Week 7 Kinesiology - Istanbul Gelisim University Course Notes PDF

Department Name :Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Course Code and Name :FTY245E Biomechanics And Kinesiology I Week of the Course :7 Day and Time of the Course :Tuesday 14:00-16:50 Course Credit/ECTS Information :3/3 Exam Type/Grade Distribution...

Department Name :Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Course Code and Name :FTY245E Biomechanics And Kinesiology I Week of the Course :7 Day and Time of the Course :Tuesday 14:00-16:50 Course Credit/ECTS Information :3/3 Exam Type/Grade Distribution :Test/Midterm exam: %50 – Final exam:%50 Course Lecturer :Öğr.Gör. Pınar AKDENİZ Email and Phone :[email protected] Lecturer’s Office :B blok-311 Consultation Information :Tuesday 11:00-14:00 GBS Link :https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/ders-detay-17-316-12113-1 ALMS Link :https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/Home/Index AVESİS Link :https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/pakdeniz  | 14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS | Week 1- Introduction to Biomechanics Week 9- Biomechanical Properties of and Kinesiology Tissues: Ligament Week 10- Biomechanical Properties of Week 2- Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Muscle Tissues: Connective Tissue Week 11- Biomechanical Properties of Week 3- Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Muscle Tissues: Bone Tissue Week 12- Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Tendon Week 4- Functional Adaptation of Bone in Pathological Conditions Week 13- Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Fascia Week 5- Public Holiday (Republic Day Week 14- Static and Kinetic Approach to on October 29) Human Movements Week 6- Contracture and Fatigue Week 15- Kinematic Approach to Human Movements Week 7- Biomechanical Properties of Week 16- Final Tissues: Cartilage Tissue Week 17- Final Week 8- Midterm  | WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES | Describe the Structure of Cartilage Tissue Explain the Mechanical Properties of Cartilage Tissue Understand the Molecular Organization of Cartilage Tissue Explain Collagen Arrangement Identify Types of Cartilage Gain Knowledge on Cartilage Damage and Repair Understand Factors Supporting Cartilage Health | ABOUT THE PREVIOUS COURSE | Week 6- Contracture and Fatigue  | DAILY FLOW | 14.00-14.50/ 1st Hour 15.00-15.50/ 2nd Hour 16.00-16.50/ 3rd Hour STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARTILAGE TISSUE  Cartilage is a unique type of connective tissue, isolated from blood vessels, lymphatic channels, and nerves. It consists of an extracellular matrix made of collagen, proteoglycans, and water, in which chondrocytes are embedded. Cartilage is an avascular tissue. It receives nourishment from synovial fluid. Cartilage is a permeable structure. It allows gas exchange. Nutrients and waste products are transported by diffusion. Tissue properties The tissue most exposed to stress within the structures that make up the locomotor system is the articular cartilage. It is a connective tissue in which the intercellular matrix has a shearable hardness. Another notable structural feature is that it is a tissue without its own nerves, blood vessels, or lymph vessels. Thus, it has a low metabolism.  Cartilage tissue Chondrocytes, organic matrix, and fibril system form the three main components. Chondrocytes make up less than 10% of the tissue. Within the organic matrix: - Type II collagen - Water - Inorganic salts - Proteoglycans  The structural connection between fibrils and the intercellular matrix provides cartilage with resistance to compression. It can bear a load of 9 kilograms per square millimeter. The matrix in cartilage binds tightly to collagen fibrils, preventing them from rupturing.  Cartilage molecular organization Collagen arrangement Joint surface Bone  Types of cartilage There are 3 types of cartilage: - Hyaline cartilage - Elastic cartilage - Fibrous cartilage Hyaline cartilage It is the most common type of cartilage in the body. It is found on joint surfaces, ventral ends of the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and external auditory canal. It is the most resistant type of cartilage to physical stresses.  - Although it is solid, it has some flexibility and elasticity. - All cartilage in the embryo is hyaline cartilage. - The cartilage in adults is the remnants of this cartilage. Epiphyseal cartilage is a type of hyaline cartilage with a distinctive cell arrangement (parallel long columns). Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones in synovial joints. Elastic cartilage It is a cartilage rich in elastic fibers. It has high elasticity but low durability. It is found in the outer ear, Eustachian tube, epiglottis, and some cartilages in the larynx.  Elastic cartilage often continues with hyaline cartilage. It is less affected by degenerative processes than hyaline cartilage. Fibrous cartilage Structurally similar to hyaline cartilage. Contains a large amount of collagen fibers. Collagen fibers are arranged in parallel bundles. Found in intervertebral discs, articular discs, tendon attachment sites, some ligaments, and the pubic symphysis.  In the embryonic stage, the entire skeleton is made of cartilage tissue. Its rapid growth feature and specific hardness are important for fetal skeletal development. Only a small part of the adult skeleton remains as cartilage.  Development of Cartilage Tissue - 1 In the embryonic period, cartilage tissue: Forms through the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts at the beginning of the 6th week. Hyaline cartilage models, which are the precursors of limb bones, are observed in the 6th week. Development of Cartilage Tissue - 2 The distal parts of the limbs undergo chondrification later than the proximal parts. All bones, except for the clavicle, are derived from hyaline cartilage cells. At the end of the 7th week, primary ossification centers appear in the cartilage tissue (primary osteogenesis).  Development of Cartilage Tissue – 3 Chondroblasts transform into osteoblasts under the influence of growth hormone. Ossification continues after birth (secondary osteogenesis): - 1st metacarpal: 1.5–3.5 years - Metacarpals (2–5): 1–2 years - Pisiform: 9–11 years - Sesamoid: 11–14 years Development of Cartilage Tissue - 4 Regions that remain as cartilage: - Joint surface - Thoracic wall - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Small isolated parts in the skull Growth of Cartilage Interstitial Growth: It occurs through the mitotic division of existing chondrocytes. New cells participate in the synthesis of the intercellular matrix. Growth is primarily achieved through the increase of the intercellular matrix. It plays a role in bone growth until adulthood.  Appositional Growth It is mostly observed during the embryonic period. It occurs through the mitosis of cells in the chondrogenic layer.  Articular Cartilage It is an elastic structure, 1–5 mm thick, lacking blood vessels and nerves. Articular cartilage consists of: - 5% cellular elements (chondrocytes) - 95% extracellular matrix (proteoglycans, type II collagen fibers, water)  Proteoglycans are composed of chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. Cartilage tissue contains 65–80% water.  Collagen fibers form a fibrous framework in the cartilage, and together with the high-water-content proteoglycans, they withstand the loads applied to the joint. When subjected to load, these structures deform slightly but maintain their anatomical integrity.  Functions of Cartilage It ensures the smoothness of joint surfaces throughout joint movement. It allows joint movement over wide angles. It absorbs the loads applied to the joint and ensures equal load distribution. It minimizes friction during joint movement. It supports intra-articular tissues and enables ion transfer.  By expanding the contact surface, it contributes to stability. In the ear, respiratory tract, and walls of tubular organs, cartilage prevents organ collapse. Cartilage in the epiphyseal plate enables the longitudinal growth of bone.  Nutrition of Cartilage Tissue Articular cartilage is an avascular structure, and its nutrition occurs through synovial fluid. Factors involved in the nutrition of articular cartilage: - Compressive forces - Tissue permeability - Diffusion Cartilage Tissue Degeneration Disruption in collagen fiber arrangement in the superficial layer, decrease in proteoglycans, and reduction in water content. Reduction in cartilage thickness. Rupture of collagen fibers, decrease in proteoglycan synthesis. Degeneration (osteoarthritis). Disruption of cartilage integrity. Increase in lysosomal activity. Bone tissue damage. Osteophytes.  It is more commonly seen in hyaline cartilage. In advanced age, calcification (asbestosis) is mentioned. The chemical properties of fibers change. The tissue softens. Causes of Cartilage Tissue Degeneration Primary causes: - Advanced age - Gender - Microtraumas - Muscle strength imbalance - Sports activities - Obesity - Cartilage nutrition problems - Occupational factors  Secondary causes: - Congenital hip dislocation, Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, intra- articular fractures, meniscus lesions, postural deformities - Inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis - Prolonged immobilization Cartilage Regeneration Except in very young children, damaged cartilage is very difficult to fully regenerate. In adults, regeneration is achieved through perichondrial activity. The damaged area of cartilage is covered with vascular-rich connective tissue. This connective tissue originates from the surrounding fascia or perichondrium.  Then, a gradual decrease in blood vessels is observed, and the defect area remains as fibrous tissue for a long time. In small defects, cartilage regeneration occurs through connective tissue metaplasia, where fibroblasts transform into chondrocytes. Regeneration Methods - Drilling holes into the subchondral bone - Osteotomy - Soft tissue grafts - Cell transplantation - Administration of growth factors Cartilage Replacement Risk of injury Reduced blood supply Minimal cartilage repair Cartilage shows very little change in response to mechanical stresses and tension Chronic long-term exercise increases the risk of arthritis  Aging Loss of proteoglycans and water Thus: - cartilage thickness, - strength, - stiffness, decrease.  Immobilization Due to loss of mechanical stress Rapid loss of material properties Loss of proteoglycans Loss of strength and stiffness  Exercise Proteoglycans and water Mechanical properties and thickness Blood flow to cartilage increases.  Overtraining Increases risk of injury Reduces proteoglycans Decreases cartilage stiffness  | WHAT TO TAKE HOME? | A lesson covering these topics may have covered the following main points: 1. Structure and Function of Cartilage Tissue: The components, structure, and role of cartilage tissue in the body. 2. Causes of Cartilage Degeneration: Factors contributing to cartilage wear, such as aging, gender, microtraumas, muscle strength imbalances, and obesity. 3. Cartilage Repair and Regeneration Methods: Detailed discussion on methods like drilling holes into the subchondral bone, osteotomy, soft tissue grafts, cell transplantation, and administration of growth factors. 4. Effects of Exercise on Cartilage: How regular exercise improves the mechanical properties, thickness, proteoglycan content, and blood flow of cartilage tissue. 5. Negative Effects of Overtraining on Cartilage: The impact of overtraining, including increased risk of injury, reduction in proteoglycan levels, and decreased cartilage stiffness. 6. Relationship Between Arthritis and Exercise: How long-term intense exercise may increase arthritis risk and the limited response of cartilage to mechanical stresses. 7. Strategies for Protecting and Supporting Cartilage Health: Importance of balanced exercise programs, nutrition, injury prevention, and seeking professional guidance. These topics aim to provide comprehensive information on maintaining cartilage health, preventing damage, and understanding treatment options. | QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS |  | RECOMMENDED WEEKLY STUDIES | 1. The entire presentation should be reviewed again. 2. Current literature should be scanned. (PubMED, Google Scholar..)  | REFERENCES | Şener, G., & Erbahçeci, F. (2016). Kinezyoloji ve biyomekanik. Hipokrat Kitapevi. | ABOUT THE NEXT WEEK | Week 8- Midterm  FTY245E Biomechanics And Kinesiology I Since course presentations are private, using the texts and images contained herein on social media or else without permission from the course instructor is against the regulations Law No. 6698. “Ey Türk Gençliği, birinci vazifen Türk istiklalini, Türk Cumhuriyetini ilelebet muhafaza ve müdafaa etmektir.” Hey Turkish youth! Your first duty is to protect and defense the Turkish independence and republic.