object True False Questions Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) What are shadows? What can affect the size and shape of a shadow? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) Do all objects create a shadow? Explain and give examples. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Draw 29 Curriculum Connection C2.3 Draw shadows of the objects in the boxes below. Look at where the sun is to know where the light would be blocked © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 30 Curriculum Connection C1.1, C2.8 Devices Using Sound Scientists and inventors have invented many different devices that take advantage of light properties. These devices use light to do extraordinary things. Without light these devices would not be able to work. Research Device Research the following devices and learn how they use light How does this device use light? Telescope Microscope Motion Detector Microwaves Traffic Lights © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 31 Curriculum Connection C1.1 How is Light Used? We use light for many different purposes at home, in school, and in the community. Lights can be a sign of danger in the community and can also be used by businesses to get people’s attention. At home we use light when we watch television and at school we use light on our computer monitors. How is light used at your home, school, and community? At Home How do you and your family use light as home? 1. 2. 3. 4. At School How do you and your teachers use light at school? 1. 2. 3. 4. I n t h e C o m mu n i t y How is light used in the community? 1. 2. 3. 4. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 32 Curriculum Connection C1.1 How to Protect our Eyes Your eyesight is important to protect because you can cause permanent damage to your eyes if you mistreat them. Permanent damage could lesson your vision or cause blindness. Here are some ways to protect your eyes and vision: Wear sunglasses with ultraviolet protection – Ultraviolet radiation comes from the sun and can be reflected off of surfaces like sand or water. Too much exposure to these light rays can cause short-term blindness and long-term damage to your vision and eyes. Use goggles in the pool – The chemicals in pools can be very damaging to your eyes. The chlorine in pools is designed to protect you from germs in the pool, but it is also harmful to your eyes. Studies have shown that frequent exposure to chlorine negatively affects the cornea in your eye. You need your cornea to refract and bend light. Wash hands and avoid rubbing your eyes – The best way to avoid spreading disease is to avoid touching your eyes and to wash the bacteria off your hands. You can develop eye diseases like conjunctivitis if you get bacteria in your eyes. Keep your eyes clean! Wear eye protection – During outdoor activities you should wear eye protection. When cutting the grass or cutting wood, tiny pieces of dust or dirt can get into your eyes and cause cuts. Cuts in the eye are painful and can affect how well we see! You should also wear eye protection in sports. In badminton, a flying birdie can damage your eye. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Questions 33 Curriculum Connection C1.1 Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) Why is it important to wash your hands and avoid touching your eyes? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) Why should you wear sunglasses? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Making Connections What does the reading remind you of? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ True or False Circle whether the statement is true or false 1) Chlorine helps the cornea in the eye be healthy True False 2) You should wear eye protection while cutting the grass True False 3) You can look directly at the sun with sunglasses on True False 4) Sunglasses protect your eyes from harmful UV rays True False 5) Harmful UV rays can reflect off surfaces and harm your eyes True False © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 34 Curriculum Connection C2.4 What is Sound? Sound comes from vibrations that create sound waves. These sound waves move through the air, water, and solid objects until they reach our ears. Our ears vibrate in similar ways to the original source of the vibrations, which allows us to hear many different sounds. Interesting Facts About Sound Animals and Sound Dogs can hear sound at a higher frequency than humans, which gives them the ability to hear noises that we can’t Sound is used by animals to detect danger. This allows them to hear predators that might be planning an attack on them Dolphins use sound to detect the size, shape, and speed of objects hundreds of metres away. They can understand the difference between a golf ball and a ping-pong ball just by their sound waves bouncing off the objects Sound cannot travel through space because there is no matter in space for the sound waves to travel through Speed of Sound Sound travels at a speed of 1,230 km per hour. Sound is much, much slower than light. Light is 900,000 times faster! Sound travels 4 times faster through water than through air When you crack a whip, the loud sound occurs because the tip is moving so fast, it breaks the speed of sound! Study of Sound The scientific study of sound waves is called acoustics Music is the pleasing arrangements of sounds © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Questioning 35 Curriculum Connection C2.4 What questions do you have after reading the information? 1) 2) True or False Circle whether the statement is true or false 1) Sounds moves faster than light True False 2) Cracking a whip breaks the speed of sound True False 3) Sounds come from vibrations that make sound waves True False 4) Music is the study of sound waves True False 5) Dolphins use sound to understand the world around them True False Questions Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) What is sound? How do animals hear sounds differently than humans? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) How fast does sound travel? What else did you learn about the speed of sound? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 36 Curriculum Connection C2.4 Sound – A Form of Energy Sound is the movement of energy through a substance – like air or water. Sound is caused by vibrations that travel through a substance in the form of waves. These sound waves need a substance to travel in because the waves vibrate the atoms in the air or water and send the waves through it. If there is no substance, like in outer space, it is called a vacuum. In a vacuum, sound waves can’t travel because there are no atoms to transmit or send the sound waves. Sound waves can only move if something passes them along! Therefore, in outer space, you cannot hear any sound. How Sound Energy is Produced? Sound energy is produced by a force that causes an object or substance to vibrate. We produce sound energy each day when we talk. Our vocal cords send vibrations into the air that travel through the air particles. You can create more sound energy by yelling, which will require more energy from your vocal cords. The extra energy your vocal cords are producing will transfer into larger vibrations and bigger sound waves. Your voice isn’t the only thing that causes sound. You make sounds when you move your chair or clap your hands. These movements cause vibrations in the air as well. Sound Energy Through Air or Metal You can hear a train coming by putting your ear on the train track before you hear the sound of it coming through the air. This is because the sound waves from the train travel faster through the solid metal than through the air, which is a gas. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ True or False Curriculum Connection C2.4 37 Circle whether the statement is true or false 1) In outer space, sound waves do not travel so you can’t hear anything True False 2) A vacuum has no particles in it so sound can’t travel through True False 3) Sound waves travel faster through air (gas) than metal (solid) True False 4) The more energy used to make vibrations, the louder the sound True False 5) Sound waves only travel through the air True False Questions Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) Can sound travel in a vacuum? Why or why not? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) How is sound energy produced? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ V i s u a l i z in g Draw what you were picturing while you were reading. Explain the picture ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 38 Curriculum Connection C2.5, C2.6 Sound Travels Through Matter Sound vibrations will not travel if there is no matter for them to travel through. In deep space, there is no matter. There is no air, liquids, or solids in deep space between the planets. This means there is no matter for sound vibrations to travel through, which means there is no sound. Sound travels differently through gases, liquids, and solids. Gas - Slowest Gases Most of the sound we hear travels through gases in the form of air. Remember, air is Liquid - Medium made up of mostly 2 gases – nitrogen and oxygen. Sound vibrations travel slowly through the air. The particles in the air are Solid - Fastest farther apart, so it takes the vibrations more time to pass on from one particle to another. Liquids Sound will travel through water, as you may have noticed when you were underwater and heard a friend call “Marco”. The particles in liquids are closer together than in gas, which means the sound actually travels faster in liquids. The vibrations can move from particle to particle quicker. Solids Some sounds we hear travel through solids. If you put your ear on the table and someone taps their pencil on the table, you can hear the tapping through the table. These sound waves travel very fast because the particles are so close together that the sound vibrations can travel quickly from particle to particle. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Questions 39 Curriculum Connection C2.5, C2.6 Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) Why does sound travel faster through solid than gas? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) When we hear someone talk, how are the sound waves traveling to our ears? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Summarize Summarize the reading by writing the important information ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ True or False Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. Sound can travel through solids, liquids, and gases True False 2. Sound can travel in space because space has air in it True False 3. Sound travels fastest through air True False 4. You can’t hear sound when you are underwater True False 5. Sound vibrations travel through particles in solids, liquids, and gases True False © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 40 Curriculum Connection C2.8 Hearing – The Human Ear The ear allows us to hear the environment around us. Sound is funneled through the outer part of the ear and into the ear canal. The sound then enters the eardrum as sound waves. The eardrum is made of a thin sheet of connective tissue that vibrates when sound waves strike it. Middle Ear The vibrations from the eardrum travel to the middle ear where three tiny bones send vibrations to the cochlea. The cochlea translates the vibrations into electrical impulses that travel to the brain via our auditory nerve. Experiment What do you hear? Close your eyes or use a blindfold so you cannot see. Have your friend use various supplies to make a noise. For example, bouncing a ball or crumpling a paper. See if you can guess the noise. Try doing 5 noises. 1. How did you do? Was this challenge easy or hard? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. How does our sight and hearing work together to allow us to understand our environment? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ True or False Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. Sound is funnelled through the outside part of the ear True False 2. Sound waves turn into vibrations in our eardrum True False 3. The eardrum is made of a thin sheet of connective tissue True False 4. The 3 bones in our inner ear send electrical impulses to the brain True False 5. The auditory nerve sends electrical impulses to the brain True False © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 41 Curriculum Connection C2.4 Properties of Sound The properties of sound tell us how sound works. The main properties of sound is that it travels in waves, can be absorbed, and can be reflected. Sound Travels Sound travels out of a source, like a musical instrument or a noisy machine, but it needs to have something to travel through (known as a medium), such as air, water, glass, or metal. When you hear an alarm clock ringing, you’re listening to energy making a journey. It