Week 5 Tissues Highlights REVISED PDF

Week 5 tutorial ANAT 1005 tissue level For studying - Study guides and practice questions under content! Quiz this week is NOT for marks Practice test is PPT under “study guides, practice tests…” module – download and look in “notes” for Types of Tissues (2 of 2)...

Week 5 tutorial ANAT 1005 tissue level For studying - Study guides and practice questions under content! Quiz this week is NOT for marks Practice test is PPT under “study guides, practice tests…” module – download and look in “notes” for Types of Tissues (2 of 2) Secrete and regulate EXTRACELLULAR CELLS MATERIAL AND FLUIDS Combine to form TISSUES with special functions EPITHELIAL TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCLE TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE Covers exposed Fills internal Contracts to Propagates surfaces spaces produce electrical Lines internal active impulses Provides movement passageways Carries structural and chambers information support Produces Stores glandular energy secretions Combine to form ORGANS with multiple functions Interact in ORGAN SYSTEMS Chapters 5–20 Figure 4-1 An Orientation to the Body’s Tissues Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Surfaces of Epithelial cells Cilia Microvilli Apical surface Lateral surfaces Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondria Basement membrane Basal surface Figure 4-3 The Surfaces of Epithelial Cells Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Classification of Epithelia By number of layers of cells Table 4-1 Classifying Epithelia – Simple SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL COLUMNAR – Stratified By shape of the exposed cells Simple Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Network of membranous Rough ER channels extending – Squamous modifies and throughout the cytoplasm packages newly Functions synthesized proteins Synthesis of secretory Simple squamous epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium – Cuboidal products; intracellular storage and transport Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates – Columnar Stratified Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Three Major Types of Connective Tissue 1. Connective tissue proper 2. Fluid connective tissues 3. Supporting connective tissues CONNECTIVE TISSUES CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUES SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES LOOSE DENSE BLOOD LYMPH CARTILAGE BONE Fibers loosely Fibers densely Flows within Flows within Solid, rubbery Solid, crystalline packed, create packed cardiovascular lymphatic matrix matrix open framework system system Figure 4-7 Major Types of Connective Tissue Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 4-11 Types of Cartilage a Hyaline Cartilage LOCATIONS: Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at freely movable (synovial) joints; supporting larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum FUNCTIONS: Provides stiff but Chondrocytes somewhat flexible support; in lacunae reduces friction between bony surfaces Matrix LM × 500 Hyaline cartilage b Elastic Cartilage LOCATIONS: Auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory tube; cuneiform cartilages of larynx FUNCTIONS: Provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns Chondrocyte to original shape in lacuna Elastic fibers in matrix LM × 358 Elastic cartilage c Fibrocartilage LOCATIONS: Pads within knee joint; between pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs FUNCTIONS: Resists compression; prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits movement Chondrocytes in lacunae Fibrous matrix LM × 400 Fibrocartilage Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Membranes: 1. Mucous Membranes or Mucosae Line passageways that open to Mucous secretion the exterior a Mucous membranes are coated with the secretions of mucous Epithelium glands. These membranes line the – Examples: digestive, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and Lamina propria reproductive tracts. (areolar tissue) respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts Epithelial surfaces kept moist at all times (typically by mucous secretions) Type of epithelium varies Connective tissue layer composed of areolar tissue – Layer called lamina propria Figure 4-13a Mucous membranes Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 2. Serous Membranes Line cavities not open to the outside Simple epithelium supported by areolar tissue b Serous membranes line the peritoneal, Serous fluid Epithelium pleural, and Areolar tissue pericardial body Consists of two layers cavities. – Parietal - lining the inner surface of the cavity – Visceral (serosa) - covering outer surface of organs in the body cavity Serous fluid reduces friction between the 2 layers Figure 4-13b Serous membranes Pleura, pericardium, peritoneum Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3. The Cutaneous Membrane The skin Covers the surface of the body Epithelium is stratified c The cutaneous membrane, or skin, Epithelium squamous epithelium covers the outer surface of the body. Areolar tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Connective tissue consists of areolar tissue and underlying dense irregular connective tissue Thick and relatively Figure 4-13c The cutaneous waterproof, and usually dry membrane Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 4. Synovial Membranes Line freely moving, articulating joint cavities Consist primarily of areolar connective tissue – Incomplete layer of epithelial tissue Articular (hyaline) cartilage Protect the ends of bones d Synovial membranes line joint cavities and Synovial fluid produce the synovial Fluid within the joint. Capsule Capillary Adipocytes Produce viscous synovial Areolar tissue Synovial Epithelium membrane fluid Bone – Lubricates the joint and Figure 4-13d Synovial membranes allows smooth movement Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Muscle Tissue Specialized for contraction Slender individual cells called muscle fibers Contract due to interactions between filaments of proteins myosin and actin Can be voluntarily controlled or primarily controlled by the nervous system (involuntary) Three types of muscle tissue in the body 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Skeletal Muscle Tissue Moves or stabilizes position of the skeleton Contains very large and long, multinucleated cells New muscle fibers produced by division of stem cells Myosin and actin proteins arranged in repeating patterns, giving cells striated appearance Striated voluntary muscle a Skeletal Muscle Tissue Cells are long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleate. LOCATIONS: Combined Striations with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal muscles Nuclei FUNCTIONS: Moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton; guards Muscle entrances and exits to the fiber digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; generates heat; protects internal organs LM × 180 Skeletal muscle Figure 4-14a Skeletal Muscle Tissue Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cardiac Muscle Tissue Found only in the heart Typical cell smaller than skeletal muscle fiber One or two nuclei per cell Cells show branching and interconnections at intercalated discs – Allows efficient coordinated contraction Very limited ability to repair Striated involuntary muscle b Cardiac Muscle Tissue Cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a Nuclei single nucleus; cells are interconnected by intercalated discs. Cardiac muscle LOCATIONS: Heart cells FUNCTIONS: Circulates blood; maintains Intercalated blood pressure discs Striations LM × 450 Cardiac muscle Figure 4-14b Cardiac Muscle Tissue Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Smooth Muscle Tissue Found: – In walls of blood vessels – Around hollow organs such as the urinary bladder – In the walls of the stomach, uterus, bladder, trachea, etc. Small, slender cells tapered or narrowed at the ends Division and regeneration after injury Nonstriated involuntary muscle c Smooth Muscle Tissue Cells are short, spindle- shaped, and nonstriated, with a single, central nucleus. LOCATIONS: Found in the walls of blood vessels Nuclei and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs FUNCTIONS: Moves food, urine, and reproductive Smooth tract secretions; controls muscle diameter of respiratory cells passageways; regulates diameter of blood vessels Smooth muscle LM × 235 Figure 4-14c Smooth Muscle Tissue Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous Tissue Also called nervous or nerve tissue – Specialized for transmitting electrical impulses – Most concentrated in brain and spinal cord – Rapidly senses internal or external environment – Processes information and controls responses Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved So What? What is the relevance of the tissue level of organization for nurses? Next week = TEST #1 (0900-1000H) plus Integumentary System tutorial (1025- 1050H in T1003) Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved