Week 2 Earth and Earth System Science PDF

REVIEW TIME!  the twin planet of earth the red planet smallest planet largest planet hottest planet closest planet to the sun  farthest planet to the sun planet known to support life Olympus Mons can be found in this planet has Great Red Spot has one moon named luna  the ring planet has...

REVIEW TIME!  the twin planet of earth the red planet smallest planet largest planet hottest planet closest planet to the sun  farthest planet to the sun planet known to support life Olympus Mons can be found in this planet has Great Red Spot has one moon named luna  the ring planet has 63 moons planet less dense that water has Great Dark Spot first planet found with the aid of telescope WHY PLUTO IS NOT A PLANET? Pluto was reclassified from a planet to a "dwarf planet" in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). This decision was based on a new definition of what constitutes a planet. According to the IAU, a celestial body must meet the following criteria to be considered a planet: 1.It must orbit the Sun. 2.It must be spherical in shape (hydrostatic equilibrium). 3.It must have cleared its orbit of other debris. LESSON 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTH LEARNING COMPETENCY The learners describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life (S11ES-Ia- b-3). LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: ✓recognize the difference in the physical and chemical properties between the Earth and its neighboring planets; and ✓identify the factors that allow a planet to support life.  How well do human know the solar system?  COMPARE AND CONTRAST VENUS EARTH MARS COMPARISON OF THE FEATURES OF VENUS, EARTH, AND MARS VENUS EARTH MARS Mass (10^24 kg) 4.87 5.97 0.642 Diameter (km) 12,104 12,756 6,792 Density (kg/m^3) 5,243 5,514 3,933 Gravity (m/s^2) 8.9 9.8 3.7 Escape Velocity (km/s) 10.4 11.2 5 COMPARISON OF THE FEATURES OF VENUS, EARTH, AND MARS VENUS EARTH MARS Surface Pressure (bars) 92 1 0.01 Composition of Atmosphere 96% CO2 77% N 95% CO2 3.5% N 21% O2 2.7% N 1% Ar 1.6% Ar Major Greenhouse Gases (GHG) CO2 CO2, H2O CO2 Mean Temperature (degree C) 464 15 -65 Temperature if no GHG are -46 -18 -75 present Change in Temperature (degree +510 +33 +10 C) due to greenhouse gases COMPARISON OF THE FEATURES OF VENUS, EARTH, AND MARS VENUS EARTH MARS Distance from Sun (106 108.2 149.6 227.9 km) Orbital Period (days) 224.7 365.2 687 Orbital Velocity (km/s) 35 29.8 24.1 Length of Day (hours) 2,802 24 24.7 Global Magnetic Field No Yes No What makes a planet habitable? The Hydrosphere The hydrosphere includes all of Earth’s water. Bodies of water are classified into either saltwater or freshwater, based on salinity. Saltwater Saltwater (oceans and seas) primarily have high salt content. Freshwater It has zero to very little salt content. Global Freshwater 2.5% freshwater vs 97.5% saltwater Properties of Water Density ○ Water is at maximum density at 3.98°C. Heat Capacity ○ Water has a relatively high heat capacity, which allows it to resist temperature changes.  These properties make aquatic habitats a stable place for organisms to live in, since aquatic habitats can somewhat resist temperature changes. The Origin of Water on Earth The prevailing hypothesis on the origin of water on Earth suggests that water came from comets that collided with Earth. Other studies suggest that water was already present within Earth since formation as volatiles trapped in magma. Global Water Usage Albedo All objects can either absorb or reflect light. This is a property known as albedo. It has a value that ranges from 0-1. Albedo Values Albedo Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface. It is defined as the ratio of the amount of solar radiation reflected by a surface to the amount of solar radiation incident upon it. Albedo values range from 0 to 1, where 0 represents a surface that absorbs all incoming sunlight (like a black surface) and 1 represents a surface that reflects all incoming sunlight (like a perfectly white surface). Albedo Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface. It is defined as the ratio of the amount of solar radiation reflected by a surface to the amount of solar radiation incident upon it. Albedo values range from 0 to 1, where 0 represents a surface that absorbs all incoming sunlight (like a black surface) and 1 represents a surface that reflects all incoming sunlight (like a perfectly white surface). The Sun The Sun is the Earth’s main source of energy, and powers many of the processes in the planet. Sun as the main source of energy. The Sun Plants are dependent on the Sun for photosynthesis. Importance of the sun on humans and other life forms. Solar Energy is Renewable As long as the sun shines, solar energy is available for everyone to utilize. This is advantageous since the sun is an environmentally- friendly source of energy. Utilization of solar energy by using solar panels. Earth’s Energy Budget Earth’s energy budget is the balance of energy absorbed and energy reflected. 