starts off from somewhere inside the clock and travels through the air and eventually reaches your ears. Sound is Absorbed and Reflected Some materials can absorb the sound waves that come into contact with them. This means that the sound energy penetrates into the material. Carpet and curtains will absorb sound waves, which make a room quieter. This means they do not reflect sound, as the sound waves do not bounce off these materials. Other materials reflect sound waves, which make a louder room. A loud room would have walls and hardwood or tile floors that allow the sound waves to bounce off the surfaces. Parts of the sound waves are absorbed by the surface, but most of the vibrations continue until they hit another surface. Materials that Reflect Sound We build rooms using certain materials if we need sound to travel loudly throughout. An example of this might be an auditorium where a presenter needs their voice to project to all areas of the room. The best materials to reflect the sound waves have smooth, hard, and flat surfaces, such as metal, wood, or brick. The sound waves bounce easily off these surfaces and can sometimes even make the sound louder. You may even hear an echo in an empty room that has no soft materials in it if the room is large enough. Materials that Absorb Sound The opposite is true for materials that absorb sound. These materials are soft and sometimes jagged with hollow recesses in them so that sound waves can penetrate into the material. Examples of these materials are sponges, cotton wool, and foam. If you yell inside an empty room that has hard surfaces, the sound will be very loud. When we add soft couches, chairs, and carpet, these surfaces absorb the sound waves, which will make the room much quieter. A sound proof room would have foam inside the walls to absorb the sound waves. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ True or False Curriculum Connection C2.4 42 Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. A pillow reflects sound very well True False 2. A room with hardwood floors and nothing in it will reflect sound well True False 3. Sponges and foam materials are great at absorbing sound True False 4. A soundproof room should have thick carpet and not hardwood floors True False 5. A room with nothing in it can reflect your sound to make it louder True False Questions Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) Why would you want a room to be sound-proof? What materials would you use? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) What kinds of materials reflect sound? Can you think of 3 more examples? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ V i s u a l i z in g Draw what you were picturing while you were reading. Explain the picture ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 43 Curriculum Connection C2.4, C2.5 What is Pitch and Frequency? Pitch is the frequency of a sound wave. Frequency is the number of times per second that a sound wave repeats itself. Therefore, pitch is the number of times a sound wave repeats itself. A high frequency has a lot of sound waves in one second. This means the pitch will be high. This is what makes it possible to hear higher and lower sounds. A chirp of a bird has a high pitch, but a lion’s roar has a low pitch. A higher frequency sound has a higher pitch, and a lower frequency sound has a lower pitch. The human ear can detect a wide range of frequencies that allow us to hear different sounds. Amplitude and Loudness Loudness refers to the volume of a sound. We can amplify a sound when we talk by transmitting more energy into our voice, which increases the vibrations we create. Amplitude is the strength of the sound. On a sound wave, a stronger amplitude will have taller sound waves. A larger amplitude means we get a louder sound, while a smaller amplitude means we get a softer sound. Loudness can also be affect by the sensitivity of our ears. Your grandparents might consider a sound quiet, while you think the sound is deafening! This is why many people prefer the sound on a TV or movie to be at different levels. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ True or False Curriculum Connection C2.4, C2.5 44 Circle whether the statement is true or false 1) Pitch refers to the frequency of a sound wave True False 2) A bird chirp is a low pitch sound True False 3) A lion’s roar is a low pitch sound True False 4) Sound waves that repeat many times in a second have a high frequency True False 5) The loudness of a sound is only based on how much sound energy there is True False Definitions What do each of the terms mean? Pitch Frequency Amplitude Loudness Draw Draw the sound waves below High Pitch, Low Amplitude Low Pitch, High Amplitude © Super Simple Sheets High Pitch, High Amplitude Name: ________________________ Describe Curriculum Connection C2.4, C2.5 45 Describe the frequency, pitch, and amplitude of the sound waves 1s 1s Frequency (#) 2.5 (2 and one half) Frequency (#) Pitch Low Pitch Amplitude High Amplitude 1s 1s Frequency (#) Frequency (#) Pitch Pitch Amplitude Amplitude 1s 1s Frequency (#) Frequency (#) Pitch Pitch Amplitude Amplitude © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 46 Curriculum Connection C2.5 How Does a Vibration Make Sound? A sound wave is a transfer of energy that travels away from the vibrating source. Your voice is the vibrating source as you create vibrations that travel through the air for others to hear you. The vibrations themselves need a medium to travel on. A medium can be a solid, liquid, or gas. Some examples are metals, water, or air. When the sound waves leave the vibrating source, they cause the surrounding medium to vibrate. As the sound waves move through the medium, the particles vibrate forwards and backwards. The volume of the sound depends on the sound wave. The more energy that is put into the sound wave, the louder it will be. If you hit a drum with extra energy, the vibrations will be stronger. The farther the sound wave needs to travel affects its volume as well. This is because the sound wave spreads out and weakens. That is why it is difficult to hear sounds coming from further distances. Sound vibrations can differ in strength and speed. If a sound is made that is loud and slow, it will have a large amplitude and low pitch. An example of this is a bass drum hit with a soft mallet. If the vibration is weak but fast, like a bird chirp, the amplitude will be soft and high pitched. Wavelengths A wavelength is the distance between the peak of one wave to the peak of the next wave. If soundwaves have a high frequency, the wavelengths will be short and the pitch will be high. If the frequency is low, the wavelengths will be long and the pitch will be low. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ True or False Curriculum Connection C2.5 47 Circle whether the statement is true or false 1. A medium can be a sold, liquid, or gas True False 2. Vibrations can travel through areas where there is no matter True False 3. The distance a sound wave travels affects how loud it will be True False 4. Examples of mediums that sound waves travel on are air and water True False 5. A bass drum provides a soft and high pitched sound True False Questions Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) How do vibrations create sound? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) Why is sound heard louder when it is closer to you and softer when it is further? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Draw Draw the sound waves below Long wavelength, low pitch, low amplitude Short wavelength, high frequency, high amplitude © Super Simple Sheets Long wavelength, low pitch, high amplitude Name: ________________________ Describe 48 Curriculum Connection C2.5 Describe what you would hear by listening to this music 5s __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5s __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5s __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Curriculum Connection C2.5 49 How Can We Make Different Sounds? We can make different sounds by creating different vibrations. When we talk normally, our voice will sound the same because our vocal chords produce the same vibrations. You can change your voice by moving your tongue, mouth or lips while you speak. By doing so, the vibrations you make change, which is why you sound different. You can also make different sounds by making objects vibrate. You can stomp your foot, hit your pencil on the desk, or string a guitar. Doing these things will produce vibrations that will send sound waves into the air for you and your classmates to hear. The harder you strum a guitar, the bigger the vibration, and the louder the sound. Someone in another class might even hear the vibration! Questions Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) How can we make different sounds? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) Draw a picture of you making sound. Show the sound vibrations with lines. Describe the picture. ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 3) What kinds of sound vibrations do you make? Does it ever annoy others? Explain. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Curriculum Connection C2.4 50 Classifying Sounds Sounds are all different based on the vibrations that the source of the sound is making. That is why you sound different than your classmates. You are the source of sound vibrations and you make different sound waves than your friends. We can classify different sounds into groups. Sounds can be soft, loud, pleasant, unpleasant, musical, audible, and inaudible. Research the different types of sounds and provide examples of each type. Research Type of Sound Research the following sounds and fill in the table below What does it sound like? Soft Loud Pleasant Unpleasant Audible Inaudible © Super Simple Sheets Examples Name: ________________________ 51 Curriculum Connection C2.4 What is the Doppler Effect? The doppler effect is a change in frequency and wavelength in a sound wave. It is caused by the change in distance between the source of the sound wave (causer) and whoever is hearing (observer) the sound wave. When the source of sound moves in relation to you, its pitch changes. If it isn’t moving, the frequency and pitch will be the same all around the source of the sound. If it is moving, the frequency of the soundwaves increases as it gets closer. As the source gets further, the frequency gets lower. Example In the photo below, person A (observer) is closer to the source of the sound waves (causer) than person B. You can see that the pitch changes as the sound wave gets further from the source. The frequency of the sound wave becomes lower and more spread out. This affects how we hear the sound. The human ear only hears sounds at a certain frequency. If the frequency becomes too low, it cannot be heard. In the photo, you can see the waves getting further and further apart which means person B is not hearing the sound as well as person A. You will also notice that as the distance from the source of the sound gets longer, the sound wave gets longer (larger) which means it is more spread out. This makes the volume of the sound quieter to anyone hearing it. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Questions 52 Curriculum Connection C2.4 Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) What is the doppler effect? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) What will happen with the frequency of sound waves as a moving vehicle gets closer to you? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Diagram Explain Draw a diagram of a moving vehicle and its sound waves Read what is happening with the sound waves. Which direction is the sound moving? 1) High frequency and smaller wavelength 2) Low frequency and long wavelength 3) Wavelength and frequency are not changing ___________________ ___________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ ____________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 53 Curriculum Connection C2.4 What is Echolocation? Echolocation is how animals emit calls out to the environment and listen to the echoes of those calls when they bounce off various objects near them. They use these echoes to tell them where they are and to help them navigate through spaces. An animal can tell how far they are from an object by measuring how long it takes for the sound they make to echo back to them. The relative intensity of the sound is also used to tell them where their surroundings are. This means if they make a loud sound, if a quiet sound returns to them, then the object is further away. Echolocation allows animals to see with sound instead of vision. What Animals Use Echolocation? The most notable animal that uses echolocation are bats. Other animals like toothed whales and dolphins also use echolocation. It is mainly used by birds and more specifically, cave dwelling birds. Humans also use echolocation, but we need machines to do it as our ears and brains cannot process the calculations. When humans use echolocation, we call it sonar. Sonar devices are often used on boats to detect fish, structures, and anything under the boat. Sonar is used to detect things that have fallen to the bottom of oceans, such as aircrafts and sunken ships. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Questions 54 Curriculum Connection C2.4 Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) What is echolocation? Why is it used? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) What animals use echolocation? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Draw Draw a picture of an animal using echolocation to navigate Wordsearch Find the words from the word bank Word Bank Echo Location Reflect Sound Waves Sonar Bats Dolphins © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 55 Curriculum Connection C1.1, C2.8 Why Protect Your Ears? Your ears are what allow you to hear the world around you. At your young age, it can be difficult to understand the importance of protecting your ears. But understand this, once your hearing is damaged, it’s gone for good. You can use devices to help your hearing, like a hearing aid, but you can’t get your hearing back to what it was when you were young. Why We Lose Hearing As you get older, your hearing will get worse. This happens because loud noises and aging cause wear and tear on the hairs or nerve cells in the cochlea. These hairs and nerve cells send sound signals to the brain. When they are damaged or missing, the signals aren’t sent as well, which results in hearing loss. Turn the Volume Down According to the World Health Organization, 1.1 billion teenagers and young adults worldwide are at risk for noise-induced hearing loss from listening to their music too loud using headphones. Earbuds can be the most dangerous because they fit directly next to the eardrum. The better option is to use over-the-ear headphones instead. Use Earplugs around Loud Noises Approximately 15 percent of noise causing hearing loss happens because of loud work or loud music. Gardeners or autoworkers are often working with loud equipment like leaf blowers or lawnmowers. Going to concerts where you have to shout at the person next to you is also hard on your ears. The repetitive loud noise is dangerous as it causes hearing loss. Use earplugs to dampen the sound and lesson the effects of the intense vibrations on your eardrum. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Questions 56 Curriculum Connection C1.1, C2.8 Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) Why is it important to protect your ears? What can you wear to help? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) What kinds of noises can damage your ears? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Making Connections What does the reading remind you of? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ True or False Circle whether the statement is true or false 1) Hearing loss happens as we get older True False 2) We can slow down hearing loss by not listening to loud noises True False 3) If we lose our hearing young, doctors can get it back for us True False 4) Listening to loud music while we are young is okay True False 5) The cochlea sends sound signals to the brain True False © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Curriculum Connection C2.6 57 Materials that Transmit Sound Some materials are excellent at allowing sound to pass through them. Air is not great at transmitting sound because it is a gas, and the particles in air are not close enough together for the sound waves to easily travel through. Solids are the best transmitters of sound because the particles are so close together which allows the sound waves to easily travel from one particle to the next. Research Research “materials that transmit sound” and write them below. Materials 1 Questions 2 1) What does transmitting sound mean? ____________________________________ 3 4 ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 2) What types of materials are good at transmitting sounds? 5 ____________________________________ 6 ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 7 8 3) When do we need to transmit sound? Give an example and explain what material you would use to transmit the sound. ____________________________________ 9 ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 10 ____________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 58 Curriculum Connection C1.1, C2.8 Incredible Inventions Using Sound Many inventions that have been made involve the use of sound. The inventors understood the properties of sound and created devices that have made our lives better and more enjoyable. Choose one of the following inventions and answer the questions below. Invention Options: Radio, Phone, Microphone Research Answer the questions about one of the inventions above 1) Which invention did you choose? 2) Who invented it? 3) What year was it invented? 4) How does this invention use sound? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5) How does this invention work? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 59 Curriculum Connection C1.1, C2.8 6) Draw a diagram of the invention. Label the parts of the invention. 7) Interesting facts about the invention __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 60 Curriculum Connection C1.1, C2.8 Devices Using Sound and Light Scientists and inventors have invented many different devices that take advantage of light and sound properties. These devices use light and sound to do extraordinary things. Without light and sound, these devices would not be able to work. Research Device Research the following devices and learn how they use light or sound Light or Sound How does this device use light or sound? Telescope Microscope Motion Detector Hearing Aid Microphone © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ 61 Curriculum Connection C1.2 Light Pollution As technology improves, our use of light increases. Before electricity was invented, candles and oil lamps were the main sources of light. In today’s world, light is everywhere! Satellite photo of earth. Notice the technologically advanced countries produce more light pollution If you live in a city, you likely have street lights that keep people safe while walking in the dark. Houses are lit up to prevent crime and to make it easier to get