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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a weekly learning outcome related to cartilage tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a weekly learning outcome related to cartilage tissue?
What type of tissue is cartilage considered to be?
What type of tissue is cartilage considered to be?
Which week covers the mechanical properties of cartilage tissue?
Which week covers the mechanical properties of cartilage tissue?
What is the primary characteristic of cartilage tissue concerning blood supply?
What is the primary characteristic of cartilage tissue concerning blood supply?
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Which type of cartilage is known for providing support with some flexibility?
Which type of cartilage is known for providing support with some flexibility?
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During which week does the course cover the topic of contracture and fatigue?
During which week does the course cover the topic of contracture and fatigue?
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What is one of the learning outcomes related to cartilage damage?
What is one of the learning outcomes related to cartilage damage?
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What is a key focus of Week 10 in the course schedule?
What is a key focus of Week 10 in the course schedule?
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What type of cartilage is most common and resistant to physical stresses?
What type of cartilage is most common and resistant to physical stresses?
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Which of the following is not a component of cartilage?
Which of the following is not a component of cartilage?
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What type of cartilage is characterized by having high elasticity?
What type of cartilage is characterized by having high elasticity?
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How do nutrients and waste products move in cartilage tissue?
How do nutrients and waste products move in cartilage tissue?
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Which cartilage type covers the ends of bones in synovial joints?
Which cartilage type covers the ends of bones in synovial joints?
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What characteristic feature does cartilage lack?
What characteristic feature does cartilage lack?
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Which type of cartilage is specifically described as having a 'shearable hardness'?
Which type of cartilage is specifically described as having a 'shearable hardness'?
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What is the primary function of proteoglycans in cartilage?
What is the primary function of proteoglycans in cartilage?
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What is the primary structural component of fibrous cartilage?
What is the primary structural component of fibrous cartilage?
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At what stage does cartilage tissue primarily develop in the human body?
At what stage does cartilage tissue primarily develop in the human body?
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Which of the following bones is derived from hyaline cartilage?
Which of the following bones is derived from hyaline cartilage?
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Which process primarily fuels the growth of cartilage in adulthood?
Which process primarily fuels the growth of cartilage in adulthood?
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What percentage of cartilage tissue is composed of water?
What percentage of cartilage tissue is composed of water?
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In which location is fibrous cartilage NOT typically found?
In which location is fibrous cartilage NOT typically found?
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What is a characteristic of articular cartilage?
What is a characteristic of articular cartilage?
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Which statement about the ossification process is correct?
Which statement about the ossification process is correct?
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What impact may long-term intense exercise have on arthritis risk?
What impact may long-term intense exercise have on arthritis risk?
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What is one of the strategies recommended for protecting cartilage health?
What is one of the strategies recommended for protecting cartilage health?
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What aspect of exercise response is limited when it comes to cartilage health?
What aspect of exercise response is limited when it comes to cartilage health?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as important for maintaining cartilage health?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as important for maintaining cartilage health?
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What should be included in a comprehensive approach to maintaining cartilage health?
What should be included in a comprehensive approach to maintaining cartilage health?
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What is one of the main functions of cartilage in joints?
What is one of the main functions of cartilage in joints?
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How does nutrition occur for articular cartilage?
How does nutrition occur for articular cartilage?
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What is a common cause of cartilage degeneration?
What is a common cause of cartilage degeneration?
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Which statement is true regarding cartilage in the epiphyseal plate?
Which statement is true regarding cartilage in the epiphyseal plate?
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What happens to collagen fibers in cartilage during degeneration?
What happens to collagen fibers in cartilage during degeneration?
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Which of the following factors does NOT influence the nutrition of articular cartilage?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the nutrition of articular cartilage?
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What is a characteristic of cartilage in advanced age?
What is a characteristic of cartilage in advanced age?
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Why is regeneration of damaged cartilage challenging in adults?
Why is regeneration of damaged cartilage challenging in adults?
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What is a key factor that causes cartilage degeneration with aging?
What is a key factor that causes cartilage degeneration with aging?
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Which method is NOT mentioned as a cartilage repair and regeneration method?
Which method is NOT mentioned as a cartilage repair and regeneration method?
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What happens to cartilage during immobilization?
What happens to cartilage during immobilization?
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How does regular exercise affect cartilage?
How does regular exercise affect cartilage?
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What is a consequence of overtraining on cartilage health?
What is a consequence of overtraining on cartilage health?
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Connective tissue metaplasia results in the transformation of fibroblasts into which cell type for regeneration?
Connective tissue metaplasia results in the transformation of fibroblasts into which cell type for regeneration?
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What is a common risk associated with cartilage replacement procedures?
What is a common risk associated with cartilage replacement procedures?
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What contributes to the minimal repair observed in cartilage?
