Week 6. Emergency Procedures Fall 24-25 3 PDF

Introduction to Health Science Emergency Procedures Chapter 21 1  Contents 1. Explain when first aid should be administered 2. State the golden rule of first aid 3. Understand the seven steps to follow that will protect both the victim and the res...

Introduction to Health Science Emergency Procedures Chapter 21 1  Contents 1. Explain when first aid should be administered 2. State the golden rule of first aid 3. Understand the seven steps to follow that will protect both the victim and the rescuer during an emergency 4. Identify when CPR should be performed 5. Identify illness and injuries that may require first aid, signs and symptoms and treatment 2  Introduction You joined the health care career, with a desire to help others. When an emergency situation arises, it is natural to want to do anything and everything possible to assist the victim. – Examples of someone who is seriously ill or injured Does not respond to voice or touch Has chest discomfort Has signs of stroke (a condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death). Has a breathing problem So the best way is to be ready to learn as much as possible to handle the emergencies (First Aid & CPR) First Aid First aid refers to providing emergency care to an accident victim or to someone who has suddenly become ill. Goal to minimize the injury or illness until can be treated by a physician. Golden rule of first aid “do no further harm”.  When an Emergency occurs When approaching an injured or ill person, should follow certain steps. Protect the rescuer Protect the victim (person giving care) (person requiring care)  Steps in Emergency 1) Assess the environment 2) Obtain consent to treat 3) Try to determine what happened 4) Follow standard precautions 5) Find helper 6) Never move the victim 7) Stay Calm  Steps in Emergency 1) Assess the environment – Check is it safe to approach or not – Call help immediately if you cannot handle Inform your name, location of the victim, nature of emergency, treatment given (if any). – If the victim is consciousness, inform the victim that you will call for assistance – Stay with them until help arrives (as appropriate) – If you take a risk and become a victim, too, then there is no one to call EMS (Emergency Medical Services)  Steps in Emergency 2) Obtain Consent to treat – Identify yourself and your intent to give assistance. – If the victim is conscious, permission must be obtained before administering care. If unconsciousness, consent is implied and can administer first aid. – If Child, must obtain consent from parent or guardian. – If consent is not given, immediately call EMS  Steps in Emergency 3) Try to determine what happened – Do not assume, ask for information. – Clues would assist in determining what care is needed. Tap the person and shout “Are you OK?” Determine whether the victim is breathing and has a pulse. Look for signs of injury such as bleeding, broken bones, burns  Steps in Emergency 4) Follow standard precautions – Blood borne diseases are caused by germs – A rescuer may catch a disease if germs in someone else’s blood or body fluids enter the rescuer’s body – Rescuers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE) to keep from touching the injured person’s blood or body fluids Protective Personal Equipment – Mask – Gloves – Clothing  Steps in Emergency 5) Seek the help of Bystanders – Determine if there are others in the area who can assist in the care of the victim. 6) Never move a Victim Neck or back injury can be made worse or can result in permanent paralysis. If absolutely necessary to move, make every attempt to keep the spine in straight alignment  Steps in Emergency 7) Stay Calm – Calm, reassuring manner decrease stress of the victim and others  Steps in Emergency: Review 1) Assess the environment 2) Obtain consent to treat 3) Try to determine what happened 4) Follow standard precautions 5) Find helper 6) Never move the victim 7) Stay Calm  First Aid Kit 1. Contains supplies needed in an emergency 2. Keep the First Aid kit clearly labeled 3. Know where the First Aid kit is 4. Replace what you use 5. Check it for expiry date  First Aid procedures Bone, Joint and Muscle injuries Fracture is broken bone. – An open fracture is when the broken bone protrudes through the skin. – A closed fracture is a broken bone that does not break the skin. Dislocation: When a joint becomes disconnected from its socket. Bone, Joint and Muscle injuries Bone, Joint and Muscle injuries  Bone, Joint and Muscle injuries A sling is a device used to support and keep still (immobilize) an injured part of the body. Sling https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C63rt-fleGY  Bleeding When a large blood vessel is cut or torn, the person can lose a lot of blood within minutes You can stop most bleeding by applying pressure – If the injured person can help you, ask them to put direct pressure on the wound while you put on your personal protective equipment (PPE) – External bleeding – Internal bleeding Arterial bleeding Venous bleeding https://www.profirstaid.com/training/video/venous-bleeding-child  External Bleeding Arterial bleeding: blooding flow originating in an artery, the blood is typically bright red in colour, due to the high degree of oxygenation. Blood typically exits the wound in spurts, rather than in a steady flow and can occur very rapidly Venous bleeding: blooding from a vein, it is blackish in colour (due to the lack of oxygen it transports) and flows in a steady manner. External Bleeding Blood coming from a wound. Weakness, confusion, or a decreasing level of consciousness may indicate excessive blood loss. If there is bleeding from the leg or arm, elevate it above heart level (unless contraindicated by neck or back injury, or discomfort). External Bleeding: Bandaging A bandage is material used to protect or cover an injured body part A bandage may also help keep pressure on the wound https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNQxlxjD5Kw External Bleeding To stop bleeding: External Bleeding  Internal Bleeding Blood in the vomit, urine, or stool, or from the vagina; distended abdomen Call ambulance Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink. Weakness, confusion, or a decreasing level of consciousness may indicate bleeding inside the skull that is causing pressure on the brain.  Burns Burns are injuries that can be caused by contact with heat, electricity, or chemicals Heat burns can be caused by contact with fire, a hot surface, a hot liquid, or steam The severity of the burn is determined by the size, depth, and location of the burn. – Minor burns: superficial or first-degree burns. Only the top layer of the skin (epidermis) will be involved. – If the burn continues and extends beyond the superficial layer to the dermis, it is a partial-thickness or second-degree burn. – If the burn continues even deeper, it is a full-thickness or third- degree burn. Burns First-degree burns— Reddened, painful skin Second-degree burns— Blistering Third-degree burns— Charring, deep tissue damage  Burns Small burns Large burns Chocking If someone is choking, they might use the choking sign Ask a person to speak or cough: – if he can cough, then encourage him to cough more to remove the object. – If he can’t cough or talk, deliver 5 back blows – Perform abdominal thrusts – Repeat sequence of back blows and abdominal thrusts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CgtIgSyAiU Chocking CPR  Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore natural blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest. When a person is unconscious and not breathing, permanent brain damage occurs within 3 minutes.  CPR The critical characteristics of the CPR: Start compressions within 10 seconds of recognition of cardiac arrest. Push hard, push fast: Compress at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute with a depth of – At least 5cm for adults – At least one third the depth of the chest, about 5cm for children – At least one third of the depth of the chest, about 4cm, for infants Allow complete chest recoil after each compression. Minimize interruptions in compressions (try to limit interruptions to less than 10 seconds) Give effective breaths that make the chest rise. One breath every 5-6 seconds or 10 to 12 breaths per minute. 30 compressions per two breaths https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wj-zixnz2s Avoid excessive ventilation  CPR: Chest Compression technique https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wj-zixnz2s CPR: Airway  Key points Medical emergencies can happen anytime. Act quickly, calmly, and correctly. Consider being certified in first aid and CPR (Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation) Questions Thank You And Wish You All The Best 40