around outside. Light pollution is the overuse of artificial light that causes problems for plants, humans and animals. Light pollution happens in cities where there are too many sources of artificial light. Problems With Light Pollution Nocturnal animals that sleep during the day and are active at night get confused. This affects ecosystems as it changes predator-prey relations Affects human’s circadian rhythm, which is the rhythm that tells us when we should be sleeping and when we should be awake. This can lead to sleep disorders and other serious health problems, like headaches, stress, and anxiety. It is often a waste of energy that is causing climate change Sound Pollution New technologies also create more sounds, which is causing sound pollution. Sound pollution is the unwanted noise that affects humans or wildlife. Transportation is one of the biggest causes of sound pollution. If you live near train tracks, you’ve heard sound pollution, which is that unwanted sound that comes from speeding trains. People that live near highways also deal with sound pollution from travelling vehicles. Lastly, passing airplanes create sound pollution as well. Factories also create sound pollution. These factories often run all day and night. Sound pollution can cause high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep problems, headaches, and stress. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Questions 62 Curriculum Connection C1.2 Answer the questions below using evidence from the text 1) What is light pollution? Why is it a problem? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) What causes a lot of sound pollution? Why is this bad? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Making Connections When have you experienced light and sound pollution? _________________________________________________________ Light Pollution _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Sound Pollution _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Word Search 63 Find the word bank words in the puzzle! Word Bank Light Heat Artificial Natural Sun Reflected Refracted Absorbed Firefly Properties Translucent Transparency Opaque Shadow Bend Transmit Microscope Moon Word Scramble Unscramble the word bank words from above BRSBAEDO ELYIFFR YANNARCTERPS IIFRCLAITA CRFDEERTA CTSNRLTANEU UNS ARNLTAU HGLTI LCRDFTEEE © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Multiple Choice Date: ________________________ /6 1. How fast does light travel? 2. Which of the following is an example of natural light? a) 100,000km per second a) Firefly b) 300,000km per minute b) Lightbulb c) 100,000km per minute c) Candle d) 300,000km per second d) Fireworks 3. Which of the following is a source of light? 4. Which of the following is a light reflector? a) The sun a) The sun b) The moon b) The moon c) Safety vests c) Fireflies d) Diamonds d) Candles 5. Sound comes from… 6. A louder sound will have a higher… a) Air particles a) Frequency b) Vibrations b) Pitch c) Ripples in the air c) Wavelength d) Radio transmissions d) Amplitude 7. Which material is opaque? 8. Which material is transparent? a) Glass a) Glass b) Water b) Cell Phones c) Cardboard c) Cardboard d) Wax Paper d) Wax Paper 9. True or False: Sound travels faster in air than in water 10. True or False: Pitch refers to the frequency of a sound wave. a) True a) True b) False b) False © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Definitions (1 marks each) Term /3 Definition (what does it mean) Doppler Effect Echo Refraction Short Answer Questions (2 marks each) /6 1. What is the difference between natural and artificial light? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How is sound reflected and absorbed? Which materials absorb sound and which reflect it? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Which colours absorb light and which reflect it? When would you want to reflect light? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Long Answer Questions /10 1) Which sources of light give off both light and heat? Which give off just light and not heat? Why would we want to use sources of light that only give off light and no heat? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Choose a device that uses the properties of light or sound. Describe the device and how it works. Explain why the device is important. Examples include: microphone, speaker, hearing aid, phone ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com STEM INVESTIGATION AND COMMUNITICATION SKILLS Habitats and Communities © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Grade 4 Science Unit Strand A - STEM Investigation and Communication Skills Curriculum Expectations Pages That Cover the Expectations A1.1 use a scientific research process and associated skills to conduct investigations A1.2 use a scientific experimentation process and associated skills to conduct investigations A1.3 use an engineering design process and associated skills to design, build, and test devices, models, structures, and/or systems A1.4 follow established health and safety procedures during science and technology investigations, including wearing appropriate protective equipment and clothing and safely using tools, instruments, and materials 69 – 79 A1.5 communicate their findings, using science and technology vocabulary and formats that are appropriate for specific audiences and purposes 69 – 79 A2.1 write and execute code in investigations and when modelling concepts, with a focus on producing different types of output for a variety of purposes 80 – 81, 83 – 84, 85 - 87 A2.2 identify and describe impacts of coding and of emerging technologies on everyday life, including skilled trades 80 – 81, 85 – 87 A3.1 describe practical applications of science and technology concepts in their home and community, and how these applications address real-world problems 80 – 81, 85 – 87 A3.2 investigate how science and technology can be used with other subject areas to address real-world problems 80 – 82, 85 – 87 A3.3 analyse contributions to science and technology from various communities © Super Simple Sheets 85 73 – 75 69 – 72, 76 – 79 82 supersimplesheets.com Name: ________________________ Research Question 69 Curriculum Connection A1.3, A1.4, A1.5 What are we learning more about? Light travels in straight lines and it reflects on certain materials. Can we reflect light off multiple surfaces? Materials What do we need for our experiment? 