Hormonal Causes of Infertility PDF

# Hormonal causes of infertility By Dr/ Shady Taher Hassan ## Causes of Infertility - Congenital - Pathological - Hormonal - Managemental and nutritional ## Hormonal Causes of Infertility - Cystic Ovarian Disease - Delayed Ovulation - Silent heat - Anestrous ## Anestrum (Failure of estr...

# Hormonal causes of infertility By Dr/ Shady Taher Hassan ## Causes of Infertility - Congenital - Pathological - Hormonal - Managemental and nutritional ## Hormonal Causes of Infertility - Cystic Ovarian Disease - Delayed Ovulation - Silent heat - Anestrous ## Anestrum (Failure of estrus) Anestrum (absence of estrus) in cattle is not a disease but it consider as a symptom of many reproductive disorders. ## Anestrous - Physiological - Pathological ### Anestrous: Physiological - During pregnancy - After parturition (puerperium) - Before puberty - Out of breeding season in seasonal breeders - Unobserved heat ### Anestrous: Pathological - Primary - Bilateral Ovarian Aplasia - Bilateral Complete Ovarian Hypoplasia - Freemartinism - Hermaphrodite - Male pseudo hermaphrodites - Secondary - Persistent C.L. - Cystic C.L. - Inactive Ovary - Silent Heat Because anestrum is due to multiple causes, complete history should be obtained and a careful examination of the genital tract and ovaries should be made so that an accurate diagnosis is possible. Following this essential examination, the cows or heifers that fail to show estrus may be divided into 2 classes: - With CL - Pregnancy - Silent heat (sub-estrus) - Retained (persistent) CL - Unobserved (missed) heat - CL cyst - Without CL - Smooth inactive ovary - Cystic ovary (F.C.L) - Ovarian hypoplasia - Free-Martinism - Pituitary disturbances ## CLASS I: ANESTRUM WITH CL ### 1. Pregnancy Many animals are brought to the clinic for treatment of anestrum, but after careful examination they are found to be pregnant. A diagram showing the hormone regulation of pregnancy is displayed: > CL on > Pregnancy ↑ progesterone inhibit > The ovary no G.F > ↓ > Anestrum < No estrogen > FSH ### Corpus Luteum (CL) Maintenance: When cow becomes pregnant The graph shows the correlation between the growth and maintenance of the CL during pregnancy. > Growth > Embryo > Maintenance > Day of the Estrous Cycle > 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 Presence of embryo blocks uterus to produce PG late in the estrous cycle which causes maintenance of corpus luteum and production of progesterone for pregnancy. During pregnancy PGE1 and PGE2 secreated to maintain presence of CL as they had luteotropic action (antiluteolytic factor). Also fetus secreates Trophoblastine (antiluteolytic factor). ### 2- Silent Heat (Sub-estrus) Silent heat means that affected female fails to express the behavioral signs of estrus, although normal internal cyclical changes occur in the ovaries. It is classified as functional anestrum and constitute 90% of all anestrum cases specially in hot climates. It increases open days and causes severe economic losses. Silent heat is more common in buffaloes than cows. A list of animals is provided, showing the relationship between the length of estrus and incidence of silent heat: - Buffaloes - Cows - Ewes -ve relation between length of estrus and incidence of silent heat - Does - Mare - Bitch ### Causes of Silent Heat A diagram is shown depicting the causes of silent heat: > 3-High lactation 2- Hereditary 1- Fatty animals > 4- Low estrogen secretion from follicles > Hot -> 5- Stress factors -> > Climate arthritis > Painful Foot rot > Diseases 6- Bull factor The physiological basis for this condition is not known but it may be due to: - Hereditary factors of some animals born with weak regulatory mechanism of estrus (cold animals) and may be genetically exposed to silent heat than other animals. - Low estrogen secretion from GF. Also, certain animals need higher threshold of estrogen to produce external symptoms of heat. - High lactation - Imbalance in feeding system (quantity and quality), especially proteins, vitamins and minerals that react upon endocrine system. - Stress factors like Hot climate, painful diseases (foot rot…), hard work, closed stabled animals, lack of exercise - Bull factor: presence of male decrease incidence of silent heat (cause excitation of the females through auditory, olfactory or visual effect). Silent heat more common in farms using AI than with natural ### Symptoms and diagnosis Anestrum + Normal cyclic changes on the ovary by per-rectal examination ### Control of silent heat: - Accurate registration and good herd records. - Improve management practice (nutrition/housing/medical care…) of the herd. - Close observation to detect heat - Clever stockmen and laymen. - Good teaching with symptoms of heat. - Encouragement of the workers (Bonus). - Long observation for the herd. - Repeated rectal examination. - Heat prediction (Table) A table is shown, showing the stages of the cycle, the days to the next heat and the ovarian and uterine findings: | Ovarian findings | Uterine findings | Stage of the cycle | Days to the next heat | |---|---|---|---| | RO | Turgid | 20-21 | 0-1 | | GF | Turgid | 0-1 | 20-21 | | OVD | Turgid edematous | 2-3 | 18-19 | | CH1 | Normal | 3-5 | 16-18 | | CH2 | Normal | 5-7 | 14-16 | | CH3 | Normal | 8-17 | 4-13 | | CL3 | Turgid | 18-20 | 1-3 | | CL2 | Turgid | 20-21 | 0-1 | - Using teaser vasectomized bull, trained dogs or using nymphomanic cows - Heat detecting device: Estrometer, tail paint…. - Bull factor and natural mating. - Estrus synchronization and timed AI. A diagram is displayed, showing the timing in a traditional presynch + ovsynch program: > PGF PGF GnRH PGF GnRH A >14 days 12 days ↓ 17 deys 48-1 >Traditional presynch Ovsynch 56 h 16 h ## 3- Retained (Persistent) CL The presence of a CL without apparent cyclical changes in the ovary or uterus for longer period than its normal life span. True persistent CL means presence of CL on the ovary without changes in the genital tract. But false persistent CL means presence of CL on the ovary after breeding with uterine changes. True or false persistent CL is associated with anestrum. The cyclic CL regresses at the 18th day of the cycle while the CL of pregnancy usually regresses at 3-4 weeks after parturition. ### True persistent CL occurs in Retained CL not associated with uterine pathology: - It is observed most commonly in high lactating cows the first 3-4 months after calving and is believed to be associated with high level of prolactin (LTH) which tends to maintain the CL life span and prevent secretion of FSH. - Marked reduction in endometrial glands (hereditary or pathological) ### False persistent CL occurs in Presence of CL on the ovary with uterine changes: - Uterine distention - Mucometra - Closed pyometra - hydrometra - White heifer disease - Segmental aplasia - Uterus unicornis - Persistent hymen - Embryo or fetal death - Fetal resorption - abortion - Macerated fetus - Mummified fetus ## DAYS OF PREGNANCY A diagram shows the days of pregnancy: > 5 Before From 45-260 days > 45days45 260 Full > Abortion Stillbirth term > Early embryonic > death Retained CL associated with early embryonic death: This condition is actually not a true retained CL, but is CL of pregnancy that terminated early. If embryonic death occurs before the middle of the cycle (10th day), estrus occurs in the normal time. When the embryo dies later, the onset of the next estrus is delayed. Caused by some infection (vibriosis, trichomoniasis, brucellosis), defective sperms or ova, hormonal (progesterone deficiency) and lethal factors. An image shows two different CLs. ### Symptoms and diagnosis: Anestrum is observed. Through rectal examination is carried to: - Exclude pregnancy - Detect any abnormal condition in the uterus. In the absence of abnormal uterine findings, re-examination of the animal 2-3 times may necessary at 7-10 days before stating that the case is persistent CL and to differentiate it from the cyclic CL (CL periodicum). If the CL is present at the same side, site of the ovary and nearly with the same size and consistency after repeated examination, then it is considered as retained or persistent CY. ## Treatment of persistent CL - Clinical examination should be done to exclude pregnancy before any medical interference - The most effective and common treatment is Injection of PGf2x (luteolytic factor) → estrus within 3-5 days - If no response the dose must be repeated after 10 days - The dose in cow is 500 µg cloprestenol (2 ml) I/M Estrumate or 25 mg dinoprost (5 ml) Lutalyse. - Avoid enucleation of CL - In case the uterus contains pus, mucous or dead fetus, the condition is treated accordingly. - Regression of the CL through induction of uterine hyperaemia (canthradine, lugol’s warm water) - old and not effective treatment. ## Any Questions…. Just Ask! # Infertility and reproductive problems in bitch In addition to the text and image, the document has some handwritten Arabic text, which is displayed as: جزء خارج عن الإمتحان لذا لما أضفة