Module 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PDF

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY The heart pumps blood ANATOMY White blood cells and chemicals in the blood help Anatomy (ah-nat′o-me) is the study of the structure and...

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY The heart pumps blood ANATOMY White blood cells and chemicals in the blood help Anatomy (ah-nat′o-me) is the study of the structure and to protect the body from such foreign invaders as shape of the body and its parts and their relationships bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells. to one another. Lymphatic System Greek word “tomy” to cut and “ana” apart Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and PHYSIOLOGY returns it to blood; Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts The lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs help work or function to cleanse the blood “Physio” = Nature, “Ology” = study Houses white blood cells involved in immunity. Respiratory System LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION Keep the body supplied with oxygen and remove 1. Atoms - Building block of Matter carbon dioxide 2. Cell - Smallest unit of Living things Digestive System 3. Tissue - Group of similar cells that has same function Breakdown food and deliver nutrients to the blood 4. Organ - Two or more tissue types that performs Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces specific function for the body The liver is considered a digestive organ because 5. Organ System - Group of organs that work together to the bile it produces helps to break down fats. accomplish a common purpose The pancreas, which delivers digestive enzymes 6. Organism - Represents highest level of structural to the small intestine, has both endocrine and organization digestive functions. ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW Urinary System Integumentary System Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the External covering of the body. body Waterproof the body and protects deeper tissue Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base from injury. balance of the blood. Produces Vitamin D Reproductive System Secretion of salt in perspiration Overall function of the reproductive system is Helps in regulation of body temperature production of offspring. Skeletal System Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; Consist of bones, cartilage and joints ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to Support body and provide framework the female reproductive tract. Storage of Minerals Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; Muscular System remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization It has only one function, to contact. and development of the fetus. Mobility of the whole body as a whole reflects the Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk activity of skeletal muscle. to nourish the newborn. Nervous System MAINTAINING LIFE Fast-acting control system of the body; Responds to internal and external changes by NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS activating appropriate muscles and glands. 1. Maintaining boundaries Consist of Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves and sensory 2. Movement receptors 3. Responsiveness Endocrine system 4. Digestion Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes 5. Metabolism such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by 6. Excretion body cells. 7. Reproduction Not connected anatomically 8. Growth Cardiovascular system Blood vessels transport blood, which carries SURVIVAL NEEDS oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, Nutrients wastes, etc. Oxygen  Water 8. Protein Normal body Temperature Repair and build body’s tissue Atmospheric Pressure Allows metabolic reactions Growth and maintenance COMMON SUBSTANCE IN LIVING SYSTEM Act as messenger 1. Water Fluid balance Most abundant substance in living cells Strengthen immune system Necessity in digestion to break down molecules Transport and stores nutrients Serves as medium or solvent for most reactions Helps in controlling normal body temperature MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS IN AND OUT OF CELLS 2. Carbon dioxide Diffusion Waste product of cellular respiration Movement of molecules through the medium of high It can form into carbonic acid if accumulated within the concentration to an area of low concentration cell Brownian movement is the random collision of diffusing 3. Ammonia molecules Molecule from decomposition of protein Affected by increase in temperature o Digestive process Movement of materials in and out of cells o Conversion of Amino acid to ATP Osmosis Nitrogen in Ammonia is essential in Amino Acid which Movement of water molecules through a selectively is building block of protein. permeable membrane Enzymes in Liver converts toxic ammonia into urea Movement of materials in and out of cells 4. Adenosine Triphosphate pH Intracellular signaling Quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of DNA and RNA synthesis aqueous or other liquid solutions. Purinergic signaling Synaptic signaling Active transport Muscle contraction 5. Mineral Salt/Electrolytes Calcium – necessary for muscle contraction and nervous transmission Phosphate – necessary to produce high energy molecule ATP Chloride – Nervous transmission Sodium and potassium – Muscle contraction and nervous transmission 6. Carbohydrates Energy storage/production and structural strengthening 7. Lipids Substance that are insoluble with water such as Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids, etc. Saturated o Whole milk, butter, egg pork, and palm oil o Too much contributes to cardiovascular disease Unsaturated o Sunflower, corn and fish oil Directional Terms Term Definition Example  Superior (Cranial or Cephalic) Towards the head end; Above Forehead is superior than the nose Inferior (Caudal) Away from the head end; below Navel is inferior to the breastbone Anterior (Ventral) Front of the body; in front of Breastbone is anterior to spine Posterior (Dorsal) the backside of the body; Behind Heart is posterior to the breastbone Towards or at the midline of the body; Medial Heart is medial to the arm on inner side Away from the midline of the body; on Lateral Arms are lateral to chest the outside of Close to origin of the body part or the Proximal The elbow is proximal to the wrist point of attachment Farther from the origin of a body part Distal The knee is distal to the thigh. or the point of attachment Superficial (external) Toward or at the body surface Skin is superficial to skeleton Away from the body surface; more Deep(internal) Lungs are deep to the rib cage internal BODY PLANES AND SECTION Sagittal Section (a) cut along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, plane of the body dividing the body into right and left parts. Median (Midsagittal) section Frontal section (b) a cut along a lengthwise plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts. It is also called a corona section. Transverse section (c) cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts. It is Cross section. BODY CAVITY- A fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organ Dorsal Cranial Spinal/Vertebral Ventral Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic HOMEOSTASIS ὅμοιος homoios, “similar” and στάσις stasis, "standing still" Unchanging  Body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal Exhibits positive Exhibits Negative conditions even though the outside world is correlational between correlational between continuously changing. stimulus and stimulus and EXAMPLES product/process product/process 1. Thermoregulation Less associated with Closely associated with 2. Baroreflex stability stability 3. Osmoregulation 4. Blood glucose homeostasis Less Frequent More Frequent 5. Blood oxygen content homeostasis Exhibits positive Exhibits Negative 6. Extracellular fluid pH homeostasis correlational between correlational between 7. The volume of body water homeostasis stimulus and stimulus and COMPONENTS OF HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS product/process product/process 1. Receptor Less associated with Closely associated with type of sensor that monitors and responds to stability stability changes in the environment. Information flows from the receptor to the control center along the afferent pathway 2. Control center Determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained. This component analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action. 3. Effector Provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus. Information flows from the control center to the effector long the efferent pathway. FEEDBACK MECHANISM Negative Feedback Mechanism the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to either shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity e.g. regulate heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, the release of hormones, and blood levels of glucose Positive feedback Mechanisms Rare in the body because they tend to increase the original disturbance (stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value. oxytocin is a hormone released by the pituitary gland during child birth. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Positive Negative Less Frequent More Frequent