30% of the energy from the sun is reflected and scattered by clouds, atmosphere, and Earth’s Earth’s energy budget light-colored surfaces. Factors Affecting Earth’s Energy Budget There are certain factors that affect Earth’s energy budget such as: ○ the amount of light colored surfaces ○ amount of radiation received ○ Earth’s axial tilt ○ presence of greenhouse gases. The Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse effect is one of the factors that affects Earth’s energy budget. Atmospheric Composition The bulk of the atmospheric composition of Earth is nitrogen and oxygen in which together comprises 99%. Only 0.9% is argon and the remaining 0.1% is trace gases. Carbon dioxide and ozone, although available in minute amounts, are very essential to life on Earth. Atmospheric Composition Atmospheric composition of Earth. Layers of the Atmosphere The atmosphere is made up of 5 major layers ○ troposphere, ○ stratosphere, ○ mesosphere, ○ thermosphere, ○ exosphere. Layers of the atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere Troposphere is where humans and most of the biosphere reside, and is the lowest layer. Stratosphere contains the ozone layer. Mesosphere is where meteorites burn up. Thermosphere is a layer with extremely high temperatures. Exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere, and the layer in contact with outer space. The Stratospheric and Tropospheric Ozone Stratospheric ozone is good while tropospheric ozone is bad. These harmful ozones when inhaled, can irritate the lungs and breakdown lung tissues. Plants are also affected by this tropospheric ozone. Good and bad ozone. Atmosphere’s Role in the Hydrologic Cycle The atmosphere is a crucial part of the water cycle. It serves as the reservoir of large amounts of water. Therefore, the atmosphere is an efficient medium to move water around the globe. Steps in the hydrologic cycle What makes a planet habitable? 1. Right distance from its star: Not too hot or too cold for liquid water. 2. Water: Must have liquid water available. 3. Atmosphere: Protects from harmful radiation and keeps the right pressure. 4. Essential elements: Needs key elements like carbon and oxygen for life. 5. Stable climate: Should have a consistent climate for life to develop. 6. Magnetic field: Protects from harmful space radiation. 7. Geological activity: Helps recycle nutrients and create diverse habitats. What temperature range is good for life? What sort of atmosphere does life need? Do organisms need light? How much nutrients do organism need? What factors are essential for life? LESSON 2: FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF EARTH LEARNING COMPETENCY The learners explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow (S11ES-Ib-4). LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: ✓define the concept of a system; and ✓recognize the Earth as a system composed of subsystems. SYSTEM regularly interacting and interdependent components forming a unified whole ECOSYSTEM ecological system; a community and its physical environment treated together as a functional system ECOSYSTEM Community of living organisms and the physical environment that interacts with one another Biotic and abiotic components  The Earth is a closed system where materials cycle between the lithosphere , atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. A closed system is a system in which there is only an exchange of heat or energy and no exchange of matter. It receives energy from the sun and returns some of this energy to space. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY The law of conservation of energy applies to ecosystems. We can potentially trace all the energy from its solar input to its release as heat by organisms. Earth System Science It is the study of Earth as an integrated system. It seeks to understand the past, current, and future state of our planet. The interdisciplinary nature of ESS led to the development of new ideas for research, as well as promoting scientific studies to people of different backgrounds.  Vladimir Alexander von James Vernadsky Humboldt Hutton The Organism dispersal and Father of noosphere distribution modern geology  James Lynn Lovelock Margulis The Gaia Hypothesis The Gaia Hypothesis The Gaia Hypothesis states that the Earth is a self- regulating system. Organisms interact with their surroundings and other organisms. These interactions make Earth self- sustaining.  