What contributes to the minimal repair observed in cartilage?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course Name: Biomechanics And Kinesiology I
- Course Code: FTY245E
- Course Instructor: Pınar AKDENİZ
- Email: [email protected]
- Office: B blok-311
- Class Day: Tuesday
- Class Time: 14:00-16:50
- Course Credit: 3/3
- Exam Type: Test/Midterm (50%) and Final Exam (50%)
Course Content
- Week 1: Introduction to Biomechanics and Kinesiology
- Week 2: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Connective Tissue
- Week 3: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Bone Tissue
- Week 4: Functional Adaptation of Bone in Pathological Conditions
- Week 5: Republic Day (October 29th) Holiday
- Week 6: Contracture and Fatigue
- Week 7: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Cartilage Tissue
- Week 8: Midterm Exam
- Week 9: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Ligament
- Week 10: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Muscle
- Week 11: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Muscle
- Week 12: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Tendon
- Week 13: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Fascia
- Week 14: Static and Kinetic Approach to Human Movements
- Week 15: Kinematic Approach to Human Movements
- Week 16: Final Exam
- Week 17: Final Exam
Cartilage Tissue
- Cartilage is a connective tissue isolated from blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
- It's avascular, receiving nourishment from synovial fluid.
- Cartilage is a permeable structure, allowing for gas exchange.
- Nutrients and waste products are transported by diffusion.
- Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes, organic matrix, and fibril system (less than 10% tissue).
- Organic matrix includes type II collagen, water, inorganic salts, and proteoglycans.
- The structural connection between fibrils and the intercellular matrix provides cartilage with resistance to compression, able to bear a load of 9 kilograms per square millimeter.
- The matrix binds tightly to collagen fibrils, preventing rupture.
- Three types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrous.
- Hyaline cartilage: most common, found on joint surfaces, ventral ends of ribs, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and external auditory canal; most resistant type of cartilage.
- Elastic cartilage: rich in elastic fibers, high elasticity but low durability, found in the outer ear, Eustachian tube, epiglottis, and some cartilages in the larynx; often continues with hyaline cartilage and less affected by degeneration.
- Fibrous cartilage: structurally similar to hyaline, contains a large amount of collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles, found in intervertebral discs, articular discs, tendon attachment sites, some ligaments, and pubic symphysis.
- Cartilage is mostly the same in the embryo, which contains hyaline cartilage, where the epiphyseal cartilage has a distinctive cell arrangement (parallel long columns).
- Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones in synovial joints, which is 1–5 mm thick and lacks blood vessels and nerves.
- Cartilage is made of 5% cellular elements (chondrocytes) and 95% extracellular matrix (proteoglycans, type II collagen fibers, water).
- Proteoglycans are composed of chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid.
- Cartilage tissue contains 65–80% water.
Cartilage Tissue Degeneration
- Degeneration disruption of collagen fibers structure, proteoglycans, and water content.
- Reduction in cartilage thickness.
- Increase in lysosomal activity; cartilage integrity disruption.
- Bone tissue damage (osteophytes).
- Commonly seen in hyaline cartilage.
- Calcification (asbestosis) noted in advanced age.
- Chemical properties of fibers change.
- Tissue softens.
Cartilage Regeneration
- Damaged cartilage in adults is difficult to regenerate.
- Regeneration occurs through perichondrial activity.
- The damaged area of cartilage is covered with vascular-rich connective tissue.
- Connective tissue originates from surrounding fascia or perichondrium.
- In small defects, regeneration occurs through connective tissue metaplasia.
- Fibroblasts transform into chondrocytes.
Cartilage Replacement
- Risk of injury due to reduced blood supply and minimal cartilage repair.
- Cartilage shows little response to mechanical stresses and tension.
- Chronic long-term exercise increases arthritis risk.
Aging
- Loss of proteoglycans and water leads to cartilage thinning, reduced strength, and stiffness.
Immobilization
- Due to loss of mechanical stress, rapid loss of material properties, loss of proteoglycans, and loss of stiffness.
Exercise
- Exercise increases proteoglycans and water, improves mechanical properties and thickness, and increases blood flow to cartilage.
Overtraining
- Increases the risk of injury, reduces proteoglycans, and decreases cartilage stiffness.
Cartilage Tissue Nutrition
- Cartilage is avascular, receiving nutrition from synovial fluid.
- Compressive forces, tissue permeability, and diffusion are factors influencing nutrition.
Recommended Weekly Studies
- Review the entire presentation.
- Scan current literature.
About The Next Week
- The next week is the midterm.
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Description
Test your understanding of the key concepts in Biomechanics and Kinesiology I. This quiz covers essential topics such as the properties of various tissues including bone, cartilage, muscle, and tendon, as well as functional adaptations in pathological conditions. Prepare to assess your knowledge and readiness for upcoming exams!