1) 2 or more mirrors, CDs/DVDs or materials that reflect light well 2) Play dough or clay to hold the mirrors up 3) Marker 4) Paper to draw the maze 5) A flashlight Method How do we complete the experiment? 1) Make a maze using the paper and markers. Make two turns if you have two mirrors and 3 turns if you have 3 mirrors 2) Make a ball of play dough for the mirror to sit in 3) Put the mirrors on the corners of the turns 4) Angle the mirrors so the light will reflect off one another 5) Turn off the lights so you can test your light maze. You might need to adjust the position of your mirrors in order for the light to travel through the maze. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Observations 70 Curriculum Connection A1.3, A1.4, A1.5 What happened? What happened? Write down what you observed as you tested your mirrors. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Results Answer the questions below 1) Does light bend when it moves? Does it bend when it reflects off a surface? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Even if you had trouble with your maze, explain why in principle, the light maze should work. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Draw a diagram of your light maze. Label the mirrors and the beams of light. © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Name: ________________________ Research Question Curriculum Connection A1.3, A1.4, A1.5 71 What are we learning more about? When light passes through a transparent (clear) material, it bends as it comes out the other side. The cause of refraction is because light travels at different speeds in different materials. What will happen to light as it passes through a glass jar with water in it? Materials What do we need for our experiment? 1) Glass jar – Circular works the best 2) Water 3) Paper with designs 4) Measuring cup full of water – enough to almost fill the jar Method How do we complete the experiment? 1) Get your paper ready with the designs you want to see change. We used red arrows drawn in the same direction. 2) Stand the paper up by leaning it against a wall or a book 3) Place the jar in front of the paper 4) Slowly add the water to the jar. You will might need to rotate the jar to show the effect. 5) Record your observation. Before adding water After adding water © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Observations 72 Curriculum Connection A1.3, A1.4, A1.5 What happened? What happened? Write down what you observed as you added water. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Results Answer the questions below 1) What is refraction? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Why did the designs move as you added water? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3) When have you seen light refracted in your life? Explain. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Name: ________________________ Activity 73 Curriculum Connection A1.2, A1.4, A1.5 Which objects are transparent, and which are opaque? We can determine if an object is transparent, translucent or opaque based on whether light can pass through them. If an object casts a shadow, the object is opaque. If the object does not cast a shadow, it means the light was able to go through the object, which means it is transparent. If some light passes through and the shadow is hard to see, the object is translucent. Materials What do you need for this activity? Flashlight – light source Dark room Objects to test Options: wax paper, cardboard, paper, pencil case, book, plastic wrap, plastic bottle Method How do you do this activity? 1. Start by filling in the table below under observations. Write in all the objects you will use. Then make a guess or prediction. Will the object be transparent, translucent, or opaque. 2. Point the flashlight at a wall 3. Put an object in front of the light source. Does it cast a shadow? Does some of the light come through? Or is there no shadow and all the light comes through? 4. Record your observations in the table 5. Answer the questions below © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Observations Object Results 74 Curriculum Connection A1.2, A1.4, A1.5 What happened? Prediction Transparent, Translucent, or Opaque What kinds of materials are opaque, transparent, or translucent? Opaque Transparent Translucent © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Examine 75 Curriculum Connection A1.2, A1.4, A1.5 Circle whether the object is transparent, translucent, or opaque Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Plastic Bag Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Window Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Transparent - Translucent – Opaque © Super Simple Sheets Transparent - Translucent – Opaque Name: ________________________ Information 76 Curriculum Connection A1.3, A1.4, A1.5 What is a Kaleidoscope? A kaleidoscope is an optical instrument that has two or more mirrors placed at an angle to each other. When light reaches one mirror, it is reflected to the other. The instrument is usually a tube that also has loose coloured bits of material that change the colour of the light that enters the tube. When you shake the tube, the light forms a symmetrical pattern that changes as you move the loose bits. You can continue looking through the instrument because the mirrors continue to reflect the light back and forth. Materials What you need to make a Kaleidoscope Pringles can – without the chips Shimmery scrap-book paper or aluminum foil Hammer and nail Clear glue Tissue paper, glitter, and sequins Clear contact paper – 2 squares – enough to cover the end of the Pringle’s Can Procedure What are the steps to do to complete this lab 1. Roll a piece of the shimmery silver paper and put it inside the can. Cut the excess off. You can glue the paper to the inside or hope it fits well inside 2. Cover the outside of the can with coloured paper. Decorate it any way you’d like! 3. Use a hammer and a nail to punch an eye hole in the sealed end of the can (the nonlid side) 4. Glue sequins on the inside of the Pringle’s can lid. Then add glitter and colourful paper. The lid will be one of the colourful lenses. 5. You need to add a second colourful lens. Glue one of the squares of contact paper over the end of the can. Then add decorations – glitter and coloured paper. Then glue the other square of contact paper on top to seal it. 6. Cut the contact paper to fit your can perfectly. You will be putting the lid over this, so it needs to be a close fit 7. Let everything dry! 8. Take it outside and look up at the light. DO NOT look directly at the Sun. Turn the lid and you should see different patterns and colours. © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Observations 77 Curriculum Connection A1.3, A1.4, A1.5 What happened? 1) What is a kaleidoscope? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) What happened when you pointed the kaleidoscope at the light? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3) What happened when you turned the lid? Why do you think this happened? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Diagram Draw a diagram of a kaleidoscope. Label the parts, including the sun © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Information 78 Curriculum Connection A1.3, A1.4, A1.5 What is a guitar? A guitar is a musical instrument that causes vibrations using strings. The vibrations are amplified through the hole in the hollow body of the guitar. The strings on a guitar are different thicknesses and have different tensions so that each string produces a different sound when it is strung. Guitars are one of the oldest instruments ever played because of how easy they are to make! Materials What you need to make a guitar Cereal box Large cardboard tube – paper towel roll will work Clothespins Rubber bands of different sizes – 3 minimum and 5 maximum Duct tape or other strong tape Hot glue gun or strong glue Box cutter or scissors Procedure What are the steps to do to complete this lab? 1. Trace a large circle in the centre of the cereal box and cut it out carefully. This will be the hole for your guitar. 2. Use the cardboard tube to trace a hole onto the top of the cereal box. Cut the hole out. 3. Insert the tube into the hole and seal it with the tape. Use enough tape so that the tube is secured to the box. 4. Stretch rubber bands of various sizes around the box. If possible, have the thicker strings on the top and thinnest strings at the bottom. 5. Tape the bands on top of the box and on the bottom. Make sure the strings are over the hole. 6. Use the clothespins as frets. Use hot glue or regular glue to secure them to the cardboard tube at the top of the tube. These are just for decoration. 7. Your guitar is ready! Strum away! © Super Simple Sheets Name: ________________________ Observations 79 Curriculum Connection A1.3, A1.4, A1.5 What happened? Did your guitar work? Why or why not? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Results Answer the questions below 1) How does a guitar make sound? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2) How does your guitar make sound? Discuss the parts of the guitar you made that allow it to make sound. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Draw a diagram of your guitar. Label the parts of the guitar. © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Name: ________________________ Curriculum Connection A2.1, A2.2, A3.1, A3.2 80 Street lights make our cities safer. With the lights on at night, we can see better. This is helpful for us in many ways. ✓ ✓ ✓ Can drive at night more safely Can play outside longer Can prevent theft and crime City lights are on timers. Codes are used to program these lights. The coding for the timer uses IF/ELSE statements. if the time is between 7:00pm and 6:00am then turn lights on ELSE then stay lights Fill in the Blanks off Use the word bank words to fill in the blanks Word Bank code crime safer longer timer 1) Lights make driving __________________. 2) Street lights are turned on by a __________________. 3) A ___________ is used on the timer to tell the lights when to turn on. 4) Street lights stop _______________________. 5) Lights let us play outside ____________________________. Read the Code Would the lights be on or off based on the time? 5:00 pm On Off 7:01 pm On Off 9:00 pm On Off 6:01 am On Off 7:00 am On Off 6:50 pm On Off 5:30 am On Off 2:30 am On Off © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Name: ________________________ Coding Curriculum Connection A2.1, A2.2, A3.1, A3.2 81 Write your own code for a timer that controls lights in your room Read the Code Would the lights be on or off based on the time? 7:00 pm On Off 6:01 pm On Off 11:00 pm On Off 8:01 am On Off 6:00 am On Off 5:50 pm On Off 3:30 am On Off 6:30 am On Off 12:00 pm On Off 11:30 pm On Off Results Answer the questions below 1) Why did you program the timer for these times? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 2) How could using coding/timers help you in your life? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) What else could you put on a timer to help you in your life? Explain. _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Name: ________________________ Curriculum Connection A3.1, A3.2, A3.3 82 History of Street Lights In ancient Rome, wealthy citizens used vegetable oil lamps on the front of their homes to light up the streets. Special slaves were in charge of lighting, extinguishing and watching the lamps. In the year 1417, the mayor of London, England made it the law that everyone had to hang lanterns outside of their homes after dark and in the winter. In 1879, Thomas Edison created the first lightbulb. These bulbs were used for streetlights years later. Before lightbulbs, people burned oil to make a flame that made light. Colour Colour the lightbulb and the oil lamp, then draw your own versions Lightbulb Questions Oil Lamp Answer the questions below 1) Who invented the lightbulb? 2) Which is safer – a lightbulb or oil lamp? Lightbulbs Oil Lamps 3) How has the invention of coding and timers made our streets safer? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ © Super Simple Sheets supersimplesheets.com Name: ______________________ Questions Curriculum Connection A2.1 83 Follow the if/then statements to move the car to its home 1) If light curves when it travels then Move 2 spots 2) If light travels in straight lines then Move 2 spots 3) If light reflects off mirrors then Move 4 spots 4) If light is absorbed by dark colours then Move 2 spots 5) If sources of light also make heat then Move 4 spots 6) If the moon emits light then Move 2 spots 7) If the sun emits light then Move 3 spots 8) If a firefly is a natural source of light then Move 6 spots © Super Simple Sheets Name: ______________________ Directions Curriculum Connection A2.1 84 Read the program and follow the instructions to draw the output If is clicked Colour the