Animal Reproduction PDF

Intro to Repro Saturday, August 31, 2024 11:51 AM 24 AR CVS Lec 01 Int... Lecture 1 Page 1 Lecture 1 Page 2 Lecture 1 Page 3 Lecture 1 Page 4 Lecture 1 Page 5 Lecture 1 Page 6 Lecture 1 Page 7 Lecture 1 Page 8 Lecture 1 Page 9 Lecture 1 Page 10 L...

Intro to Repro Saturday, August 31, 2024 11:51 AM 24 AR CVS Lec 01 Int... Lecture 1 Page 1 Lecture 1 Page 2 Lecture 1 Page 3 Lecture 1 Page 4 Lecture 1 Page 5 Lecture 1 Page 6 Lecture 1 Page 7 Lecture 1 Page 8 Lecture 1 Page 9 Lecture 1 Page 10 Lecture 1 Page 11  Animal Reproduction Article: Invention of the Home Pregnancy ○ Home pregnancy test was created by Margaret Crane ○ She had no science background ○ At first women had to wait 2 weeks to see if they were pregnant and she thought it'd be better to find out sooner ○ She created a prototype that was successful in getting results within hours and fought to have it sent out to the public since companies here very hesitant ○ A fuckin man reiterated her idea and all of a sudden people thought it was a genius move ○ SHE WAS NEVER PAID FOR HER DESIGN ○ Props to her doe cuz her invention became a major success and made many women happy Lecture 1 Page 12 Lecture 1 Page 13 Lecture 1 Page 14 Lecture 1 Page 15 Lecture 1 Page 16 Lecture 1 Page 17 Lecture 1 Page 18 Lecture 1 Page 19 Lecture 1 Page 20 Lecture 1 Page 21 Lecture 1 Page 22 Lecture 1 Page 23 Lecture 1 Page 24 Lecture 1 Page 25 Lecture 1 Page 26 Animal Terminology Saturday, August 31, 2024 11:46 AM Animal Terminol... Lecture 1 Page 27 Study Guide Saturday, August 31, 2024 11:55 AM 1 Lec Study Guide Q Introduction 21 Lecture 1 Page 28 Female 1 Saturday, August 31, 2024 11:59 AM 24 AR CVS Lec 02 Fe... Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 29 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 30 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 31 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 32 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 33 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 34 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 35 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 36 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 37 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 38 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 39 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 40 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 41 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 42 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 43 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 44 Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 45 Female 2 Saturday, August 31, 2024 11:11 PM 23 AR CVS Lec 03 Fe... 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True or False: MicroRNAs are not found in human, cow, and pig milk. 8. True or False: An immature gut, soon after birth, can be described as “closed” 9. What connective tissue forms the broad ligament in the female reproductive tract? 10. Name the tubular portions of the female reproductive tract in order from the outermost to the innermost. 11. Name one steroid hormone and one protein hormone produced in the ovaries. 12. What are the differences between the equine ovary as compared to the non-equine ovary? Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 61 13. True or False: The follicle can ovulate anywhere in an equine ovary because surface germinal epithelium completely surrounds the ovary. 14. What type of epithelium does the oocyte have in a primordial follicle? 15. What type of epithelium does the oocyte have in a primary follicle? 16. In which type follicle is an antrum present? 17. What FIRST forms at the site of follicle rupture on the ovary? 18. True or False: Granulosa and theca cells differentiate into luteal cells. 19. Name the primary hormone produced by the corpus luteum. 20. What is the name for programmed cell death in cells of a follicle? 21. True or False: The theca interna layer produces estrogens and progestins and houses the follicular blood supply. 22. What syndrome would you expect in a female patient with insulin resistance, infertility and high androgens? 23. In one theory regarding the cause of ovarian cancer, the wound and repair of what cell type is thought to trigger mutation? 24. Which hormone(s) action(s) on the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) is thought to induce tumor formation? Lecture 3: Female Reproduction 2 1. True or False: The Ovarian Reserve Index (ORI) determines the quality of eggs a woman has in Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 62 1. True or False: The Ovarian Reserve Index (ORI) determines the quality of eggs a woman has in her ovaries. 2. The blood levels of which three hormones are measured with the Ovarian Reserve Index (ORI)? 