Week 3 - Individual Differences and Behavior PDF

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR BBBA 301 WEEK 3 – INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND BEHAVIOR SERVICE EXCELLENCE  INTRODUCTION This week we will explore how individual level factors influence a host of important outcomes. Specifically, we will look at personality and...

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR BBBA 301 WEEK 3 – INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND BEHAVIOR SERVICE EXCELLENCE  INTRODUCTION This week we will explore how individual level factors influence a host of important outcomes. Specifically, we will look at personality and emotions. We will discuss personality types how they impact performance. We will also explore and understand key components of emotions and emotional intelligence. December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1  OBJECTIVES Individual differences MARS Model Personality and their measures Emotions and Emotional Intelligence December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1 December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 4  MARS MODEL OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR Situational Situational factors factors Motivation Motivation Values Values Personality Personality Individual Individual Perceptions Perceptions Ability Ability behavior behavior and and Emotions Emotions results results Attitudes Attitudes Stress Stress Role Role perceptions perceptions December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1  ELEMENTS OF THE MARS MODEL MOTIVATION It is the internal forces that affect a person’s voluntary choice of behaviour. It consists of direction, intensity and persistence ABILITY The natural aptitudes and learned capabilities (skills and knowledge) required to successfully complete a task. Competencies – personal characteristics that lead to superior performance December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1 MARS - ROLE PERCEPTIONS Beliefs about what behavior is required to achieve the desired results: – understanding what tasks to perform – understanding relative importance of tasks – understanding preferred behaviors to accomplish tasks The BoG Governor's role has been questioned in the banking crisis, however, did he understand what the expectations were? Big issue December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1  MARS - SITUATIONAL FACTORS Environmental conditions beyond the individual’s short-term control that constrain or facilitate behavior – time – people – budget – work facilities December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1 THE BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL The Person Skills & abilities The Environment Personality Organization Perceptions Work group Attitudes Job Values Personal life Ethics Behavior December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1  PERSONALITY – NATURE VS NURTURE Personality is a relatively stable set of characteristics that influences an individual’s behavior Influenced by Nature Heredity explains about 50 percent of behavioral tendencies and 30 percent of temperament Minnesota studies – twins had similar behaviour patterns JIM and JIM?? Influenced by Nurture Socialization, life experiences, learning also affect personality Personality isn’t stable at birth Stabilizes throughout adolescence Executive function steers using our self-concept as a guide December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Trait Theory - understand individuals by breaking down behavior patterns into observable traits (Myers Briggs) Psychodynamic Theory - emphasizes the unconscious determinants of behavior (Freudian theory) Humanistic Theory - emphasizes individual self efficacy, growth and improvement (Carl Rogers, Albert bandura) Social Cognitive Theory- Locus of control (Julian Rotter) December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1  HOW IS PERSONALITY MEASURED? Projective Test - elicits an individual’s response to abstract stimuli (images or words) Behavioral Measures - personality assessments that involve observing an individual’s behavior in a controlled situation Self-Report Questionnaires - assessment involving an individual’s responses to questions Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) - instrument measuring Jung’s theory of individual differences. December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1  BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1 FIVE-FACTOR PERSONALITY AND OB Extroversion – Linked to sales and mgt performance – Related to social interaction and persuasion Agreeableness – Effective in jobs requiring cooperation and helpfulness Conscientiousness and emotional stability – Motivational components of personality – Strongest personality predictors of performance Emotional Stability Openness to experience – Linked to higher creativity and adaptability to change December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1 CORE SELF-EVALUATIONS Core self evaluations (CSEs) represent a broad personality trait made up of four narrow and positive individual traits: (1) generalized self efficacy, (2) self-esteem, (3) locus of control, and (4) emotional stability. December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1  SELF EFFICACY Self-Efficacy - beliefs and expectations about one’s ability to accomplish a specific task effectively. Sources of self-efficacy – Prior experiences and prior success – Behavior models (observing success) – Persuasion – Assessment of current physical & emotional capabilities December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1  SELF-ESTEEM Self-esteem is your general belief about your own self-worth. Personal achievements and praise tend to bolster self-esteem, while prolonged unemployment and destructive feedback tend to erode it. December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1  LOCUS OF CONTROL Locus of control is a relatively stable personality characteristic that describes how much personal responsibility we take for our behavior and its consequences. Internal Locus of Control People who believe they control the events and consequences that affect their lives are said to possess an internal locus of control. Such people, called internals, tend to attribute positive outcomes to their own abilities and negative outcomes to their personal shortcomings. External Locus of Control In contrast, those who believe their performance is the product of circumstances beyond their immediate control possess an external locus of control and tend to attribute outcomes to environmental causes, such as luck or fate. December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1  EMOTIONS An emotion is a complex psychological state (Hockenbury ad Hockenbury, 2007) Emotional psychologist Paul Ekman identified six basic emotions that could be interpreted through facial expressions. They included happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust. He expanded the list in 1999 to also include embarrassment, excitement, contempt, December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1 shame, pride, satisfaction and  EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE Emotional intelligence is the ability to monitor your own emotions and those of others, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions. Three distinct components of emotions are: a. Subjective experience b. Physiological response and c. Behavioural response December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE Subjective experience: Subjective experiences can range from something as simple as seeing a color to something as major as losing a loved one or getting married. Physiological response: This physiological response is the result of the autonomic nervous system’s reaction to the emotion we’re experiencing. The autonomic nervous system controls our involuntary bodily responses and regulates our fight-or-flight response. Behavioural response: The behavioural response aspect of the emotional response is the actual expression of the emotion. It can include a smile, a grimace, a laugh or a sigh, along with many other reactions depending on societal norms and personality December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1  EMOTIONAL STABILITY Individuals with high levels of emotional stability tend to be relaxed, secure, unworried, and less likely to experience negative emotions under pressure. In contrast, people with low levels of emotional stability, are prone to anxiety and tend to view the world negatively. Employees with high levels of emotional stability have been found to have higher job performance and to perform more organizational citizenship behaviors. December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1  EMOTIONAL STABILITY Four components of emotional intelligence include 1. Self-awareness 2. Self-management 3. Social awareness 4. Relationship management Self-awareness and self-management lead to personal competence (managing ourselves) While the other two lead to social competence (managing relationships) December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 1 December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 24 December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 25 December 19, 2024 SERVICE EXCELLENCE 26