Week 1-2 Science of Microbiology Lecture Notes PDF

Our Lady of Fatima University College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology PHMP211 THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY UNIT OUTLINE 1. Taxonomy of Microorganisms 2. Cell Theory 3. Class...

Our Lady of Fatima University College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology PHMP211 THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY UNIT OUTLINE 1. Taxonomy of Microorganisms 2. Cell Theory 3. Classification of Microorganisms ✓ Bacteria ✓ Fungi ✓ Protists ✓ Helminths ✓ Viruses 4. Fields of Microbiology TAXONOMY And Phylogenetic Tree: A Systematic Approach MICROBIOLOGY TAXONOMY the classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms. Carolus Linnaeus - Swedish taxonomist, botanist, zoologist, and physician - developed a taxonomic system for categorizing organisms into related groups (Linnean Taxonomy) MICROBIOLOGY TAXONOMY Primate Homnidae Homo Sapiens  Carl Woese used small subunit ribosomal RNA to create a phylogenetic tree that groups PHYLOGENETIC TREE organisms into three domains based on their genetic similarity. MICROBIOLOGY BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Scientific Name (Binomial nomenclature) Genus Species Homo sapiens Note: The Genus part of the name is always capitalized; followed by the species name, which is NOT capitalized. Both names are italicized. CELL THEORY Basic Unit of Life  MICROBIOLOGY CELL THEORY TWO (2) BASIC TENETS OF CELL THEORY: 1. Cells are the fundamental units of organisms. 2. All cells only come from other cells. Principle of Biogenesis MICROBIOLOGY CELL THEORY Robert Hooke - observed that plant material was composed of cells (1665). – published famous work "Micrographia" The cell from latin word cella, meaning "small room/room" Cork cells from the bark of the Cork Oak MICROBIOLOGY CELL THEORY Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881) "German Botanist" - concluded that all plants are composed of cells – believe that cells formed through crystallization, rather than cell division. Theodor Schwann (1810–1882) "German Physiologist/ Physician" - concluded that animal tissues are composed of cells and founded the idea that cells are the fundamental components of plants and animals MICROBIOLOGY CELL THEORY Robert Remak (1815–1865) - published convincing evidence that cells are derived from other cells as a result of cell division Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) "Polish Scientist" - popularized the concepts of cell theory in his essay, Cellular Pathology, using the phrase: “omnis cellula a cellula” All cells arise from cells CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS Classifying Diverse Microorganisms MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY Microbiology 6 Elements of life of Microorganism the study of microorganisms C - Carbon H - Hydrogen N - Nitrogen O - Oxygen P- Phosphorus S - Sulfur Microorganisms A large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cells or cell clusters Also includes viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular MICROBIOLOGY MICROORGANISMS aka "Microbes" – living organisms that are generally too small to be seen without a microscope Microorganisms are found in all of the three DOMAINS of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. Acellular – not composed of cells example: viruses MICROBIOLOGY DOMAINS OF LIFE  Virus MEDICALLY-IMPORTANT LIVING THINGS MICROORGANISMS Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota Monera Archaea Unicellular Multicellular Protista No cell wall acellular Cell wall No Animalia Photosynthesis photosynthesis Bacteria Plantae Fungi Helminth MICROBIOLOGY MEDICALLY-IMPORTANT MICROORGANISMS 1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Protists 4. Helminths 5. Viruses MICROBIOLOGY MORPHOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE Chromosome Single circular Paired linear Chromosome location Nucleoid Nucleus Nucleolus - Present Mitochondria Extra chromosomal DNA Plasmid Chloroplast Site of cellular respiration Cell membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes 70s 80s Rotating flagella and Undulating flagella Locomotion gliding and cilia Sex pili Pili - Common pili Fungi, Protists, Kingdom Bacteria Helminths BACTERIA Bacteriology MICROBIOLOGY Clostridium tetani Vibrio cholerae Staphylococcus aureus BACTERIA ✓Unicellular, have no nucleus, thus are prokaryotic. ✓Most have peptidoglycan cell wall. ✓Divide by binary fission. (Divided into two) ✓Most are harmless or helpful, but some are pathogens. ✓Can use a wide range of substances for their nutrition. MICROBIOLOGY BACTERIA ARCHAEA - classified also as prokaryotes - differ from bacteria in evolutionary history, genetics, metabolic pathways, and cell wall and membrane composition - inhabit nearly every environment (even extreme environments) on earth, but no archaea have been identified as human pathogens BACTERIAL CELL MICROBIOLOGY BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY BINARY FISSION It is the process of asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies. A bacterium duplicates its genetic material (DNA) and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA. Process of dividing cells into 1 MICROBIOLOGY METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION Morphology Differential Staining Biochemical Test Latest Methods MICROBIOLOGY BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION The taxonomy of the bacteria is essentially based on their morphology. Development on phylogenetics allows for more accurate classification of bacteria according to DNA or lineage. Major Classification Gram Positive Bacteria Gram Negative Bacteria Gram-Positive Cell Wall Gram-Negative Cell Wall Violet/blue Pink/red Lipo- polysaccharide FUNGI Mycology MICROBIOLOGY FUNGI Eukaryotic microorganisms that occur ubiquitously in nature. The kingdom fungi (Mycota) has over 50,000 different species but only 200 have been identified as human pathogens. Includes yeasts, molds, and fleshy fungi (mushrooms). MICROBIOLOGY FUNGI MYCOLOGY It is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy as well as pathogenesis and toxicity. MICROBIOLOGY FUNGI fungi_stubbs_465x349 MICROBIOLOGY FUNGI FUNGI Fungi are EUKARYOTES They are mostly multicellular, EXCEPT yeasts Unique from other kingdoms by: Nutrition Structural Organization Growth Reproduction MICROBIOLOGY FUNGI FUNGAL NUTRITION Absorptive nutrition enables fungi to live as decomposers and symbionts Heterotrophic Can not produce their own foods Saprophytic Saprophytes feed of dead/ decaying motter MICROBIOLOGY FUNGI FUNGAL GROWTH Fungi can grow in acidic, low-moisture, aerobic environments. They are unable to metabolize complex carbohydrates.  Cell membrane Cell wall Cytoplasm Ribosome Mitochondrion Septum Nucleus FUNGAL CELL STRUCTURE Bud  Aka "brewer's yeast or Bakers yeast" Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SEM Image) PROTISTS Protistology MICROBIOLOGY PROTISTS Any unicellular eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus Do not form a natural phylogenetic group May be closely related to animals, plants or fungi than to other protists MICROBIOLOGY PROTISTS DOMAINS OF LIFE  MICROBIOLOGY PROTISTS Gelatin are from bores of pig/cow Type A = Cow Type B = Both Slime Molds Protozoa Algae Absorptive Ingestive Photosynthetic fungus-like animal-like plant-like protists protists protists seaweed PROTISTS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE CATEGORIES: MICROBIOLOGY PROTISTS FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY Study of protists – Protistology Study of protozoa – Protozoology Study of algae – Phycology / Algology MICROBIOLOGY PROTISTS PROTOZOA (first animals) Are unicellular eukaryotes in the Kingdom Protista. Protozoa are found in soil and water and as normal microbiota in animals. HELMINTHS Helminthology MICROBIOLOGY HELMINTHS Helminths (parasitic worms) are animals that are often included within the study of microbiology because many species of these worms are identified by their microscopic eggs and larvae. MICROBIOLOGY HELMINTHS HELMINTHS Multicellular Have limited organ systems  Roundworms Helminths (Nematodes) Flukes (Trematodes) Flatworms (Platyhelminths) Tapeworms (Cestodes) VIRUSES Virology MICROBIOLOGY UNCLASSIFIED VIRUSES Viruses contain a single type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat, sometimes enclosed by an envelope composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. MICROBIOLOGY VIRUS VIRUS Virus is an infectious agent with both living and nonliving characteristics. Living Characteristics Nonliving Characteristics a. Reproduce at an a. Acellular (no extensive rate (only cytoplasm, cell in living host cells) membrane, nor b. Has the ability to organelles) mutate b. Cannot metabolize on their own c. Possess DNA or RNA but never both MICROBIOLOGY VIRUS VIRAL STRUCTURE Since viruses are not cells, they are structurally much simpler than bacteria. An intact infectious viral particle is called a virion and consists of: "Central Dogma" 1. Genome Reverse Transcription 2. Capsid DNA RNA PROTEINS Virus = Cell Replication Bacteria = Cell Division 3. Envelope Transcription Translation MPOX Synthesis DNA/ RNA  FIELD OF MICROBIOLOGY General and Specialized Field  MICROBIOLOGY FIELD OF MICROBIOLOGY The field of microbiology is extremely BROAD. Microbiologists typically specialize in one of many subfields, but all health professionals need a solid foundation in clinical microbiology. Bacteriology Phycology Virology Mycology Study of Bacteria Study of Algae Study of Viruses Study of Fungi Protozoology Parasitology Immunology Study of Protozoa Study of Parasites Study of Immune system and Helminths and microbiology MICROBIOLOGY FIELD OF MICROBIOLOGY SPECIALIZED FIELD a. General Microbiology – the study of the classification on microorganisms and how they function. b. Medical Microbiology – the study of pathogens, the diseases caused by them, and the body’s defense against them. c. Veterinary Microbiology – study of the spread and control of diseases among animals. MICROBIOLOGY FIELD OF MICROBIOLOGY SPECIALIZED FIELD d. Agricultural Microbiology – study of the beneficial and harmful roles of microbes in soil formation and fertility. e. Sanitary Microbiology – includes the processing and disposal of garbage and sewage wastes as well as the purification of water supplies. f. Industrial Microbiology – includes the proper way to grow and maintain certain microbes in industries. MICROBIOLOGY FIELD OF MICROBIOLOGY SPECIALIZED FIELD g. Microbial Physiology and Genetics – study of the function of microorganisms, the structure of DNA and the science of genetics in general. h. Environmental Microbiology / Microbial Ecology – includes soil, air, water, sewage, food and dairy microbiology. MICROBIOLOGY IN SUMMARY… Cell Theory Bacteria Protozoa Virus Taxonomy Helminths Fungi Methods of Classification THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! PHMP211 Lecture