AP Human Geography Chapter 3 Notes PDF

3.1 Summary: Migration is a permanent move to a new location. Migration can be either international or intraregional. The quantity and places of origin of immigrants to the United States have fluctuated over time. Questions: How has human settlement diffused? ○ It has diffused through m...

3.1 Summary: Migration is a permanent move to a new location. Migration can be either international or intraregional. The quantity and places of origin of immigrants to the United States have fluctuated over time. Questions: How has human settlement diffused? ○ It has diffused through migration, by permanently settling somewhere else, changing their lifestyle forever. What is the relationship between the migration transition and demographic transition? ○ As a country progresses through the demographic transition, its migration patterns develop accordingly. Stage 1 consists of local migration. Stage 2 consists of rural-urban migration due to rapid population growth. Stage 3 consists of increased international migration as people seek better opportunities. And stage 4 consists of stabilized migration. What are the migration principles and what is the migration transition? ○ The three main principles: The distance migrants usually move, why they move, and their characteristics. The migration transition is how migration patterns change as a country develops. What are the principal streams of migration? ○ International migration and internal migration. What is international migration and its types? ○ Permanently moving from one country to another. Voluntary migration is when the migrant has chosen to move and forced migration is when the migrant has been compelled to move by different factors. What is internal migration and its types? ○ Permanently moving within the same country. Interregional migration is moving from one region of a country to another, most of the time from rural to urban areas. Intraregional is moving within the same region, mostly within urban areas. What is the difference between emigration and immigration? ○ Emigration is migration FROM a location to another. Immigration is migration TO a location. Net-in migration is when immigrant numbers exceed emigrant numbers and net-out migration is the opposite. What are migration patterns in Europe? ○ Migration from Eastern to Western Europe for better economic opportunities ○ Migration from Southern to Northern Europe for job opportunities ○ Lots of migration within Europe ○ Immigration to Europe from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia for a variety of reasons How have the origin of U.S. immigrants changed over time? ○ It started as mostly European dominated to Asian and Latin American in recent times. How did U.S. immigration look at independence?  ○ Immigrants mostly originated from Europe, specifically the UK and Ireland. Many Africans were also forced to migrate as a part of the slave trade to labor in the US. How did U.S. immigration look during the nineteenth century? ○ During the 1840s and 1850s, Irish and German immigrants came to the US due to political and economic factors. However, it declined during the U.S. Civil War in the 1870s. In the 1880s, many Scandinavians also joined the mix for economic opportunities. And towards the end of the century, many Southern and Eastern Europeans immigrated for economic and religious purposes. Germany sent the largest immigrants among the European countries. How does recent U.S. immigration look? ○ Immigration dropped because of the Great Depression and World War II but steadily increased in the first decade of the 21st century. These immigrants mostly originated from Latin America and Asia. Mexico passed Germany in sending the most immigrants. 3.2 Summary: People migrate for a variety of reasons, including political, environmental, and economic factors. Most people migrate in search of employment are young adults. Questions: Where do people typically migrate to within a region? ○ They typically migrate to urban areas because they’re more wealthier and have more opportunities than rural areas. What are the migration patterns among U.S. regions? ○ The patterns evolved hand in hand with the economic opportunities present and living conditions. The population center traveled westward over time and southward during the early 21st century. Where was the population clustered in the 1790s? ○ The colonial-era settlements were clustered near the Atlantic Coast to trade with Europe. What did the population center look like in the early to mid-1800s? ○ Erie canal and other innovations improved transportation which let people travel for cheaper. People moved and settled in forested river valleys between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River because of the large amount of land sold for a cheap price. What did the population center look like in the mid to late 1800s? ○ The California Gold Rush encouraged people to migrate westward, skipping over the Great Plains because of its lack of arable land. What did the population center look like in the early to mid 1900s? ○ European immigration offset migration to the west. Advances in agricultural technology and railroads enabled people to cultivate crops and settle in the Great Plains.  What did the population center look like from 1950 to 2010? ○ Westward expansion resumed as well as moving southward. This is because of the warm climate and job opportunities, the growth mostly coming from newer companies. Interregional migration slowed in the twenty-first century because of the recession that curbed job prospects in all regions. How does interregional migration in large countries like China, Brazil, Canada, and Russia compare? ○ Interregional migration in large countries varies significantly. China has seen rapid urban growth after initially discouraging rural-to-urban migration. Brazil successfully moved its capital to encourage interior migration. Canada experiences mostly east-to-west migration with Alberta receiving the highest net-in migration, and Russia’s population is concentrated in the west near Europe due to job opportunities and historical Soviet policies. What does interregional migration in China look like? ○ China’s government discouraged mass migration from rural to urban areas in fear that no one would work in agriculture and lead to poor living conditions. However, this has changed in recent years resulting in China’s urban areas to be one of the most modern and rapidly growing worldwide. What does interregional migration in Brazil look like? ○ Brazil changed its capital to Brasilia to attract people to inhabit that tropical interior of the country instead of the coast. This successfully worked with the coast now having net-out migration and the new capital having net-in migration. What does interregional migration in Canada look like? ○ Similar to the USA, Canada has mostly east to west migration. ○ Alberta: Highest net-in migration ○ Quebec: Largest net-out migration ○ Largest interprovincial flows: Ontario to Alberta, British Columbia to Alberta, and Alberta to British Columbia What does interregional migration in Russia look like? ○ Russia's population has been concentrated in the west because of job opportunities near the border with Europe. Soviet policies previously encouraged factory construction near raw materials rather than population centers. What are the three types of intraregional migration? ○ Rural to Urban areas ○ Urban to Suburban areas ○ Urban to Rural areas Why do people migrate from rural to urban areas? ○ Urbanization started during the Industrial Revolution and diffused to peripheral regions recently. People move to urban areas for economic reasons such as better job prospects. Why do people migrate from urban to suburban areas? ○ Suburbanization takes place mostly in developed countries because it's an appealing lifestyle, especially for families. Suburban areas typically have better schools too.  Why do people migrate from urban to rural areas? ○ In developed countries, starting in the late 20th century, people moved to rural areas rather than leaving them. Because of lifestyle reasons, such as the desire for a slower pace of life and the opportunity to live on a farm, even if they don’t work in agriculture. 3.3 Summary: Interregional migration, primarily from rural to urban areas in developing countries and cities to suburbs in developed countries, has impacted the U.S. population center greatly. Questions: Why do people migrate? ○ People migrate mostly for economic reasons, but do also migrate for political and environmental reasons according to Ravenstein’s principles. What are the cultural/political reasons for migrating? ○ People migrate seeking a different lifestyle or escaping cultural push factors. Migration due to political reasons include human right violation, conflicts, etc. Today, the need for passports and visas also affects migration. What was the forced migration of Native Americans? ○ Five Native tribes were forced out of their land due to the Indian Removal Act of 1830. What are the groups of people who are forced to migrate? ○ A refugee, internally displaced person, and asylum seeker. What are environmental reasons for migration? ○ Floods caused by destructive hurricanes caused significant damage creating uninhabitable conditions and economic impacts. This led to mass migration of people. Attractive environments also pull people to migrate because of their favorable conditions and attributes. How did Katrina flooding push people to migrate? ○ Many people migrated from the flooding because it caused inhabitable conditions and many jobs and businesses were lost. This caused one of the largest migrations in the U.S. ever. How did Harvey and Maria push people to migrate? ○ Their effects were similar to hurricane Katirina’s destruction. They caused widespread destruction and economic instability, forcing residents to leave. How do attractive environments pull people to migrate? ○ People migrate to environments that are appealing such as mountains, seasides, and warm climates. What are economic reasons for international migration? ○ Better economic opportunities and higher wages pull people from developing countries to developed countries where the chances are higher. Migrants who have gotten these chances send remittances.  Why do people migrate for economic reasons in developing countries? ○ Mostly people in South and East Asia, migrate for economic reasons mostly to find better job opportunities and higher wages. Temporary migration is often allowed, letting people to work in developed regions like Europe, Southwest Asia, and the U.S. This can then help them stabilize financially and help support their family. Why do people migrate for economic reasons in developed countries? ○ Most migrants have emigrated from other developing countries in search of economic advancements. A country’s attractiveness can change in hand with its economy. An example of this is Ireland. Its number of immigrants fell and rose with the economy. What are remittances? ○ Remittances is the transfer of money by workers to people in their home country or the country they emigrated from. For many families, remittances are a big portion of their basic income. However, some places make the cost of transferring very high. What are the demographic characteristics of immigrants to the United States? ○ Most immigrants, according to Ravenstein, are male young adults. This has been changing in recent years, however. How old are most migrants? ○ Most immigrants are young adults, being in their prime working years. However, the number of teenages crossing into the US has increased. Are most migrants male or female? ○ According to Ravenstein’s law, most immigrants were most likely to be male. But female immigrants have surpassed the number of male immigrants since the 1970s. This is because developed countries have many women in the labor force which encourages other women to join and some developed countries let wives join their already immigrated husbands. 3.4 Summary: Most countries tightly control immigration, with the US having 11 million unauthorized immigrants, primarily from Mexico, and American and European attitudes are divided. Questions: How has transportation promoted globalization? ○ Advancements in transportation have made physical intervening obstacles like mountains no more. How do governments control who can immigrate into a country? ○ They have restrictions and immigration policies, limiting the number of immigrants coming in. This is influenced by the current economy, public opinion, availability of resources, and international relations. There are four types of  immigration policies a country can be put under: maintain the current level of immigration, increase the level, reduce the level, or have no policy. How has unauthorized immigration affected receiving countries? ○ Unauthorized immigrants contribute labor to certain industries and are seen by some as contributors who pay taxes and fill less desirable jobs. However, they are also perceived by others as placing a strain on public resources such as education and healthcare systems. What is the role of quotas in U.S. immigration policies? ○ Quotas are a law that limits the number of people who can immigrate into the country. What is the U.S. Quota Acts? ○ Emergency Quota Act in 1921 restricted the number of immigrants to 3% of the total population of any nationality already residing in the U.S ○ Immigration Act of 1924 reduced the quota to 2% of the total population of each nationality, further limiting immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe. Also completely excluded immigrants from Asia What preferences has Congress set because the number of immigrants exceeds quotas? ○ Family reunification, skilled workers, and diversity lottery (few immigrants are let in by lottery for people from countries that haven't sent many people to the US), are the preferences. Refugees, spouses, children, and parents of US citizens don't apply to the quota so they are admitted without limit. What does the U.S.-Mexico border look like? ○ It is 1954 miles long marking it with 276 6-foot tall iron monuments and 440 15-inch tall markers. There's a barrier covering one-fourth of the border and many major cities like San Diego and Brownsville are situated on it. What are the border disputes? ○ They involve issues related to border security, immigration enforcement, and the rights of unauthorized immigrants versus American workers. How do border crossings differ? ○ There are a diverse 67 border crossings. Some are situated in urban areas like San Diego, through sparsely populated areas, small towns or can be crossed by foot legally like in Progresso, Texas. What are patterns of immigration in Europe and what issues result from these patterns? ○ Significant migration patterns into Europe are from Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia leading typically into countries like Germany and Ireland. Most of these immigrants in 2017 came from Afghanistan, Syria and Iraq. Many of these immigrants arrive as guest workers which can lead to social challenges and there are many groups with negative attitudes towards immigrants. Who are guest workers? ○ People from developing countries can immigrate temporarily for jobs. They usually send back remittances back home for their families. However, most of  these guest workers did not return back to their home country but stayed in the host country. What are European attitudes towards immigrants? ○ European attitudes lean towards the negative when it comes to immigrants. They are blamed for crime, unemployment, and high welfare costs. Anti-immigrant parties feel threatened because they practice other religious and cultural habits and are a threat to the traditional practices of the host country.