Biomechanics And Kinesiology I Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a weekly learning outcome related to cartilage tissue?

  • Explain the Composition of Bone Tissue (correct)
  • Describe the Structure of Cartilage Tissue
  • Identify Types of Cartilage
  • Understand Factors Supporting Cartilage Health

What type of tissue is cartilage considered to be?

  • Muscle tissue
  • Connective tissue (correct)
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Nervous tissue

Which week covers the mechanical properties of cartilage tissue?

  • Week 7 (correct)
  • Week 6
  • Week 10
  • Week 9

What is the primary characteristic of cartilage tissue concerning blood supply?

<p>Isolated from blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is known for providing support with some flexibility?

<p>Hyaline cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which week does the course cover the topic of contracture and fatigue?

<p>Week 6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the learning outcomes related to cartilage damage?

<p>Gain Knowledge on Cartilage Damage and Repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of Week 10 in the course schedule?

<p>Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is most common and resistant to physical stresses?

<p>Hyaline cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a component of cartilage?

<p>Nerve fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is characterized by having high elasticity?

<p>Elastic cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do nutrients and waste products move in cartilage tissue?

<p>By diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage type covers the ends of bones in synovial joints?

<p>Hyaline cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic feature does cartilage lack?

<p>Blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is specifically described as having a 'shearable hardness'?

<p>Articular cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proteoglycans in cartilage?

<p>Binding water and nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural component of fibrous cartilage?

<p>Collagen fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does cartilage tissue primarily develop in the human body?

<p>Embryonic period (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is derived from hyaline cartilage?

<p>Patella (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process primarily fuels the growth of cartilage in adulthood?

<p>Interstitial growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cartilage tissue is composed of water?

<p>65–80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which location is fibrous cartilage NOT typically found?

<p>Hair follicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of articular cartilage?

<p>Lacks blood vessels and nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the ossification process is correct?

<p>Primary ossification centers appear at the end of the 7th week. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact may long-term intense exercise have on arthritis risk?

<p>It may increase arthritis risk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the strategies recommended for protecting cartilage health?

<p>Implementing a balanced exercise program. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of exercise response is limited when it comes to cartilage health?

<p>Cartilage does not respond significantly to mechanical stresses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as important for maintaining cartilage health?

<p>Regularly practicing extreme sports. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in a comprehensive approach to maintaining cartilage health?

<p>Consultation with healthcare professionals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of cartilage in joints?

<p>It allows joint movement over wide angles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does nutrition occur for articular cartilage?

<p>Via synovial fluid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of cartilage degeneration?

<p>Prolonged immobilization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding cartilage in the epiphyseal plate?

<p>It enables longitudinal growth of bone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to collagen fibers in cartilage during degeneration?

<p>They rupture and decrease in arrangement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the nutrition of articular cartilage?

<p>Oxygen levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cartilage in advanced age?

<p>Calcification may occur. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is regeneration of damaged cartilage challenging in adults?

<p>It lacks a vascular supply. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that causes cartilage degeneration with aging?

<p>Decreased water and proteoglycan content (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT mentioned as a cartilage repair and regeneration method?

<p>Stem cell therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cartilage during immobilization?

<p>Rapid loss of material properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does regular exercise affect cartilage?

<p>Improves mechanical properties and thickness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of overtraining on cartilage health?

<p>Reduction in proteoglycans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Connective tissue metaplasia results in the transformation of fibroblasts into which cell type for regeneration?

<p>Chondrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk associated with cartilage replacement procedures?

<p>Risk of injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the minimal repair observed in cartilage?

<p>Low metabolic activity and reduced blood supply (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cartilage Tissue

A unique connective tissue lacking blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.

Biomechanical Properties of Cartilage

The physical characteristics of cartilage tissue that determine how it responds to forces and stress.

Cartilage Structure

The arrangement and organization of molecules within cartilage tissue, influencing its function.

Collagen Arrangement

The specific way collagen fibers are oriented within cartilage, providing strength and flexibility.

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Types of Cartilage

Different forms of cartilage with varying properties, each suited for different locations and functions.

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Cartilage Damage

Disruptions in the structure or function of cartilage tissue due to injury or disease.

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Cartilage Repair

Strategies and mechanisms for restoring damaged cartilage, often involving supporting structures.

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Cartilage Health Factors

Conditions and factors that influence the integrity and overall well-being of cartilage tissue.

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Cartilage Tissue Structure

Cartilage is a connective tissue composed of an extracellular matrix (collagen, proteoglycans, water) in which chondrocytes are embedded.

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Cartilage's Avascular Nature

Cartilage does not have blood vessels, receiving nourishment from synovial fluid via diffusion.

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Articular Cartilage Stress

Articular cartilage, a connective tissue in joints, is highly stressed due to its function.

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Hyaline Cartilage

The most common type of cartilage, found in joint surfaces, ribs, nose, and trachea, with resilience and some flexibility.

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Elastic Cartilage

Cartilage rich in elastic fibers, highly flexible, but less durable, found in the ear and epiglottis.

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Fibrous Cartilage

A cartilage type with significant strength and resistance to compression, found in areas of high stress.

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Cartilage's Resistance to Compression

The strong connection between collagen fibrils and the intercellular matrix provides high resistance to compression forces.

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Cartilage Metabolism

Cartilage has a low metabolic rate since it's avascular, and relies on diffusion for nutrients and waste transport.

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Cartilage Function

Smooths joint surfaces, allows wide range of motion, absorbs and distributes loads, minimizes friction, supports tissues and enables ion transfer, and expands contact surface for stability.

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Cartilage Nutrition

Cartilage, being avascular, gets nutrients from synovial fluid, aided by compressive forces, tissue permeability, and diffusion.

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Cartilage Degeneration

A process in cartilage where collagen fiber arrangement disrupts, proteoglycans decrease, water content reduces, thickness decreases, and collagen fibers rupture, leading to osteoarthritis and bone damage.

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Cartilage Degeneration Causes (Primary)

Factors like age, gender, microtraumas, muscle imbalances, sports, obesity, and cartilage nutrition problems.

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Cartilage Degeneration Causes (Secondary)

Conditions like congenital hip dislocation, diseases, injuries, and prolonged immobility.

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Cartilage Regeneration in Adults

Limited; typically achieved by perichondrial activity via cover damaged area with vascular-rich connective tissue.

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Cartilage Regeneration in Young Children

More likely to regenerate fully.

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Avascular Structure

Lacking blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.

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Fibrous Cartilage Characteristics

Fibrous cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains abundant, parallel collagen fibers. It's found in intervertebral discs, some ligaments, and tendon attachments.

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Embryonic Skeleton Composition

In the embryo, the whole skeleton is made of cartilage, which is later replaced by bone in most areas.

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Cartilage Development Timing

Limb cartilage forms later than the body's core, and bones (except clavicle) originate from hyaline cartilage.

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Primary Ossification

During fetal development, primary ossification centers appear in cartilage tissue, starting the bone-forming process.

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Interstitial Cartilage Growth

Cartilage growth through chondrocyte division inside the tissue, increasing the matrix.

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Appositional Cartilage Growth

Cartilage growth by the addition of new cells to the surface of the existing cartilage

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Articular Cartilage Composition

Articular cartilage is a smooth, flexible tissue consisting mainly of extracellular matrix (95%) with a small amount of chondrocytes (5%).

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Cartilage Regions Remaining

Parts of the adult skeleton that remain as cartilage, including joint surfaces and parts of the respiratory system.

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Intense Exercise & Arthritis

Long-term, high-intensity exercise may increase the risk of arthritis, due to the stresses placed on joints.

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Cartilage's Response to Stress

Cartilage's capacity to adapt to mechanical stress is limited.

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Balanced Exercise Programs

Programs that include a mix of activities to promote overall joint health and prevent overuse injury.

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Protecting Cartilage Health

Maintaining cartilage health means preventing injury, promoting balanced exercise, and getting proper nutrition.

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Professional Guidance

Seeking advice from healthcare professionals about exercise and injury prevention is important for maintaining cartilage health.

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Cartilage Regeneration

Cartilage repair through connective tissue transforming into cartilage cells (chondrocytes).

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Cartilage Repair Methods

Techniques to restore damaged cartilage, including drilling, osteotomy, grafting, cells, and growth factors.

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Cartilage Blood Supply

Cartilage has limited blood flow, impacting its healing and response to stress.

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Exercise Effect on Cartilage

Regular exercise improves cartilage properties (thickness, strength), but overtraining may cause issues.

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Aging and Cartilage

Aging reduces cartilage thickness, strength, and stiffness due to lost elements like proteoglycans and water.

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Immobilization and Cartilage

Lack of movement quickly weakens and degrades cartilage by reducing key substances.

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Overtraining and Cartilage

Overtraining harms cartilage by increasing injury risks and decreasing protective components.

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Cartilage Degradation Causes

Cartilage degeneration can arise from microtraumas, muscle imbalances, or other factors.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Name: Biomechanics And Kinesiology I
  • Course Code: FTY245E
  • Course Instructor: Pınar AKDENÄ°Z
  • Email: [email protected]
  • Office: B blok-311
  • Class Day: Tuesday
  • Class Time: 14:00-16:50
  • Course Credit: 3/3
  • Exam Type: Test/Midterm (50%) and Final Exam (50%)

Course Content

  • Week 1: Introduction to Biomechanics and Kinesiology
  • Week 2: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Connective Tissue
  • Week 3: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Bone Tissue
  • Week 4: Functional Adaptation of Bone in Pathological Conditions
  • Week 5: Republic Day (October 29th) Holiday
  • Week 6: Contracture and Fatigue
  • Week 7: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Cartilage Tissue
  • Week 8: Midterm Exam
  • Week 9: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Ligament
  • Week 10: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Muscle
  • Week 11: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Muscle
  • Week 12: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Tendon
  • Week 13: Biomechanical Properties of Tissues: Fascia
  • Week 14: Static and Kinetic Approach to Human Movements
  • Week 15: Kinematic Approach to Human Movements
  • Week 16: Final Exam
  • Week 17: Final Exam

Cartilage Tissue

  • Cartilage is a connective tissue isolated from blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
  • It's avascular, receiving nourishment from synovial fluid.
  • Cartilage is a permeable structure, allowing for gas exchange.
  • Nutrients and waste products are transported by diffusion.
  • Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes, organic matrix, and fibril system (less than 10% tissue).
  • Organic matrix includes type II collagen, water, inorganic salts, and proteoglycans.
  • The structural connection between fibrils and the intercellular matrix provides cartilage with resistance to compression, able to bear a load of 9 kilograms per square millimeter.
  • The matrix binds tightly to collagen fibrils, preventing rupture.
  • Three types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrous.
  • Hyaline cartilage: most common, found on joint surfaces, ventral ends of ribs, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and external auditory canal; most resistant type of cartilage.
  • Elastic cartilage: rich in elastic fibers, high elasticity but low durability, found in the outer ear, Eustachian tube, epiglottis, and some cartilages in the larynx; often continues with hyaline cartilage and less affected by degeneration.
  • Fibrous cartilage: structurally similar to hyaline, contains a large amount of collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles, found in intervertebral discs, articular discs, tendon attachment sites, some ligaments, and pubic symphysis.
  • Cartilage is mostly the same in the embryo, which contains hyaline cartilage, where the epiphyseal cartilage has a distinctive cell arrangement (parallel long columns).
  • Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones in synovial joints, which is 1–5 mm thick and lacks blood vessels and nerves.
  • Cartilage is made of 5% cellular elements (chondrocytes) and 95% extracellular matrix (proteoglycans, type II collagen fibers, water).
  • Proteoglycans are composed of chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid.
  • Cartilage tissue contains 65–80% water.

Cartilage Tissue Degeneration

  • Degeneration disruption of collagen fibers structure, proteoglycans, and water content.
  • Reduction in cartilage thickness.
  • Increase in lysosomal activity; cartilage integrity disruption.
  • Bone tissue damage (osteophytes).
  • Commonly seen in hyaline cartilage.
  • Calcification (asbestosis) noted in advanced age.
  • Chemical properties of fibers change.
  • Tissue softens.

Cartilage Regeneration

  • Damaged cartilage in adults is difficult to regenerate.
  • Regeneration occurs through perichondrial activity.
  • The damaged area of cartilage is covered with vascular-rich connective tissue.
  • Connective tissue originates from surrounding fascia or perichondrium.
  • In small defects, regeneration occurs through connective tissue metaplasia.
  • Fibroblasts transform into chondrocytes.

Cartilage Replacement

  • Risk of injury due to reduced blood supply and minimal cartilage repair.
  • Cartilage shows little response to mechanical stresses and tension.
  • Chronic long-term exercise increases arthritis risk.

Aging

  • Loss of proteoglycans and water leads to cartilage thinning, reduced strength, and stiffness.

Immobilization

  • Due to loss of mechanical stress, rapid loss of material properties, loss of proteoglycans, and loss of stiffness.

Exercise

  • Exercise increases proteoglycans and water, improves mechanical properties and thickness, and increases blood flow to cartilage.

Overtraining

  • Increases the risk of injury, reduces proteoglycans, and decreases cartilage stiffness.

Cartilage Tissue Nutrition

  • Cartilage is avascular, receiving nutrition from synovial fluid.
  • Compressive forces, tissue permeability, and diffusion are factors influencing nutrition.
  • Review the entire presentation.
  • Scan current literature.

About The Next Week

  • The next week is the midterm.

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Description

Test your understanding of the key concepts in Biomechanics and Kinesiology I. This quiz covers essential topics such as the properties of various tissues including bone, cartilage, muscle, and tendon, as well as functional adaptations in pathological conditions. Prepare to assess your knowledge and readiness for upcoming exams!

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