NASA ESS Committee NASA scientists aim to understand Earth’s systems by using satellites for long- term observations. The International Space Station.  NASA ESS Committee NASA continuously collects data through their satellites. Scientists and data analysts process the data for human use. Examples of uses are for weather, atmospheric analysis, and many more. The International Space Station. Satellite Imagery Satellites can take photos of the Earth from space for various purposes. The Earth has 4 major subsystems, namely: atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.  Each subsystem interacts with the other subsystems. The interaction between these subsystems makes many processes on Earth possible.  LITHOSPHERE VS. GEOSPHERE Lithosphere covers only the crust and upper mantle of Earth. Geosphere covers all the solid part of Earth both on its surface up to the deeper depth of the core. GEOSPHERE The geosphere includes the rocks of the crust and mantle, the metallic liquid outer core, and the solid metallic inner core. The primary driving mechanism is the Earth's internal heat, such as that in mantle convection. The Geosphere Geosphere comes from the Greek word geo which means ground. It includes all the soil, rocks, and minerals present in the crust to the core of Earth. Internal structure of Earth Layers of the Geosphere Crust This is the outermost layer, and is solid. Mantle This is the middle layer, and is liquid. Core This is the innermost layer, and is solid. Lehmann discontinuity HYDROSPHERE About 70% of the Earth is covered with liquid water and much of it is in the form of ocean water Only 3% of Earth's water is fresh: two-thirds are in the form of ice, and the remaining one-third is present in streams, lakes, and groundwater. HYDROSPHERE It is composed of all water on Earth in any form: water vapor, liquid water, and ice. It is comprised of 97.5% saltwater and 2.5% freshwater. The hydrosphere comprised of 97.5% saltwater. HYDROSPHERE The oceans are important sinks for CO2 through direct exchange with the atmosphere and indirectly through the weathering of rocks. ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere is the thin gaseous layer that envelopes the lithosphere. The present atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and trace amount of other gases. ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere makes up of all the gases on Earth. The atmosphere has different layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Layers of the atmosphere. BIOSPHERE The biosphere is the set of all life forms on Earth. Life exists in all the subsystem of Earth – on land (geosphere), in water (hydrosphere), and in air (atmosphere). BIOSPHERE It includes all the organisms on Earth. Biosphere consists of all living things including the microorganisms. How is energy and mass exchanged among the subsystems? MOVEMENT OF ENERGY AND NUTRIENTS Food chain Food webs Trophic levels Biomass Biogeochemical Cycle Image result for trophic level  The Hydrologic Cycle The movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to land and back to the ocean is called the water or hydrologic cycle. The water cycle  Steps of the Hydrologic Cycle Evapotranspiration Precipitation 1 liquid water to gas 3 the release of water from clouds 2 Condensation the formation of clouds The Nitrogen Cycle It refers to the transference and conversion of nitrogen across many forms. The Nitrogen Cycle Both organisms and natural processes (like lightning) play a role in the nitrogen cycle. Lightning plays a role in the nitrogen cycle  Steps of the Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Fixation Ammonification 1 atmospheric to usable nitrogen 3 nitrogen releases as ammonia after decomposition Nitrification Denitrification 2 ammonia/ammonium to 4 nitrogen returns to the nitrite/nitrates atmosphere Carbon and Oxygen Cycle It includes the photosynthesis and respiration of organisms, as well as some natural processes. The carbon and oxygen cycle Carbon and Oxygen Cycle The most well-known among these are respiration in animals and photosynthesis in plants. Respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. REFERENCES: De Silva, L. et al. (2016). Earth Science. Commission on Higher Education. Manaog, A. et al. (2017). Earth Science. CK-12 Foundation. Oliva, M. D. (2016). Earth Science (STEM Track). Philippines: DIWA Learning Systems. Utah State Board of Education. (2018). Earth Systems. CK-12 Foundation. NASA. (2019, April 10). Planets. Retrieved from https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/overview/ Voyagesthroughtime (n.d.). The Living Earth. Retrieved from http://www.voyagesthroughtime.org/planetary/sample/lesson5/z_act3.htm