Week 3 - Chapter 3 BIOE 340 Spring 2024 (Cells) PDF

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey Fourth Edition Chapter 3 The Cells: The Raw Materials and Building...

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey Fourth Edition Chapter 3 The Cells: The Raw Materials and Building Blocks Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Introduction The cell is the basic building block of the human body. Cells of a similar type form tissues that function to work together in an organ, while organs perform special functions to create a system. Systems work together to form a functioning human body. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Outcomes 4.1 List and describe the various parts of a cell and explain their functions. 4.2 Describe the types of passive and active transport within cells. 4.3 Explain the process of cellular mitosis. 4.4 Explain cellular respiration. 4.5 Differentiate between bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and prions Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Overview of Cells (1 of 2) Cells are the fundamental unit of living things. Body cells are microscopic, ranging from about one-third to one-thirteenth the size of the dot on this exclamation point! Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Overview of Cells (2 of 2) Although cells have common components, they come in a variety of shapes and sizes to match their function. Some types of body cells include nerve cells, blood cells, and muscle cells. See Table 4–1 in the textbook. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cell Structure There are certain common traits that almost all cells share – Nucleus – Organelles – Cytoplasm – Cell membrane Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 4–1 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved A Human Cell Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8 3.2 How We See Cells Cells are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. – Must use microscopes. Light microscope – has a resolution of about 0.1µm – Examine tissues (For example, biopsies) and cells. – Requires stains. Electron microscope – has a resolution of about 0.1nm. – Scanning microscope (SEM). ▪ Three-dimensional surface features. It is a type of electron microscopy that uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a specimen and generate images at a much greater resolution compared to optical microscopy Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 9  3.2 How We See Cells – Transmission microscope (TEM). ▪ is a technique of imaging the internal structure of solids using a beam of high-energy electrons transmitted through the solid. ▪ View internal structures. Atomic force microscope (AFM):is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. – Tiny probe scans sample. – Very high resolution. – Reveals surface topography. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 10 Microscopic Images of Nuclear Pores (a) National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, The Florida State University (b) Courtesy of Werner Franke and Ulrich Scheer; (c) Courtesy of Dr. Martin W. Light microscope image of a cell TEM of a single nuclear pore Goldberg (c) Courtesy of Dr. Martin W. Goldberg (d) Shahin, Schillers & Oberleithner, Institute of Physiology II, Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Germany SEM of a single nuclear pore Color-enhanced AFM of nuclear pores Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11 Cell Membrane (1 of 4) Cell (plasma) membrane – A boundary with a definite shape – Holds the cell contents together – Acts as a protective covering – Allows material into and out of the cell Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cell Membrane (2 of 4) It is 3/10,000,000 of an inch thick. Cell membranes are selectively permeable (semipermeable). – Choose what gets into or out of the cell Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cell Membrane (3 of 4) Cell membrane is made of lipids and proteins. – Mostly composed of phospholipid bilayer – Prevents polar (hydrophilic) molecules from passing through membrane – Hydrophobic molecules pass through easily Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cell Membrane (4 of 4) Proteins in cell membrane – Act as histocompatibility (identification) markers to identify it as coming from a certain person – Channels to allow substances into cell Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Transport Methods (1 of 13) Two methods of moving things in and out of the cell – Passive transport ▪ Requires no extra energy for substance to travel down concentration gradient ▪ Diffusion, osmosis, filtration, Facilitated diffusion – Active transport ▪ Requires energy to make substance to travel up concentration gradient Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Transport Methods (2 of 13) Diffusion is the most common form of passive transport in which a substance of higher concentration travels to an area of lesser concentration. – Adding a packet of powdered drink mix to a pitcher of water, or the smell of a classmate’s perfume filling a room. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Transport Methods (3 of 13) Diffusion is necessary to – Move oxygen from the lungs to the blood stream – Move carbon dioxide from the blood stream to the lungs and eventually to outside air Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Transport Methods (4 of 13) Osmosis is another form of passive transport in which water travels through a selectively permeable when a concentration gradient is present. – Water tends to travel from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration until solute concentrations are equal. – Water moves with its gradient. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Osmosis: Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Figure 4–4 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Transport Methods (5 of 13) Osmotic pressure: substance’s ability of to pull water toward area of higher concentration – Hypertonic: greater impermeable solute concentration in solution surrounding cell than inside it – Hypotonic: less impermeable solutes than what is inside cell – Isotonic: equal amounts of impermeable solutes inside and outside Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Effects of Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic Solutions on Red Blood Cells David M. Phillips/Science Source Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 22 Figure 4–5 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Transport Methods (6 of 13) Filtration: pressure is applied to force water and its dissolved materials across a membrane – Similar to a crush of people pushing through a turnstile during rush hour Only solutes that can fit through channels and other openings in the membrane will filter across it. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 4–6 The process of filtration in the kidneys, where smaller solutes, such as the electrolytes sodium and potassium, pass through the membrane, whereas the larger blood proteins and cells normally do not. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Transport Methods (7 of 13) Facilitated diffusion (carrier mediated passive transport) – A variation of diffusion in which a protein channel helps a substance move across the membrane. Protein carrier moves molecule across membrane down its concentration gradient. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Factors Affecting the Rate of Diffusion The magnitude of the concentration gradient; the steeper the gradient, the faster diffusion occurs. The temperature of the solution; the higher the temperature, the greater the kinetic energy and the faster diffusion occurs. The size of the diffusing molecules; the larger the particles, the slower the rate of diffusion. The viscosity of the solvent; viscosity is the fluid’s resistance to flow; the more viscous the solvent, the more slowly diffusion occurs. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 27 Transport Methods (8 of 13) Glucose is a good example of facilitated diffusion. Characteristics include specificity, saturation, inhibition and competition. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Transport Methods (9 of 13) Three types of active transport – Active transport pumps (Carrier-Mediated Active Transport) – Endocytosis – Exocytosis Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Transport Methods (10 of 13) Active transport pumps – Require the addition of energy in the form of ATP to move a substance. – The cell is trying to move a substance into an area that already has a high concentration of the substance. – A protein carrier is used to move the substance up the concentration gradient. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Transport Methods (11 of 13) Endocytosis – Used for liquid and food intake when the substance is too large to diffuse across the membrane. – Substance is surrounded by small portion of the cell membrane, forming a vesicle that separates from the rest of the membrane and moves into the cell. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Transport Methods (12 of 13) Endocytosis – Phagocytosis: name for process if it is a solid particle being transported – Pinocytosis: name for process if it is water being transported Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Transport Methods (13 of 13) Exocytosis: transport of things out of the cell – Once the substance is made, it is surrounded by a membrane, forming a vesicle, and moves to the cell membrane. – This vesicle becomes a part of the cell membrane and expels its load out of the cell. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 4–8 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance composed of water, nutrients, and electrolytes, which looks a lot like the white of a raw egg. Cells require cytoplasm for their internal environment in order for the parts of the cell, known as organelles, to thrive and function. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nucleus and Nucleolus (1 of 3) The nucleus is the “brains of the cell.” The nucleus dictates the activities of the other organelles in the cell. The nucleus has a double walled nuclear membrane with large pores allowing certain materials to pass in and out, while preventing other materials from entering. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nucleus and Nucleolus (2 of 3) Chromatin is the material found in the nucleus that contains DNA. DNA contains the blueprints, or specifications, for the creation of new cells. Chromatin will eventually form chromosomes, which carry genes. Genes determine our inherited characteristics. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nucleus and Nucleolus (3 of 3) The nucleolus is a spherical body made up of dense fibers found within the nucleus. – Synthesizes ribonucleic acid (RNA) that forms ribosomes Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 4–9 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Ribosomes Organelles found on the endoplasmic reticulum or found floating around in the cytoplasm. – Made of RNA – Assist in production of enzymes and other protein substances that are needed for cell repair and reproduction – Cell “remodeler;” maintain and repair cell structure Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Production of Ribosomes 1. Ribosomal proteins, produced in the cytoplasm, are transported through nuclear pores into the nucleolus. 2. rRNA, most of which is produced in the nucleolus, is assembled with ribosomal proteins to form small and large ribosomal subunits. 3. The small and large ribosomal subunits leave the nucleolus and the nucleus through nuclear pores. 4. The small and large subunits, now in the cytoplasm, combine with each other and with mRNA during protein synthesis. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 41 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Organelle consisting of a network of membranes that is continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope; internal spaces are cisternae. Rough ER: has attached ribosomes; where proteins are produced and modified. Smooth ER: no attached ribosomes; manufactures lipids, participates in detoxification, and calcium ion storage. (b) J. David Robertson, from Charles Flickinger, Medical Cell Biology, Philadelphia Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 42 Centrosomes Specialized regions in a cell that build new structures as needed. – Contain centrioles that are involved in cell division – Centrioles are tubular shaped and usually found in pairs. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mitochondria Tiny bean-shaped organelles – Provide up to 95% of our bodies’ energy needs for cellular repair, movement, and reproduction – Make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by cellular respiration Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 4–10 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Endoplasmic Reticulum A series of channels set up in the cytoplasm that are formed from folded membranes – Rough endoplasmic reticulum ▪ Sandpaper-like surface with ribosomes ▪ Responsible for synthesis of protein – Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ▪ No ribosomes, appears smooth ▪ Synthesizes lipids Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Golgi Apparatus (1 of 2) The Golgi apparatus looks like a bunch of flattened membranous sacs. Once the Golgi apparatus receives protein from the endoplasmic reticulum, it further processes and stores it. Modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use. Substances packaged into transport vesicles. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Golgi Apparatus (2 of 2) Takes the processed protein to the cell membrane where it is released. Salivary glands and pancreatic glands have higher numbers of Golgi apparati because they have a higher level of secretion or storage. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Lysosomes Vesicles containing powerful hydrolytic enzymes that take care of cleaning up intracellular debris and other waste. Aid in keeping us healthy; destroying unwanted bacteria by participating in the process of phagocytosis. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 4–11 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Other Interesting Parts (1 of 2) The cytoskeleton is a network of microtubules and interconnected filaments that provides shape to the cell and allow the cell and its contents to be mobile. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Other Interesting Parts (2 of 2) Flagella are whip- shaped tails that move some cells, like sperm, to other locations. Cilia are short, microscopic, hair-like projections located on the outer surface of some cells. They move particles using a wavelike motion. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3.9 Genes and Gene Expression Genes are the functional units of heredity. Heredity is the transmission of genetic traits from parent to offspring. Each gene is a segment of a DMA molecule that specifies the structure of an RNA molecule that can function on its own or produce a protein. The production of RNA and/or proteins from the information stored in DN A is called gene expression. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 53 Applied Science: Cell Energy and ATP (1 of 9) Cellular respiration is a very important process. Without it, your cells would quickly die. How does energy get from food to cells? – In simple terms, the body takes in food and breaks it down (digestion). – During this process, energy is released from the food. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Applied Science: Cell Energy and ATP (2 of 9) Now, the problem is that cells can’t use this energy directly. Only food converted to glucose (simple sugar) can be used to make energy. Glucose can be used by your cells during a series of chemical reactions called cellular respiration. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Applied Science: Cell Energy and ATP (3 of 9) During cellular respiration, glucose combines with oxygen and is transformed in the mitochondria into the ATP. – During cellular respiration, glucose is “burned” in the presence of oxygen, making water, carbon dioxide, and lots of energy. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Applied Science: Cell Energy and ATP (4 of 9) The equation – Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy ▪ C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (lots) ▪ Can be used to represent cellular respiration→ Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Applied Science: Cell Energy and ATP (5 of 9) Once the glucose is used up and energy is made, carbon dioxide and water are made as waste products. To make energy for your cells, you must have glucose (from food) and abundant oxygen. You make energy and you must be able to get rid of the waste carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Applied Science: Cell Energy and ATP (6 of 9) Now you know why you breathe! You need to bring in oxygen to make energy, and you to need to exhale to get rid of the waste product carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Applied Science: Cell Energy and ATP (7 of 9) The point of cellular respiration is to make energy in the form of ATP. ATP is made up of a base, a sugar, and three (hence, triphosphate) phosphate groups. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Applied Science: Cell Energy and ATP (8 of 9) The phosphate groups are held together by high-energy bonds. When a bond is broken, a high level of energy is released. Energy in this form can be used by the cells. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Applied Science: Cell Energy and ATP (9 of 9) When a bond is used, ATP becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate), which has only two phosphate groups. AD P now is able to pick up another phosphate and form a high-energy bond so energy is stored and the process can begin again! Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cellular Mitosis (1 of 2) Cellular reproduction (cell division) – Process of making new cells – Asexual reproduction: cells make identical copies of themselves without involvement of another cell – All chromosomes must be copied before cell division Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cellular Mitosis (2 of 2) Eukaryotic cells – Found in human body – Contain a nucleus, cellular organelles, and usually several chromosomes – Use mitosis to reproduce asexually Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Cell Cycle (1 of 3) The two major phases of an eukaryotic cell’s life (cell cycle) – Interphase – Mitotic phase Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Cell Cycle (2 of 3) Interphase – Majority of the cell cycle – Performs normal function – Preparing for division by copying DNA, making organelles Mitotic phase – Cell division – Two major portions: mitosis and cytokinesis Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  The Cell Cycle (3 of 3) Mitosis is the sorting and division of genetic material and has 4 phases (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase). Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 4–12 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Phases of Mitosis (1 of 3) Prophase (pro = before) – The nucleus disappears, the chromosomes become visible, a set of chromosomal anchor lines or guide wires, the spindle, forms Metaphase (meta = between) – The chromosomes line up in the center of the cells. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Phases of Mitosis (2 of 3) Anaphase (an = without) – The chromosomes split and the spindles pull them apart. Telophase (telo = the end) – The chromosomes go to the far ends of the cell, the spindle disappears and the nuclei reappear. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Phases of Mitosis (3 of 3) During, or directly after, telophase, cytokinesis happens and the cell divides in half. – The original cell was the mother cell that has now formed into two new identical daughter cells. Thus mitosis (asexual reproduction), results in two new daughter cells identical to the original mother cell. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 4–13 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Meiosis Meiosis is involved in sexual reproduction in which two different cells unite to form a new cell. Remember that Meiosis produces gametes (sexual cells) while Mitosis (I reproduce myself) is asexual and reproduces exact copies of itself. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical Application: Mitosis Run Amok (1 of 2) When things are right, cells grow in an orderly fashion. Sometimes conditions are altered that trigger changes in the way cells grow. This wild, uncontrolled growth can lead to too many cells being produced with a lump, or tumor, being created. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical Application: Mitosis Run Amok (2 of 2) Tumors can generally be either benign (slow growing, non-life threatening) or malignant (rapid growing, life threatening, likely to spread to other tissues or metastasize). Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Microorganisms There are five primary microorganisms to be discussed, including – Bacteria – Viruses – Fungi – Protozoa – Prions i Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bacteria (1 of 2) Prokaryotic cells – No nucleus, few organelles Bacteria can be harmful, as in the case of pathogens, or they can be harmless and essential for life. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Bacteria (2 of 2) Harmless bacteria are sometimes called normal flora. – Certain bacteria in the intestines help to digest food and some help to g synthesize vitamin K, which we need for blood clotting. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 4–14 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Viruses (1 of 2) Infectious particles with a core that contains genetic material and surrounded by a protective protein coat (capsid) Cannot grow, eat, or reproduce by themselves Must enter another cell and use that cell for energy to grow and reproduce Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Viruses (2 of 2) Viruses do not respond to antibiotics. They can stay dormant in the body and become active later in life. – Latency: period of inactivity – Lytic phase: virus begins replicating again Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 4–15 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Fungi (1 of 2) Can be a one-celled or multi-celled organism o Plant-like, with tiny filaments (mycelia) that travel out from the cell to find and then absorb nutrients Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Fungi (2 of 2) Good fungi, like edible mushrooms, exist. Fungi spread through the release of spores. 3 1128 – Examples of fungal infections include athlete’s foot, thrush, or candidiasis. e I_ of Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Protozoa Protozoa are microscopic unicellular eukaryotes that have a relatively complex internal structure and carry out complex metabolic activities One-celled, animal-like organisms that can be found in water and soil Cause diseases as a result of swallowing them or from being bitten by insects that carry them in their bodies Examples of protozoa are Amoeba Malaria is the most significant of the protozoan parasites Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Prions Not true organisms, but abnormal pathogenic agents that cause abnormal folding of cellular proteins a Affected tissue is full of microscopic holes Causative agent in certain brain diseases – Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) – CJD appears to be caused 00 by an abnormal infectious protein called a prion. – https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=k7ZLT0J431s Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Points of Interest (1 of 7) All living organisms are made of one or more cells. Cells are the fundamental units of living organisms. Even though cells are the fundamental units, cells are composed of a variety of parts necessary for proper cellular function. Parts are called organelles. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Points of Interest (2 of 7) Substances can cross the cell membrane via passive or active transport. Passive transport can occur through diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, or filtration. Active transport can occur through active transport pumps, endocytosis, or exocytosis. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Points of Interest (3 of 7) For cells to carry out metabolism, they must have energy in the form of ATP. ATP is made via a complex series of reactions called cellular respiration. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Points of Interest (4 of 7) Cells and tissues grow, are replaced, and are repaired by asexual reproduction. Cells make identical copies of themselves. This takes place all over your body whenever tissues grow or are repaired. Asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells is accomplished by a relatively complex process called mitosis and cytokinesis. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Points of Interest (5 of 7) Mitosis, the division of the genetic material, takes place in four phases, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and organelles. Mitosis produces two daughter cells, identical to each other. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Points of Interest (6 of 7) Bacteria are simple one-celled organisms without a nucleus or many organelles. A virus is not a one-celled organism; it needs another cell to replicate. Fungi can be single-celled or multi-celled organisms and can cause infections in the body. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Points of Interest (7 of 7) Protozoa are one-celled and can cause disease through ingestion or insect bites. Prions cause disease through abnormal folding of certain proteins. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Case Study (1 of 4) Given the following scenarios, identify what type microorganism may be a causative agent: – Two young boys complain of stomach aches and severe diarrhea after drinking pond water. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Case Study (2 of 4) Identify what type microorganism may be a causative agent: – Julia is a 13-year-old with a compromised immune system due to an inherited disease. Two days after returning home from a school field trip, Julia complains of shortness of breath and is diagnosed with a respiratory infection. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Case Study (3 of 4) Identify what type microorganism may be a causative agent: – Dylan has a stubborn cold for three days and is given an antibacterial agent. However, he doesn’t respond to the treatment and the cold persists. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Case Study (4 of 4) Identify what type microorganism may be a causative agent: – Maria stepped on piece of broken glass and cut the bottom of her foot. Two days later the wound became red and swollen with pus oozing from the center. Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved