PHMP LEC UNIT 1 PDF

Genus – vulpes Species – vulpes vulpes The science of Human microbiology Domai...

Genus – vulpes Species – vulpes vulpes The science of Human microbiology Domain – Eurkarya Kingdom – Animalia TAXONOMY Class – chordata Phylogene)c Tree: A Systema)c Approach Order – Primates the classifica)on, descrip)on, iden)fica)on, and naming Family – Hominidae of living organisms. Genus – Homo Carolus Linnaeus Species – sapiens Swedish taxonomist, botanist, zoologist, and physician developed a taxonomic system for categorizing organisms Phylogene9c tree into related groups o Linnean Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus 1758 developed a new Carl Woese way to categorize used small subunit ribosomal RNA to create a plants and phylogene)c tree animals groups organisms into three domains based on their Ernst Haeckel 1866 wrote gene)c similarity. General Morphology of Binomial nomenclature Organisms, proposing four Scien)fic name kingdoms Genus Species Robert WhiQaker 1969 proposed adding Homo Sapiens a fiSh kingdom to Scien)fic name of humans – Homo sapiens the tree of life Note: Fungi The Genus part of the name is always capitalized followed by the species name which is NOT capitalized. Both names are italicized CELL THEORY Basic Unit of Life 2 basic tenets of cell theory 1. Cells are the fundamental units of organisms. 2. All cells only come from other cells. Robert Hooke observed that plant material was Red fox composed of cells (1665) Domain – eukarya Kingdom – animalia Phylum – chordata Class – mammalia Order – carnivora Family – candidae MaQhias Schleiden (1804–1881) concluded that all plants are composed of cells Theodor Schwann (1810–1882) concluded that animal )ssues are composed of cells and founded the idea that cells are the fundamental components of plants and animals Robert Remak (1815–1865) published convincing evidence that cells are derived from other cells as a result of cell division Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) popularized the concepts of cell theory in his essay, Cellular Pathology, using the phrase: o omnis cellula a cellula CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS Classifying Diverse Microorganisms Microbiology the study of microorganisms Microorganisms A large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cells or cell clusters Also includes viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular Microorganisms Medically important microorganisms living organisms that are generally too small to be seen 1. Bacteria without a microscope 2. Fungi Microorganisms are found in all of the three DOMAINS of 3. Pro)sts life: BAE 4. Helminths o Bacteria 5. Viruses o Archaea o Eukaryota Morphology CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE Chromosome Single circular Paired linear Chromosome Nucleoid Nucleus loca)on Nucleolus Present Extra plasmid Mitochondria chromosomal chloroplast DNA Site of cellular Cell membrane mitochondria respira)on Ribosomes 70s 80s locomo)on Rota)ng flagella Undula)ng and gliding flagella and cilia pili Sex pili - Common pili Kingdom Bacteria Fungi, Pro)sts, Helminths Bacteria Bacteriology  Unicellular, have no nucleus, thus are prokaryo)c. Gram nega)ve bacteria Most have pep)doglycan cell wall. Divide by binary fission. Most are harmless or helpful, but some are pathogens. Can use a wide range of substances for their nutri)on. ARCHAEA classified also as prokaryotes differ from bacteria in evolu)onary history, gene)cs, metabolic pathways, and cell wall and membrane composi)on inhabit nearly every environment (even extreme environments) on earth, but no archaea have been iden)fied as human pathogens BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY Fungi Mycology o It is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi, including their gene)c and biochemical proper)es, their taxonomy as well as pathogenesis and toxicity Eukaryo)c microorganisms that occur ubiquitously in nature. The kingdom fungi (Mycota) has over 50,000 different species but only 200 have been iden)fied as human pathogens. Binary Fission o Includes yeasts, molds, and fleshy fungi It is the process of asexual reproduc)on by a separa)on (mushrooms) of the body into two new bodies. Fungi are EUKARYOTES A bacterium duplicates its gene)c material (DNA) They are mostly mul)cellular, EXCEPT yeasts then divides into two parts (cytokinesis) Unique from other kingdoms by: o with each new organism receiving one copy of o Nutri)on DNA o Structural Organiza)on Methods of classifica9on o Growth Morphology o Reproduc)on Differen)al Staining Biochemical Test FUNGAL NUTRITION Latest Methods Absorp)ve nutri)on enables fungi to live as decomposers and symbionts BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION o Heterotrophic The taxonomy of the bacteria is essen)ally based on their o Saprophy)c morphology. Fungi can grow in acidic, low-moisture, aerobic Development on phylogene)cs allows for more accurate environments. classifica)on of bacteria according to DNA or lineage. They are unable to metabolize complex carbohydrates. Major classifica9on Gram posi)ve bacteria Fungal cell structure  Fields of microbiology Study of pro)sts Pro)stology Study of protozoa Protozoology Study of algae Phycology/Algology PROTOZOA Are unicellular eukaryotes in the Kingdom Pro)sta. Protozoa are found in soil and water and as normal microbiota in animals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5 micrometer Pro9sts Pro)stology Any unicellular eukaryo)c organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus Do not form a natural phylogene)c group May be closely related to animals, plants or fungi than to other pro)sts Helminths Helmintholgy Helminths (parasi)c worms) are animals that are oSen included within the study of microbiology because many species of these worms are iden)fied by their microscopic eggs and larvae. Mul)cellular Have limited organ systems Pro)sts can be divided in to 3 categories Slime molds Protozoa Algae Absorp)ve Inges)ve animal- Photosynthe)c fungus-like like pro)sts plant-like pro)sts pro)sts  FIELD OF MICROBIOLOGY General and Specialized Field The field of microbiology is extremely BROAD. Microbiologists typically specialize in one of many Types subfields, but all health professionals need a solid Roundworms (nematodes) founda)on in clinical microbiology Flatworms (Platyhelminths) o Flukes (termatodes) o Tapeworms (Cestodes) Specialized field General Microbiology – the study of the classifica)on on microorganisms and how they func)on. Medical Microbiology – the study of pathogens, the diseases caused by them, and the body’s defense against them. Veterinary Microbiology – study of the spread and Viruses control of diseases among animals. Virology Agricultural Microbiology – study of the beneficial and Unclassified harmful roles of microbes in soil forma)on and fer)lity. contain a single type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a Sanitary Microbiology–includes the processing and protein coat, some)mes enclosed by an envelope disposal of garbage and sewage wastes as well as the composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates purifica)on of water supplies. an infec)ous agent with both living and nonliving Industrial Microbiology – includes the proper way to characteris)cs grow and maintain certain microbes in industries. Microbial Physiology and Gene)cs – study of the func)on Living characteris)cs Nonliving characteris)cs of microorganisms, the structure of DNA and the science Reproduce at an Acellular (no of gene)cs in general. extensive rate (only in cytoplasm, cell Environmental Microbiology / Microbial Ecology – living host cells) membrane, nor includes soil, air, water, sewage, food and dairy Has the ability to organelles) microbiology. mutate Cannot metabolize on their own Possess DNA or RNA but never both VIRAL STRUCTURE Since viruses are not cells, they are structurally much simpler than bacteria. An intact infec)ous viral par)cle is called a virion and consists of: 1. Genome 2. Capsid 3. Envelope