PSCI 4340 International Migration Policies & Integration Week 9 PDF

PROFESSOR SHIN | PSCI 4340 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION POLICIES & INTEGRATION Week 9: Emigration  ANNOUNCEMENTS - Mid-term exam grades; participation grades; homework assignment grades will be uploaded by Wednesday - Will go over mid-term exam on Friday - Read Fitzgerald...

PROFESSOR SHIN | PSCI 4340 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION POLICIES & INTEGRATION Week 9: Emigration  ANNOUNCEMENTS - Mid-term exam grades; participation grades; homework assignment grades will be uploaded by Wednesday - Will go over mid-term exam on Friday - Read Fitzgerald (2006) by Wednesday - No assignment due this Friday — please work on incomplete assignments  THIS WEEK’S AGENDA - Under what conditions do states allow people to leave? When do they force them to stay? When does it help the state to allow people to leave and when does it hurt the state? - Emigrating government’s impact on migrants’ rights - Case study: Mexico - Types of variables - What type are your variables? - Changing non-numerical variables to numerical variables FACTORS IMPACTING MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS MIGRANTS’ SKILL LEVEL AND RIGHTS - Based on these policy objectives and constraints, Ruhs comes up with three hypotheses regarding the relationship between - Nation-states’ policies for regulating the admission and rights of migrant workers - The author focuses on labor immigration programs in high-income countries - What are the three proposed hypotheses? 1. Labor immigration programs that target higher-skilled migrants are more open to labor immigration than those targeting lower-skilled migrants 2. Programs that target higher-skilled migrants grant migrants more rights than programs that target lower-skilled migrants 3. There can be a trade-o (a negative relationship) between openness and some of the rights of some migrant workers admitted to high-income countries 1. Greater openness will be associated with fewer rights 2. More restriction will be associated with greater rights f INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT’S DESIRES TO GAIN CONTROL - EU countries, despite the presence of the ECHR, have tried to regulate immigration through the EU Family Reuni cation Directive - The Family Reuni cation Directive is a regulatory policy with a goal of regaining control over cultural integration of immigrant communities fi fi  EU FAMILY REUNIFICATION DIRECTIVE - Adopted in 2003 by EU member countries (except Ireland, Denmark, UK) - The main purpose was to promote integration of immigrants through the promotion of family life - Set of rules under which non-EU nationals can bring their family members to the EU country in which they are legally residing - Non-EU nationals who hold a residence permit valid for at least one year in one of EU countries who have the legal option of long-term residence - Not apply to family members of an EU citizen or non-EU nationals applying for refugee status - Polygamy is not recognized: only one spouse can bene t from the right to reuni cation - Require non-EU nationals and his/her spouse to be of a minimum age (21 years old) fi fi INFLUENCE OF LOBBY GROUPS - “Protection formation function” framework (Findlay and Wellisz 1982) - Argues that there is a direct relationship between a) lobby’s e orts and b) policy outcomes - In each sector, two opposite interest groups compete: - Protectionist lobby: anti-trade, jobs should given to locals (labor unions) - Pro-trade lobby: jobs should be diversi ed and open to competition (companies) - Both groups give politicians contributions ($$$) to sway policy to their favor - The HIGHER the contribution from pro-trade groups —> the GREATER the number of visas approved by the US government - The HIGHER the contribution from protectionist lobby groups —> the LOWER the number of visas approved by the US government fi ff  INFLUENCE OF LOBBY GROUPS - Facchini and co-authors look at the relationship between - Lobbying expenditures: how much was used for what area - Work visa quotas: number of visas approved by USCIS - 2001-2005 INFLUENCE OF MIGRANT SENDING GOVERNMENT  EMIGRATION - Can migrant sending government’s immigration policy have an impact on the emigrants’ rights? - Emigration: the act of leaving one’s own country to another - Ruhs examines the impact of the interests of the migrant sending countries’ on the migrant’s rights - Takes a human development approach HUMAN DEVELOPMENT APPROACH - Human development refers to a process of “enlarging people’s choices and enhancing human capabilities (the range of things people can be and do) and freedoms, enabling them to: live a long and health life, have access to knowledge and a decent standard of living, and participate in the life of their community and decisions a ecting their lives.” - In contrast to other approaches such as - Looking at the impact of migration on the sending/receiving country’s economy - Instead looks at the impact migration can have on migrant’s capabilities to move/ work abroad and rights while working abroad - In particular, Ruhs examines the potential con ict between migrant’s access to migration and rights while working abroad fl ff  ACCESS TO MIGRATION - Emigration is not a choice for everyone - Visa fees - Travel expenses - Payments to recruitment agencies - Illegal payments (bribes, “kickbacks”) - Bene ts of migration outweighs the cost - Wage di erences for the same job - Remittances for the family - Human development: health and education - Dependent on receiving countries’ policies fi ff  RIGHTS ABROAD - Immigration status determines what rights migrants have - Low vs. high skill - Legal vs. illegal - Illegal migrants are limited in their human development capabilities - Fear of deportation - Discourage migrants from investing in human development MIGRANT DECISIONS AND TRADE-OFFS - Labor immigration programs