Human Anatomy & Physiology - 2 (HMG381) PDF

Week 2; Session 2 Human Anatomy & Physiology - 2 (HMG381) Interaction & Interdependence of Organ Systems Dr. Merin Thomas [email protected] Office hours : Tuesday & Thursday – 1.00pm to 3.00pm Learning Objectives Organ Systems and their role in homeostasis Effect of each organ system on the...

Week 2; Session 2 Human Anatomy & Physiology - 2 (HMG381) Interaction & Interdependence of Organ Systems Dr. Merin Thomas [email protected] Office hours : Tuesday & Thursday – 1.00pm to 3.00pm Learning Objectives Organ Systems and their role in homeostasis Effect of each organ system on the other organ systems WHAT ARE ORGAN SYSTEMS? An organ system is a group of organs that work together in the body to perform a complex function Each organ system interacts and is interconnected with other organ systems The organ systems can be broadly grouped based on their basic function Infrastructure Systems Regulation/Regulatory Systems Energy Systems Reproductive System ORGAN SYSTEMS Infrastructure Systems - Forms the infrastructure that facilitates the other systems Skeletal System Muscular System Cardiovascular System Nervous System Regulation/Regulatory Systems Endocrine System Lymphatic System Urinary System ORGAN SYSTEMS Energy Systems - provide the energy for the other organ systems to function Respiratory System Digestive System Reproductive System - The organ system from where life originates ORGAN SYSTEMS - Integumentary System The integumentary system helps maintain a constant body temperature, protects the body provides sensory information about the surrounding environment Skin and hair provide barriers that protect all internal organs from damaging agents in external environment Sweat glands and skin blood vessels regulate body temperature, needed for proper functioning of other body systems ORGAN SYSTEMS - Integumentary System Of all the body’s organs, none is more exposed to infection, disease, and injury than the skin Vulnerable to damage from trauma, sunlight, microbes, and pollutants in the environment Changes in skin color may also indicate homeostatic imbalances in the body. Integumentary System and its interactions with other body systems The Skeletal System Skin helps activate vitamin D, needed for proper absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus to build and maintain bones The Nervous System Nerve endings in skin and subcutaneous tissue provide input to brain for touch, pressure, thermal, and pain sensations The Cardiovascular System Local chemical changes in dermis cause widening and narrowing of skin blood vessels, which help adjust blood flow to skin Integumentary System and its interactions with other body systems The Lymphatic System & Immunity Skin is first line of defense in immunity, providing mechanical barriers and chemical secretions that discourage penetration and growth of microbes Dendritic cells in epidermis participate in immune responses by recognizing and processing foreign antigens Macrophages in dermis phagocytize microbes that penetrate skin surface Integumentary System and its interactions with other body systems The Respiratory System Hair in the nose filters dust particles from inhaled air Stimulation of pain nerve endings in skin may alter breathing rate The Urinary System Some waste products are excreted from body in sweat, contributing to excretion by urinary system The Reproductive System Suckling of a baby stimulates nerve endings in skin, leading to milk ejection Mammary glands (modified sweat glands) produce milk ORGAN SYSTEMS - Musculo-Skeletal System Bone tissue is continuously growing, remodeling, and repairing itself. Contributes to homeostasis of the body by providing support and protection, producing blood cells, and storing minerals and triglycerides. Muscular system Produces body movements Stabilizes body positions Produces heat that helps maintain normal body temperature Muscular System and its interactions with other body systems The Integumentary System Pull of skeletal muscles on attachments to skin of face causes facial expressions The Nervous System Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles carry out commands for the nervous system Shivering—involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles that is regulated by the brain—generates heat to raise body temperature Muscular System and its interactions with other body systems The Cardiovascular System Cardiac muscle powers pumping action of heart Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessel walls help adjust the amount of blood flowing through various body tissues Contraction of skeletal muscles in the legs assists return of blood to the heart Lactic acid produced by active skeletal muscles may be used for ATP production by the heart Muscular System and its interactions with other body systems The Respiratory System Skeletal muscles involved with breathing cause air to flow into and out of the lungs Smooth muscle fibers adjust size of airways Coughing and sneezing, due to skeletal muscle contractions, help clear airways Regular exercise improves efficiency of breathing Muscular System and its interactions with other body systems The Digestive System Skeletal muscles protect and support organs in the abdominal cavity Alternating contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles power chewing and initiate swallowing Smooth muscle sphincters control volume of material in the digestive canal Smooth muscles in walls of digestive canal mix and move its contents through the tract Muscular System and its interactions with other body systems The Urinary System Skeletal and smooth muscle sphincters and smooth muscle in wall of urinary bladder control whether urine is stored in the urinary bladder or voided (urination) The Reproductive System Skeletal and smooth muscle contractions eject semen from male Smooth muscle contractions propel oocyte along uterine tube, help regulate flow of menstrual blood from uterus, and force baby from uterus during childbirth ORGAN SYSTEMS - Cardiovascular System Blood contributes to homeostasis by transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and hormones to and from body cells. It also helps regulate body pH and temperature and provides protection against disease through phagocytosis and the production of antibodies. The heart contributes to homeostasis by pumping blood through blood vessels to the tissues of the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove wastes. ORGAN SYSTEMS - Cardiovascular System Blood vessels contribute to homeostasis by providing the structures for the flow of blood to and from the heart and the exchange of nutrients and wastes in tissues. They also play an important role in adjusting the velocity and volume of blood flow. Cardiovascular System and its interactions with other body systems The Integumentary System Blood delivers clotting factors and white blood cells that aid in hemostasis when skin is damaged and contribute to repair of injured skin Changes in skin blood flow contribute to body temperature regulation by adjusting the amount of heat loss via the skin The Muscular System Blood circulating through exercising muscle removes heat and lactic acid Cardiovascular System and its interactions with other body systems The Skeletal System Blood delivers calcium and phosphate ions that are needed for building bone extracellular matrix Blood transports hormones that govern building and breakdown of bone extracellular matrix, and erythropoietin that stimulates production of red blood cells by red bone marrow The Nervous System Endothelial cells lining choroid plexuses in brain ventricles help produce cerebrospinal fluid and contribute to the blood–brain barrier Cardiovascular System and its interactions with other body systems The Endocrine System Circulating blood delivers most hormones to their target tissues The Lymphatic System & Immunity Circulating blood distributes lymphocytes, antibodies, and macrophages that carry out immune functions Lymph plasma forms from excess interstitial fluid, which filters from blood plasma due to blood pressure generated by the heart Cardiovascular System and its interactions with other body systems The Respiratory System Circulating blood transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation The Digestive System Blood carries newly absorbed nutrients and water to the liver Blood distributes hormones that aid digestion The Urinary System Heart and blood vessels delivers blood to the kidneys, where it is filtered, needed substances are reabsorbed, and unwanted substances remain as part of urine, which is excreted ORGAN SYSTEMS - Lymphatic System The lymphoid system contributes to homeostasis by draining interstitial fluid as well as providing the mechanisms for defense against disease. Lymphatic System and its interactions with other body systems The Integumentary System Immune system cells (intraepidermal macrophages) in skin help protect skin Lymphatic tissue provides IgA antibodies in sweat The Cardiovascular System Macrophages in spleen destroy aged red blood cells and remove debris in blood Lymphatic System and its interactions with other body systems The Respiratory System Tonsils, alveolar macrophages, and MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) help protect lungs from pathogens Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid from lungs Lymphatic System and its interactions with other body systems The Digestive System Tonsils and MALT help defend against toxins and pathogens that penetrate the body from the digestive canal IgA antibodies in saliva and gastrointestinal secretions Lymphatic vessels pick up absorbed dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine and transport them to the blood Lymphatic System and its interactions with other body systems The Reproductive System In females, sperm deposited in the vagina are not attacked as foreign invaders due to inhibition of immune responses IgG antibodies can cross the placenta to provide protection to a developing fetus Lymphoid tissue provides IgA antibodies in the milk of a nursing mother ORGAN SYSTEMS - Respiratory System The respiratory system contributes to homeostasis by providing for the exchange of gases—oxygen and carbon dioxide—among the atmospheric air, blood, and tissue cells. It also helps adjust the pH of body fluids. Respiratory System and its interactions with other body systems The Muscular System Increased rate and depth of breathing support increased activity of skeletal muscles during exercise The Nervous System Nose contains receptors for sense of smell The Endocrine System Angiotensin-converting enzyme in lungs catalyzes formation of the hormone angiotensin II from angiotensin I Respiratory System and its interactions with other body systems The Lymphatic System Hair in nose, cilia and mucus in trachea, bronchi, and smaller airways, and alveolar macrophages contribute to nonspecific resistance to disease Pharynx contains lymphatic tissue (tonsils) The Digestive System Forceful contraction of respiratory muscles can assist in defecation The Urinary System Together, respiratory and urinary systems regulate pH of body fluids The Reproductive System Internal respiration provides oxygen to developing fetus ORGAN SYSTEMS - Digestive System The digestive system contributes to homeostasis by breaking down dietary nutrients into forms that can be absorbed and used by body cells for producing ATP and building body tissues It also absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals needed for growth and function of body tissues Eliminates wastes from the body Digestive System and its interactions with other body systems The Integumentary System Small intestine absorbs vitamin D, which skin and kidneys modify to produce the hormone calcitriol Excess dietary calories are stored as triglycerides in adipose cells in dermis and subcutaneous tissue The Skeletal System Small intestine absorbs dietary calcium and phosphorus salts needed to build bone extracellular matrix Digestive System and its interactions with other body systems The Muscular System Liver can convert lactic acid (produced by muscles during exercise) to glucose The Endocrine System Liver inactivates some hormones, ending their activity Pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon Cells in mucosa of stomach and small intestine secrete hormones that regulate digestive activities Liver produces angiotensinogen Digestive System and its interactions with other body systems The Cardiovascular System Digestive canal absorbs water that helps maintain blood volume and iron that is needed for synthesis of hemoglobin in red blood cells Bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown is partially excreted in feces Liver synthesizes most blood plasma proteins The Lymphatic System Acidity of gastric juice destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach Lymphoid nodules in areolar connective tissue of mucosa of digestive canal destroy microbes Digestive System and its interactions with other body systems The Respiratory System Pressure of abdominal organs against diaphragm helps expel air quickly during forced exhalation The Urinary System Absorption of water by digestive canal provides water needed to excrete waste products in urine The Reproductive System Digestion and absorption provide adequate nutrients, including fats, for normal development of reproductive structures, for production of gametes (oocytes and sperm), and for fetal growth and development during pregnancy ORGAN SYSTEMS - Urinary System The urinary system contributes to homeostasis by excreting wastes; altering blood composition, pH, volume, and pressure; maintaining blood osmolarity; and producing hormones. Urinary System and its interactions with other body systems The Integumentary System Kidneys and skin both contribute to synthesis of calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D The Skeletal System Kidneys help adjust levels of blood calcium and phosphates, needed for building extracellular bone matrix The Muscular System Kidneys help adjust level of blood calcium, needed for contraction of muscle Urinary System and its interactions with other body systems The Cardiovascular System By increasing or decreasing their reabsorption of water filtered from blood, kidneys help adjust blood volume and blood pressure Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys raises blood pressure The Lymphatic System By increasing or decreasing their reabsorption of water filtered from blood, kidneys help adjust volume of interstitial fluid and lymph plasma Urinary System and its interactions with other body systems The Respiratory System Kidneys and lungs cooperate in adjusting pH of body fluids The Reproductive System Urethra of males is a part of genital tract as well as urinary system ORGAN SYSTEMS - Reproductive System The male and female genital organs work together to produce offspring. In addition, the female genital organs contribute to sustaining the growth of embryos and fetuses. Reproductive System and its interactions with other body systems The Integumentary System Androgens promote the growth of body hair Estrogens stimulate the deposition of fat in the breasts, abdomen, and hips Mammary glands produce milk Skin stretches during pregnancy as the fetus enlarges The Skeletal System Androgens and estrogens stimulate the growth and maintenance of bones of the skeletal system Reproductive System and its interactions with other body systems The Muscular System Androgens stimulate the growth of skeletal muscles The Endocrine System Testosterone and estrogens exert feedback effects on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland The Cardiovascular System Estrogens lower blood cholesterol level and may reduce the risk of coronary artery disease in women under age 50 Reproductive System and its interactions with other body systems The Lymphatic System The presence of an antibiotic-like chemical in semen and the acidic pH of vaginal fluid provide innate immunity against microbes in the genital tract The Digestive System The presence of the fetus during pregnancy crowds the digestive organs, which leads to heartburn and constipation The Urinary System The Urethra of males is a part of genital tract as well as urinary system MAINTENANCE OF HOMEOSTASIS The maintenance of homeostasis in response to external as well as internal/physiological changes is an important factor for survival This results from the coordinated activities of all the different organ systems, ultimately controlled by the endocrine and nervous systems AN EXAMPLE OF HOW QUESTIONS CAN BE ASKED.. Match the interactions of the cardiovascular system (a,b,c,d) with its appropriate organ system (1,2,3,4) (4 marks) a) Endothelial cells lining choroid plexus of ventricles contribute to the formation of a specialized barrier within the organ system b) Substance is formed from excessive interstitial fluid which filters from blood plasma c) Transports erythropoietin that stimulates production of red blood cells by red bone marrow d) Blood circulating through exercising muscle removes heat and lactic acid 1. 2. 3. 4. Lymphatic System. ____ Nervous System. _____ Muscular System. _____ Skeletal system. ____ AN EXAMPLE OF HOW QUESTIONS CAN BE ASKED.. Which of the following are true for interactions between the reproductive system and the integumentary system a) Androgens promote the growth of body hair b) Pull of muscles attachments on skin results in facial expressions c) Changes in skin blood flow contribute to control of body temperature d) Absorption of vitamin D which is necessary for bone building Read about mitosis, meiosis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis in preparation for the class next week on developmental anatomy ACTIVITES & ASSIGNMENTS Quiz 1 On Wednesday, March 8th 2023 (22/66) & Thursday March 9th 2023 (33/77) Portions: Anatomical terminology, planes & regions, Biomedical Literature review, Levels of structural organization, Homeostasis, Interaction and Interdependence of organ systems, Maintenance of homeostasis (Weeks 1-3.1) Assignment Submission On Wednesday, 15th March 2023; 1.30pm (22/66) & Thursday March 16th 2023; 12.30pm (33/77) REFERENCES Tortora, Gerard J. And Bryan H Derrickson. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, 2020 Standring, Susan. Gray’s Anatomy E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015