Week2 DM312 AJ.pdf

Introduction to DM312 Lecture 2: Mechatronics & Functional Design Dr Aleksandar Josifovic Week 2 - DM312 In this session: Part 1 • Introduction to the module, • Functional design Part 2 • Group work, • Practical exercise Class administration • Myplace DM312 class in now open • Each week we will...

Introduction to DM312 Lecture 2: Mechatronics & Functional Design Dr Aleksandar Josifovic Week 2 - DM312 In this session: Part 1 • Introduction to the module, • Functional design Part 2 • Group work, • Practical exercise Class administration • Myplace DM312 class in now open • Each week we will open the next lecture • Attendance and non-attendance • MDF • Teaching plan • Feedback • Assessment (100% exam) Class teaching plan Introduction to Mechatronic fundamentals Introduction to Control theory Introduction to Mechatronic applications Teaching plan for 2023/2024 Recap from Week 1 Functional model as a mechatronic design aid – process perspective Flash Electronic Engineers Local processor Flash setting Zoom Exposure data Mechanical Engineers Flash interface Control Engineers User interface Body User Main processor Exposure control Focus control Selects procedure Composes picture Sensors & Actuators Lens interface Computer Scientists Lens Local processor Focussing drive Aperture control Zoom Modelling a mechatronic system Buur, Jacob, and Mogens Myrup Andreasen. "Design models in mechatronic product development." Design studies 10.3 (1989): 155-162. Modelling a mechatronic system • • • • Information and dataflow models Power and energy flow models State and transition models Morphological charts • • • • Sequence diagrams Function-means tree Hierarchy diagram Timing diagrams Part 1: Functional Design What is Functional Design? What is the function of a toy? To be played with… for entertainment… Or a collectors item? “Defining the required function of a product or system is seldom as simple as it first appears.” Watch – telling time, fashion or sign of status https://www.aarp.org/money/budgeting-saving/info-2020/trending-collectible-categories.html https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/most-expensive-watches-ever-made What is Functional Design? Functional model of car door What functions should a car door provide? • Getting in – out, • Providing protection, • Safety, • Others… https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/tech/auto/car-doors-types-you-didnt-know-about/ Functional model of car door – example What functions should a car door provide? Getting in and out • Getting in – out, • Providing protection, • Safety, Provide opening Open door Pivot door Slide • Others… Swing up Functional model of car door – providing protection Providing protection Keep weather out Watertight seal Secure closing Provide safety Against collision Strong latch Structural rigidity Shatterproof Against theft Strong latch Child lock Against injury Secure lock When open When closing Safe direction Suitable angle Safe force When closed Resist damage Resist impact Latches securely Safe interior Strong latch Secure handle Functional design considerations – main function of a car? Important aspect - the main function of a car? Will the product work as intended? To transport people… Simplify your design by eliminating obsolete functions Ensure best use of components and manufacturing Simplistic design Design for X Elegant solutions Minimise unnecessary functions to reduce cost of product Less is more? Functional design – Identifying product functions • No redundant functions - think of a digital cameras do we use all the functions? • Refer back to original requirements • Must not be done in isolation • Understanding and interpreting customer requirements. • Not doing so may lead to an unsatisfactory product. • Not just about getting requirements from customer… • Also about interpreting to avoid ambiguity. Functional design – clarity of function • Lack of ambiguity • Intuitive use - no confusion • Prediction of performance • Ease of use…what button does what Think back to products that you bought • What was the function? • Did it fulfil the function? Functional Design – Viewpoint Analysis Functional design – Primary and Secondary Functions Investor End user • Primary function • Designers intentional behaviour E.g. to wash clothing Technical experts Financial controller • Secondary / auxiliary function • Side effect or unrelated consideration E.g. to be easy to install, quiet, etc Functional design – Stakeholder viewpoints FUNCTIONAL VIEWPOINTS User interaction Loading top/side Style Domestic supplies Determine load Key functions? Detergent Management Rinse Safety Spin Select wash cycle Standards and legislation Cost Wash Installation Maintenance Size and Capacity User https://www.burgehugheswalsh.co.uk/Uploaded/1/Documents/Viewpoint-Analysis-Tool-v2.pdf Functional design – Stakeholder viewpoints The External (or Bounding) Viewpoint is defined as: The External viewpoint is a view of the prime system from the outside • highlights the functionality of the prime system • defines the system of interest. The Internal (or Defining) Viewpoint is defined as: The internal viewpoint is a view of the prime system from the inside • used to describe the internal function of the prime system • defines operating principles Functional design – Stakeholder viewpoints FUNCTIONAL VIEWPOINTS User interaction Loading top/side Style Domestic supplies Detergent Management Rinse Determine load Safety Spin Select wash cycle Standards and legislation Cost Wash Defining (Internal) Viewpoints Installation Maintenance Bounding (External) Viewpoints User Size and Capacity Functional design – Stakeholder viewpoints FUNCTIONAL VIEWPOINTS Loading top/side Determine load Detergent Management Rinse User interaction Select wash cycle Maintenance Spin Wash Installation Bounding (External) Viewpoints Defining (Internal) Viewpoints Functional design – Stakeholder viewpoints FUNCTIONAL VIEWPOINTS Loading top/side Load Management Detergent Management Select wash cycle Determine load User interaction Rinse Washing Maintenance Installation Bounding (External) Viewpoints Spin Wash Defining (Internal) Viewpoints Functional design – Intelligent washing process Intelligent washing FUNCTIONAL VIEWPOINTS Installation User interaction Washing process Loading top/side Load Management Maintenance Select wash cycle Determine load User interaction Loading & unloading Load management Detergent management Determine load Select wash cycle Spin Rinse Washing Maintenan ce Washing Installation Bounding (External) Viewpoints Rinse Wash Detergent Manageme nt Spin Wash Defining (Internal) Viewpoints Function-Means Tree Function-Means Tree • Used to focus on not only what a design must achieve but also possible ways of achieving it. • Lists in an organised way inputs and outputs. Input • • • • SYSTEM Constructing function-means tree Decompose overall functions into sub-functions The function and the method of achieving the function. Tracking material or signal or energy flow to provide desired function. Output Function Means Tree Top level = basic function to be met • heat water, press clothes, take photos etc. Succeeding levels alternate between: • Means by which primary function might be implemented - the method • Secondary functions necessary by those means. Function Means Tree – example 1 Function Means tree defines What needs to be done and How it can be done. Make tea Water Burner Tea Sugar + Milk Boil water Ignite Burner Brew Tea Mix Sugar & Milk Function Means Tree – example 2 Function Means tree defines What needs to be done and How it can be done. Electrically heated wire Supply fuel for flame Focussed sunlight Ignite fuel Light a candle Laser Control flame Butane Flame Store Fuel Gasoline Function Means Tree – example 3 Andreasen, M.M., Hansen, C.T., Cash, P. (2015). Function Reasoning. In: Conceptual Design. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19839-2_11 Black box Functional Design Approach Functional Design block diagram – the black box approach • Concentrate on what design has to achieve - ‘the function’ = black box • Identify sub-functions required and path between them • Identify flow of inputs and outputs Input SYSTEM Output = Input Black Box Output The black box approach - Coffee bean grinder example Function: Inputs: Outputs: • Grind coffee beans • Coffee beans • Power • Ground coffee Coffee beans Power Grind coffee beans Sub-functions: • Contain beans • Grind beans Ground coffee Coffee beans Power Contain beans Grind beans Grind coffee beans Ground coffee Understanding Flow charts and symbols Kettle doesn’t work Start/End No Plugged in? Yes Plug in No Switched on? Yes No Call repair centre Decision Switch on Yes Fuse blown? Process Replace fuse Sub-function Input/output Flow Functional Design using information flow charts Communication tool • Between engineering domains • Also for non-engineers, users, customers etc Good for writing a control programme. FMEA – Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Algorithm • Sequence of steps which define a method • Each step of the algorithm has a standard symbol • Symbols linked together to show information flow. Interaction with external environment Part 2 – Practical Tutorial Exercise • Collect yourselves into groups of 4 or 5 • Choose an existing (or last week’s) non-mechatronic product and make it intelligent through mechatronic design 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Assign roles within your group as designer/user/customer to identify functional viewpoints (choose design functions) Group the functions of your design into bounding and defining viewpoints (central and nice-to-have functions) Produce a function-means tree for the primary function Produce a flow diagram for this primary function Choose the sensors, actuators and processors you will use and identify the energetic and information domains Make tea Water Burner Tea Sugar + Milk Boil water Ignite Burner Brew Tea Mix Sugar & Milk