in high-income countries often present migrants with a trade-o between - Access to labor markets - Restrictions on some of their rights while working and living abroad - Despite the known restriction of rights, people still choose to migrate - What are some factors in uencing their decision? ff fl INFLUENCE OF SENDING COUNTRIES - Sending countries can also in uence migrants’ access to migration and rights they have while working abroad - There are three crucial contextual points about the constraints on and determinants of labor emigration policy 1. Nation-states face constraints on their formal authority and power to regulate labor emigration as well as the rights of migrant workers abroad 2. There is a wide range of constraints and factors that limit the available policy space for regulating labor emigration (political system, historical relationship with receiving countries) 3. Nation-states’ policy decisions are based on many factors including the countries’ national interest fl  MOTIVATION OF SENDING COUNTRIES - Low-income countries have strong economic incentives to send more emigrants to higher-income countries - There are three economic reasons why low- and middle-income countries favor liberalization of international ow of low-income workers 1. Out ow of low-skilled workers can raise wages of nonimmigrant low-skilled workers in migrant-sending countries 2. Creates incentives to produce high skilled laborers (opportunity to increase human capital and remittances) 3. It is better to send low-skilled laborers than high-skilled laborers fl fl DO SENDING GOVERNMENTS CARE ABOUT MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS? - Yes, in theory…. - But due to economic incentives, sending countries may not always insist on more or equal rights :( - Insistence on rights may jeopardize chances of migrants’ going abroad - May sacri ce rights at home (short term loss of rights may mean long term improvement in the future) - Countries vary in their ght for their migrant workers’ rights - Protectionist: Philippines, Latvia - Liberalist: Latin American countries fi fi PROTECTING EMIGRANTS’ RIGHTS - Some countries have been active in protecting their emigrant laborers’ rights when working abroad - Philippines: export ban of migrant workers to countries not compliant with the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act - Latvia: government directly engages with the Swedish government to defend the Latvian company and its workers working in Sweden THE TRADE OFF?  THE TRADE OFF? - Too much protection may be a bad thing for the sending countries, especially for low-skilled workers - Low-skilled workers are abundant around the world - Receiving countries are, therefore, in the position of rejecting low-skilled workers from these countries - Sending countries risk losing economic opportunities - Trade o easier for: democratic vs. non- democratic countries ff  PRIORITIZING ECONOMIC BENEFITS OVER RIGHTS - Some countries have prioritized access of migrants over rights they have while working abroad - Pakistan: National Emigration Policy focuses on access and remittances rather than rights - Mexico: “Policy of nonintervention” for emigrants to the US and monitoring workers in Canada - Some countries have hierarchical relationships with receiving countries THE TRADE OFF?  THE TRADE OFF? - A potential trade o for sending governments not standing up for the emigrant workers’ right is … - Losing legitimacy among their citizens - Bad reputation in the international community - More people leaving the country ff MEXICAN EMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES EMIGRATION FROM MEXICO - United States is the most popular destination for Mexican emigrants - In 2020, out of 11.2M Mexican emigrants around the world, almost 10.9M relocated to the United States - Mexicans are also the largest group of immigrants in the United States (23% of 47.8M foreign-born residents in 2023) Accounts for 4% of Mexico’s GDP THE POLITICS OF MEXICAN EMIGRATION CONTROL MEXICAN EMIGRATION CONTROL - David Fitzgerald argues that the Mexican federal government’s e orts to control emigration to the US has been constrained from within and without - Within? - Without? - He takes a neopluralist approach to under the politics of emigration in Mexico - Neopluralist approach? ff MEXICAN EMIGRATION CONTROL - David Fitzgerald argues that the Mexican federal government’s e orts to control emigration to the US has been constrained from within and without - Within? clash between local and national level government policies - Without? US government undermining Mexico’s emigration policy - He takes a neopluralist approach to under the politics of emigration in Mexico - Neopluralist approach? ff MEXICAN EMIGRATION CONTROL - David Fitzgerald argues that the Mexican federal government’s e orts to control emigration to the US has been constrained from within and without - Within? clash between local and national level government policies - Without? US government undermining Mexico’s emigration policy - He takes a neopluralist approach to under the politics of emigration in Mexico - Neopluralist approach? - The state is not a single actor - It is made up of numerous actors at multiple levels - There is unequal power relations between di erent interest groups ff ff “BLEEDING MEXICO WHITE” (1900-1925) -In the beginning of 20th century, Mexico was still a new democracy - President Diaz ascended to power via military coup and ruled until 1910 -Mexican federal government wanted to control its population = control of country - Emigration threatened the nationalist project b/c it symbolized a weak government - 1904, Mexican federal and state authorities ordered municipal governments to stop issuing travel documents - Dissuasion campaigns by the government - Despite government e orts, it was hard to stop emigration (1910-1920 revolution large exodus) -The US, despite, the Mexican government’s e orts allowed Mexican emigration - 1917-1921: allow entry of 70,000 workers as a wartime emergency measure ff ff  THE CRISTERO RUPTURE (1926-1929) - The Catholic Church had great political in uence in Mexico - Their in uence waned when the 1917 Constitution stated the separation of the Church from the state - The Church responds by rebelling against the government: Cristero War - War pushed more people to emigrate - During this time, there was con ict between federal and local governments - Federal government passed the 1926 migration law: issuing passports/travel documents are our job - Municipal governments continued to issue their own documents for travel - Di erent interests exist: municipal governments want people to leave (because of warn torn areas) but federal government wants them to stay ff fl fl fl  MASS REPATRIATION (1930-1941) - During the Great Depression, Mexico faced the problem of deportation of Mexicans from the United States - Mexico’s asymmetric interdependence with the US put them in a di cult position - 400,000 Mexicans deported back - Mexico pays for thousands of repatriates’ transportations home - Faced the di cult situation of: what do we do with them? - Solution: agricultural colonies where repatriates are sent to places with low number of farmers - Result: repatriates did not do as they were asked. They returned to heavily populated areas ffi ffi THE BRACERO (DIS)AGREEMENTS (1942-1964) - The Bracero Program: US Government sponsored program that imported Mexican farm and railroad workers (bracero) into the US between 1942-1964 - Designated to ll agriculture shortages during WWII - Increase in symmetry of interdependence with the US - Able to negotiate a favorable bilateral agreement: labor vs. remittances and modernizing in uences - 1948: disagreement between US and Mexico erupt - Over government supervision of contracts, wages, working conditions - Mexico pressured the US to refuse workers to cross into US - US refused because under the pressure of employers in the US: allow illegal entrants fi fl  THE POST-BRACERO ERA - Throughout the early 1970s, the Mexican government wanted to revive the bracero agreement - The US saw little reason to resume it when they had undocumented immigrants meeting US labor demands - Both accepted massive undocumented migration as reality - Since the early 1990s, Mexico’s policies toward emigrants has changed - Overall stance: accept legal/illegal labor emigration as inevitable while making minor e orts to restrict migration of most highly educated - More recognition and protection of emigrants: dual nationality law in 1996, SRE (Secretariat of Foreign Relations) Programs for Mexican Community Abroad (PCME) - “Brain repatriation” program: bring back Mexicans with advanced degrees and PhDs ff RUBRIC FOR FINAL PAPER TYPES OF VARIABLES  WHAT IS A VARIABLE? - A person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way - What are some examples of variables around you? WHY IS NOT A VARIABLE? - Constants are not variables - Obvious but sometimes we forget! - In research, we want to study phenomenons/people/things that are di erent from one another - For example, it would be boring to study why the day is 24 hours long - But it may be interesting to study why some parts of the year has longer daylight than other times of the year - For your research, try to avoid working with variables that have little/no variation - E.g.: over 90% say yes to immigration — this is a bit boring to study since immigration seems to be a norm in that country - Rather studying a phenomenon where there is contestation between the yayers and nayers (60 vs. 40%?) ff  TYPES OF VARIABLES - Independent variable - Dependent variable - Qualitative variable - Nominal - Ordinal - Quantitative variable - Discrete - Continuous  INDEPENDENT & DEPENDENT VARIABLES - In research, we typically study the relationship between independent and dependent variables - Independent variable: variable that in uences the dependent variable - Dependent variable: variable that is in uenced by the independent variable - The relationship tends to be: - Positive - Negative - Null (which is the basis we test against) fl fl  WHAT IS YOUR IV AND DV? WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP? QUANTITATIVE VS. QUALITATIVE VARIABLES - Variables are largely categorized into quantitative and qualitative variables - Quantitative variable: can be measured and given a numerical value - Numerical variable - Age, Income, Population - Qualitative variable: variable that is not numerical (limited values or categories) - Categorical variable - Gender, Countries, Opinions DISCRETE VARIABLE - A type of quantitative variable - A variable is discrete if it may take only a countable number of distinct values (whole numbers) such as 0, 1, 2, 3 … - If a variable can take only a nite number of distinct values, then it must be discrete - The number of people in your family - The number of students in your dorm fi CONTINUOUS VARIABLE - A type of quantitative variable - Variable that takes on any value within a range, and a number of possible values within that range is in nite - Can take on values that are not restricted to only whole numbers but also decimal values and fractional values - Age of a person - Combined weight of your family fi NOMINAL VARIABLE -A type of qualitative variable -Unordered categories which are usually mutually exclusive -Binary/dichotomous variable - Takes two categories: male vs. female, yes or no -Polytomous variable - Takes more than two categories: ethnicity, color of cars ORDINAL VARIABLE - A type of qualitative variable - Ordered categories which are mutually exclusive - Responses in surveys - Completely disagree, disagree somewhat, neither disagree nor agree, agree somewhat, completely agree - Education level - Socio-economic status WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE ARE YOUR INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES?