Week 2 Lecture 2023 Ethics 2 Slides Per Page PDF

15/08/2023 Why Ethics? THE IMPORTANCE OF ETHICAL THINKING AND PACE Maria Florencia Amigo PACE 1 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. This materia...

15/08/2023 Why Ethics? THE IMPORTANCE OF ETHICAL THINKING AND PACE Maria Florencia Amigo PACE 1 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. This material is provided to you as aMacquarie Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online University without is the copyright owner of (orowner has permission. Macquarie University is the copyright of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written in permission licence to use) the intellectual property 2 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 1 15/08/2023 What is Ethics? Why ethics? - Ethics is the branch of Philosophy that explores what ought to be decent and appropriate human behaviour. - What kind of a life do I truly admire? What kind of life do I hope to be able to look back on when I am older and reflect on how I have lived? (Singer, 1995, pp. 7-8) - Ethical thinking is becoming ever more necessary (cybersecurity, data privacy, gender equity, environment, humanitarian crisis) This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 3 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. This material is provided to you as aMacquarie Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online University without is the copyright owner of (orowner has permission. Macquarie University is the copyright of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written in permission licence to use) the intellectual property 4 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 2 15/08/2023 Normative Ethics Studies ethical action. Focuses on theorising how we ought to behave, what are right and wrong actions Descriptive Ethics Studies ethical beliefs. Focuses on investigating moral beliefs and what motivates people to act ethically Applied Ethics Studies how ethics can be applied to various fields. Focuses on applying ethical theories and principles to particular domains (bioethics, environmental ethics, research ethics). This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 5 Normative Ethics: Three core theories • Consequentialism • Deontological Ethics • Virtue Ethics This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. This material is provided to you as aMacquarie Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online University without is the copyright owner of (orowner has permission. Macquarie University is the copyright of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written in permission licence to use) the intellectual property 6 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 3 15/08/2023 Consequentialism Utilitarianism Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham (18th & 19th centuries) • • The focus is on the consequence of our actions. Main concepts: ― utility of actions ― Good intention ― Greatest good for the greatest number ― Critique ▪ ▪ Unintended consequences with no good outcomes What about the ones who are not included? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 7 Example that challenges the approach The greatest good for the greatest number of people? • Simon’s mother is feeling really lonely and would like Simon to come and spend the day with her. Simon had planned on using the day to volunteer with counselling for recently arrived refugees. By volunteering, he would be helping a much larger group of people, rather than cheering up his mother for simply one day. But decides to go and spend the day with his mother. This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. This material is provided to you as aMacquarie Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online University without is the copyright owner of (orowner has permission. Macquarie University is the copyright of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written in permission licence to use) the intellectual property 8 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 4 15/08/2023 Deontological Ethics Kant (18th century) • We have a duty to behave in a way that is aligned with our rationality and that: ― Leads to universalisable actions ― Is based on humanist principles (dignity/integrity) Main concepts: - Categorical imperatives - Duty Critique - Removes the personal factor (agency) - Ignores emotions/feelings (duty supersedes emotions) - There could be conflicting duties (e.g. The duty to your family may conflict with the duty to your employer) This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 9 Example that challenges the approach Duty above all? • Peter works in an organisation supporting the homeless. He realises one of the homeless individuals he has assisted during a long time provides false information on a form about how long he has been homeless, so that he can get into public housing a bit faster. Despite the fact that Peter knows his client is lying he decides not to disclose it to his superiors as he has developed a relationship with this person and wants to see him get ahead. This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. This material is provided to you as aMacquarie Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online University without is the copyright owner of (orowner has permission. Macquarie University is the copyright of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written in permission licence to use) the intellectual property 10 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 5 15/08/2023 Virtue Ethics Aristotle (380 BC) • Ethical behaviour results from developing good character through the development of virtues (courage, benevolence, compassion, loyalty). • Critique ― What virtues should we be developing? Valued virtues differ depending on the context. ― Virtuous character may not lead to good actions. ― In particular situations virtues could be conflicting. This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 11 Example that challenges this approach Rudi got involved in a violent protest to displace internal migrants from a rival ethnic group in his city. He was brave enough to decide to fight on the streets, however he is a compassionate man and does not dare shooting his weapon. This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. This material is provided to you as aMacquarie Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online University without is the copyright owner of (orowner has permission. Macquarie University is the copyright of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written in permission licence to use) the intellectual property 12 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 6 15/08/2023 Duty (Deontology) Character (Virtue) Actions (Utility) This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 13 Other Ethical Theories THEORIES THAT COMBINE PRINCIPLES OF CORE ETHICAL APPROACHES • Ethics of Care ― Duty of care ― Developed based on the type of people we are This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your Non anthropocentric ethical theories individual •research and study purposes only. - Ethics beyond the impact on humanity You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. This material is provided to you as aMacquarie Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online University without is the copyright owner of (orowner has permission. Macquarie University is the copyright of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written in permission licence to use) the intellectual property 14 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 7 15/08/2023 Should we extend the moral community beyond humans? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 15 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. This material is provided to you as aMacquarie Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online University without is the copyright owner of (orowner has permission. Macquarie University is the copyright of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written in permission licence to use) the intellectual property 16 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission http://www.ideas-forum.org.uk/about-us/global-citizenship 8 15/08/2023 Think of your PACE activity, is there anything you could do through your activity that would enable you to engage with global injustices? You don't need to think of major undertakings, but of small, doable actions. This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 17 Questions to guide you WHEN FACING A DIFFICULT DECISION Would I be happy for this decision to be headlining the news tomorrow? Is there an ethical non-negotiable at play? Will my action make the world a better place? What would happen if everybody did this? What will this do to my character or the character of my organisation? This material is provided to you as a MacquarieIsUniversity student for values your and principles? this consistent with my individual research and study purposes only. allows to explore these questions in a way that is sincere, rational, competent and honest. You cannotEthics share thisus material publicly online without permission. This material is provided to you as aMacquarie Macquarie University student for your individual (adapted research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publiclyfrom onlineThe Ethics Centre – ethics.org.au) University without is the copyright owner of (orowner has permission. Macquarie University is the copyright of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written in permission licence to use) the intellectual property 18 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 9 15/08/2023 ETHICS AND PACE • Ethical principles in PACE ― Reciprocity ― Mutual Benefit (to the student, the organisation, the university) • How do we ensure this? ― Understand the value and contribution of your activity ― Understand the value and ethics of your organisation ― Understand the community it serves This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 19 Applied Ethics Ethics in Research: Introduction Imagine the following two case scenarios: -You have been asked to participate in a research study of how you are experiencing student life at Macquarie University. -You have been asked to participate in a study of how your religion influences on your life choices. What This material is concerns providedwould to youyou as have a in relation to participating in this study? What information Macquariewould University student forinyour you need to have order to make the individual decision researchwhether and study purposes in only. to participate the study or not? You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. This material is provided to you as aMacquarie Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online University without is the copyright owner of (orowner has permission. Macquarie University is the copyright of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written in permission licence to use) the intellectual property 20 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 10 15/08/2023 • Time and cost • Will I be endangered? • Privacy • How will the information be stored? • Can I quit if I want to? • What training do the researchers have? • What is it for? • Who will use this information? • Who is it for? • Who is behind this? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 21 Human Research WHAT CONSTITUTES HUMAN RESEARCH? • Taking part in surveys, interviews, focus groups • Psychological, physiological, medical testing or treatment • Observation by researchers • Access to personal documents or other materials • Collection of body organs, tissues, exhaled breath This material is provided to you as a Macquarie• University studentinformation for your – either identifiable, reAccess to personal identifiable, non-identifiable – asonly. part of an existing individual research and study purposes published or unpublished source or database. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. This material is provided to you as aMacquarie Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online University without is the copyright owner of (orowner has permission. Macquarie University is the copyright of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written in permission licence to use) the intellectual property 22 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 11 15/08/2023 Principles of ethical research • Merit and Integrity (purpose of research, dissemination of results, trained researcher) • Justice (fairness to participants in recruitment and effort requested) • Beneficence (benefits will outweigh costs) • Respect (voluntary nature, privacy, confidentiality) This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 23 Why discuss Ethics? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in 24 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 12 15/08/2023 Tips from a PACE student 25 Research Ethics This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in 26 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 13 15/08/2023 THANK YOU 27 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission 14