3. True or False: A woman with a high antral follicle count, such as 35, is a sign of a healthy ovary and should have no issue becoming pregnant. 4. What two cells “luteinize” or differentiate to form the corpus luteum? 5. What is 25-55% of early embryonic loss due to? 6. How is the avian reproductive system different from the mammalian reproductive system? 7. True or False: The avian follicle contains an antrum and follicular fluid. 8. Where is the site of fertilization by sperm in an avian ovum? 9. Where does fertilization occur in the avian tract? 10. From the site of fertilization in birds, trace the path of the egg in the avian reproductive tract. 11. What is another name for the shell gland in the avian reproductive tract? 12. What are the parts of the mammalian oviduct? 13. What structural aspect of the infundibulum assists in the transport of the oocyte? Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 63 14. Where is the site of fertilization in the mammalian oviduct? 15. What is the difference between a Duplex and a Bicornuate uterus, and name one species that has each type of uterus. 16. True or False: Gonadotropin is the uterine signal which causes CL regression. 17. Which species have annular rings of cartilage in their cervix? 18. Is thick cervical mucous a characteristic of a cervix during early pregnancy or a cervix at the time of birth? 19. What controls the viscosity of the cervical mucous? 20. True or False: Stratified squamous epithelium is type of epithelial cell at the cranial portion of the vagina. 21. True or False: The three functions of the vagina are that they are the copulatory organ, it acts as an excretory duct, and is the birth canal. 22. What are the outer and inner folds of the skin of the vulva called? Lecture 2 ^M 3 Page 64 Printout Thursday, September 19, 2024 10:56 PM Quiz 1 Page 65 Quiz 1 Page 66 Quiz 1 Page 67 Quiz 1 Page 68 Quiz 1 Page 69 Quiz 1 Page 70 Quiz 1 Page 71 Equine Reproduction Saturday, August 31, 2024 11:59 AM 24 AR CVS Lec 04 Eq... 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Two Antibodies are used a. One recognizes hormone b. Another is linked to an enzyme detection system 2. Hormone antibody is bound to a solid support 3. Hormone in blood binds to enzyme link antibody and forms a complex 4. The enzyme binds to enzyme linked antibody 5. Substrate is added and a color reaction occurs 6. Detection of a color change means the presence of the hormone and is the basis of the ELISA system Lecture 4 Page 120 Male Reproduction Saturday, August 31, 2024 11:59 AM 24 AR CVS Lec 05 Ma... 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The Cremaster muscle pumps blood through the PPP There won't be TD contraction since the testes are removed so there's nothing to contract or androgens for the TDs Bilateral cryptorchidism True They produce androgens Peritubular myoid cells Sertoli cell junctional complexes The purpose of the barrier is to prevent the autoimmune destruction of developing haploid germ cells The also bind to FSH Androgen binding protein Transferrin Inhibin Lecture 5 Page 163  Androgen binding protein Transferrin Inhibin Sulfated glycoprotein 1 & 2 They mature Lecture 5 Page 164  False Secretes seminal fluid Connects vas deferens to urethra The Bulbourethral gland Increase strength muscle and volume Brain libido and aggression Decreases fat mass Affects facial hair and balding Gamete production Hormone production Gamete delivery Seminal fluid production and delivery Seminiferous tubules → Rete Tubules (rete testes) → Efferent ducts → Epididymal duct (Epididymis) □ Single long tubule → Ductus (Vas) Deferens → Urethra Lecture 5 Page 165 Reproductive System Development Saturday, August 31, 2024 11:59 AM 22 AR CVS Lec 05 - E... 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What germ layer is the reproductive system derived from? ○ Mesoderm 5. Which germ layer gives rise to the hypothalamus and pituitary? ○ Ectoderm 6. Where is the anterior Hypophysis derived from? Derived from ectoderm in the roof of the embryonic mouth 7. Where is the posterior Hypophysis derived from? ○ Derived from the neural tissue of the brain floor 8. Which pituitary grows toward the embryonic mouth from the infundibulum of the brain? ○ Posterior Pituitary 9. Which pituitary comes from Rathke’s pouch separating from the roof of the mouth? ○ Anterior Pituitary 10. What is the Turkish Saddle? ○ The Turkish Saddle is a saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that protects the pituitary 11. What is the removal of the pituitary called? ○ Hypophysectomy 12. Where do primordial germ cells migrate from? ○ They migrate from the base of the hindgut (near the yolk sac) 13. How do primordial germ cells migrate/ what type of movement? ○ They migrate by "ameboid" movement 14. True or False. The primordial germ cells colonize an area along the ventral body wall. ○ False, it's the dorsal body wall called the genital ridge 15. What is the name of the location on the dorsal body wall where primordial germ cells (PGC) colonize? ○ Genital Ridge 16. What is the evidence that chemical signals drive the migration of PGCs? ○ The evidence is from chicks, mice, and zebrafish ▪ directed through chemoattraction and repulsion □ Expressed in gradients in the embryo 17. True or false: The migration of primordial germ cells results in the degradation of the sex cords. Lecture 6 Page 194 cords. ○ False, it results in the formation of sex cords 18. What do the primitive sex cords become? ○ They become GONADS 19. True or False: In an indifferent reproductive tract, only Mullerian ducts are present. ○ FALSE 20. What controls sexual differentiation? ○ SRY + AMH ▪ Wolffian Ducts and Mullerian Ducts 21. What forms in the presence of SRY? What forms in the absence of SRY? ○ Presence of SRY: testes ○ Absence of SRY: Ovaries 22. In males which cell type secretes Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)? ○ Testis Sertoli Cells 23. What action does AMH have in males? ○ Develops the Male duct system 24. True or False: Secretion of Anti-Mullerian Hormone causes the degeneration of the Wolffian Ducts and results in male duct system development. ○ False, Mullerian Duct degenerates 25. What do the Wolffian Ducts develop in the presence of? ○ They develop in the presence of SRY ▪ Testosterone + AMH 26. What does the testes descend through and where do they end up? ○ They descend through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum 27. What are the three phases of the descent of the testes? ○ Growth of the fetal body ▪ Pushes testis against the peritoneum ○ Rapid growth of the gubernaculum ○ Shrinkage of gubernaculum ▪ "pull" the testes through the inguinal canal into the scrotum 28. What is the gubernaculum testes? ○ The ligamentous cord attached to the bottom of the testes 29. What hormones are needed for testicular descent? ○ INSL-3 and androgens 30. True or False: Insulin-like factor 3 is a major secretory product of fetal and adult Sertoli cells. ○ False 31. True or False: Insulin-like factor 3 is produced in low amounts by the ovary and uterus. ○ False 32. What is an inguinal hernia? ○ Digestive tract enclosed in peritoneal cavity 33. True or False: In humans, inguinal hernias occur more frequently in females than males. ○ False 34. What is cryptorchidism? ○ Hidden testes 35. Why is a bilateral cryptorchid sterile? ○ It's sterile because 36. True or False: In a bilateral cryptorchid individual, they have lowered. testosterone levels. ○ False, equivalent T levels 37. What is a freemartin? ○ An intersex condition found in cattle 38. What are characteristics of a freemartin? Ovaries secrete T instead of E Lecture 6 Page 195 ○ Ovaries secrete T instead of E ○ Testes develop before the ovaries ○ Dizygotic M/F twins share a chorion (blood flow) Lecture 6 Page 196 Lec 7 CVS Control of Repro 1 8-19-2024 Wednesday, September 25, 2024 1:07 AM 24 AR Lec 7 CVS Cont... 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What is released in the Simple Neural Reflex? 2. What is the pathway of the Simple Neural Reflex? 3. What is an example of a simple neural reflex? 4. What is released into the blood in the neuroendocrine reflex? 5. What is the pathway of the Neuroendocrine Reflex? 6. What is an example of a neuroendocrine reflex? 7. Where is the hypothalamus located? 8. True or False: The tonic center does not produce GnRH, only the surge center does. 9. Which hypothalamic nucleus produces oxytocin? 10. How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary system? 11. Where do nerve endings terminate in the Hypothalamo-Hypopyseal Portal System (HHPS)? 12. True or False: One benefit of the HHPS is it provides slower, diluted releasing hormone. 13. Name the Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones. 14. True or False: Hypothalamic neurohormones are stored in the posterior pituitary, while Lecture 7 Page 237 14. True or False: Hypothalamic neurohormones are stored in the posterior pituitary, while hypothalamic releasing hormones target the anterior pituitary. 15. Name two hormones released by the posterior pituitary. 16. Name six hormones released by the anterior pituitary. 17. True or False: Positive feedback loops are common in physiology. 18. What is an example of negative feedback (FB) in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis? 19. What is an example of positive feedback in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis? 20. Explain the role of kisspeptin in negative and positive feedback by estradiol (E2) Lecture 7 Page 238 24 AR Lec 8 CVS Control of Repro 2 _8-19-2024 Wednesday, September 25, 2024 1:09 AM 24 AR Lec 8 CVS Contr... 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