Week 2 Bacteria and Alert organisms Updated Autosaved 2024-25 sem1.pdf

BACTERIAL STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS & ALERT ORGANISMS Applied Microbiology and Infection Control- BSN112 Academic Year 2024-2025 Semester one Week 2 Applied...

BACTERIAL STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS & ALERT ORGANISMS Applied Microbiology and Infection Control- BSN112 Academic Year 2024-2025 Semester one Week 2 Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Learning outcomes By the end of this lecture students should be able to: 1. Describe the morphology of bacteria 2. Identify the habitat of bacteria 3. Outline the classification of bacteria 4. Explain methods of bacterial reproduction 5. Recall the bacterial metabolism 6. Explain factors affecting bacterial growth 7. Explain the benefits of Bacteria 8. Explain the impact of bacterial on humans 9. Identify alert organisms and their impact. 10. Apply knowledge of microbes in nursing practice in terms of infection control. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Topic outline Bacteria Structure Habitat Classification Reproduction Metabolism Factors affecting growth Benefits Impact ▪ Alert organisms Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Micro-organisms Prokaryote (Bacteria) Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Bacteria habitat QUESTION. Why is it important to know the bacteria habitat? Found in extreme environments - extremophilic bacteria In extreme cold In extremely hot Extreme pH Extreme pressure Anoxic environments (anaerobic) Wide varieties of bacteria live in the body of all living beings, including higher plants, animals, and even the human body Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Bacteria habitat Desertic area High radiation area Toxic wastes Barren sand and rocks Deep underground Mountain top Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). External structure of bacteria Cell wall and all the structures outside the cell wall Includes a cell wall and all the structures outside the cell wall. 1. Flagella (sing. Flagellum) Flagella are long hair-like filamentous structures of about 4 – 5 μm long and 0.01 – 0.03 μm in diameter. They confer motility to the bacteria. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). External structure of bacteria Functions of Flagella Responsible for motility Aids in chemotaxis Aids in bacterial pathogenicity and survival. help the bacteria to cause disease and live in diffrent environments Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). External structure of bacteria 2. Pili/Fimbriae They are the short, hollow, non-helical filamentous structure of about 0.5 μm in length and 0.01 μm in diameter. They are exclusively found in Gram-Negative bacteria. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). External structure of bacteria 3. Capsule It is a viscous outermost layer surrounding the cell wall. They are present only in some species of bacteria. The capsule is of 2 types; macro-capsule (capsule with a thickness of 0.2 μm or more) and micro-capsule (capsule with thickness less than 0.2 μm). Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). External structure of bacteria Functions of the Capsule Aids in adherence Prevents from desiccation Confer resistance against phagocytosis The slime layer protects from proteolytic enzymes ✓ Instead of viscous covering, some bacteria are surrounded by colloidal protein materials called the slime layer. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). External structure of bacteria 4. Sheath A sheath is a hollow tube-like structure enclosing chain-forming bacteria, mostly aquatic bacteria. It provides mechanical strength to the chain. It increases nutrient absorption and helps in adhesion. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). External structure of bacteria 5. Cell Wall A rigid structure. It is 10 -25 μm in thickness. Based on composition, bacterial cell-wall is classified into 2 types; Gram-positive, and Gram-negative cell walls. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Gram-positive cell wall Thick cell wall This type of cell wall takes up the crystal violet dye and confer the purple color of the gram-positive bacteria in Gram staining. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Gram-negative cell wall A thin cell wall Comparatively more complex than the gram-positive cell wall. Embedded in the outer membrane and stabilizes the outer membrane. Pink color to Gram-Negative bacteria Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Gram-negative cell wall The outer membrane is a bilayered structure containing an inner layer, and an outer layer made up of lipopolysaccharide. This confers different antigenic properties to these different bacterial strains. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). External structure of bacteria Cell-wall of Acid-Fast Bacilli ▪ It is unique with a large number of mycolic acids. ▪ They resist the decolorization of acid alcohol or sulfuric acid, hence called acid-fast. Bacteria without a cell wall ▪ Mycoplasma is a minute (50 -300 nm) bacteria without a cell wall. ▪ They do not have a fixed shape. ▪ Besides this natural bacteria, there are several other cell walls deficient forms like protoplasts, spheroplasts, and L-forms. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Gram-Positive Cell-Wall vs Gram-Negative Cell-Wall Gram-Positive Cell-Wall Gram-Negative Cell-Wall Thick (20 – 80 nm) Thin (10 – 15 nm) Lower lipid content (2 – 5%) Higher lipid content (15 – 20%) Very few amino acids without any Wide variety of amino acids with aromatic amino acids different aromatic amino acids Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Internal structure of bacteria It includes the cell membrane and all the structures inside the cell membrane. 1. Cell membrane/Plasma membrane It is the innermost phospholipid bilayer, enclosing cytoplasm. It is a thin (~ 5 -10 nm) semipermeable layer. Cell Membrane Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Internal structure of bacteria They contain a wide variety of fatty acids like usual saturated and unsaturated types The plasma membrane is equipped with several proteins for the passive transport of nutrients and ions - Functions of Cell membrane/Plasma membrane ✓ Selective permeability regulates the inflow and outflow of nutrients, ions, and metabolites ✓ Electron transport Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Internal structure of bacteria 2. Cytoplasm A colorless, colloidal, viscous fluid. Suspended organic and inorganic solutes enclosed within the plasma membrane. Lack membrane bound organelles. They have ribosomes, mesosomes, inclusion bodies, nucleic acids floating in them. 2.1 Ribosomes Synthesize bacterial proteins and enzymes. They are target sites for different antibiotics like erythromycin, macrolides, aminoglycosides, etc. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Internal structure of bacteria 2.2 Mesosomes They represent the eukaryotic mitochondria in function. The site of action of the bacterial respiration enzymes. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Internal structure of bacteria 3. Bacterial Nucleus Nucleoids. Not enclosed in the nuclear membrane and lack nucleolus and nucleoplasm. It is represented by a dsDNA molecule either in a closed circular form or in coiled form. Bacterial DNAs are found either in nucleoid as chromosomal DNA or outside nucleoid as a plasmid. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).  Endospore of a bacteria Some bacteria under stress form a dormant stage called an endospore. They are produced during unfavorable environmental conditions. They grow to vegetative form when the conditions become favorable. They have four distinct structural components: (i) core, containing nucleoid and condensed cytoplasm. (ii) spore wall, the innermost wall of peptidoglycan. (iii) cortex, the thickest wall with unusual peptidoglycan. (iv) protein coat, an outer impermeable layer made of keratin like protein. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Endospore Formation & Germination Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).  Shapes and Arrangement of Bacteria Four distinct shapes, cocci, bacilli, spiral, and comma-shaped. a. Cocci shape bacteria They are spherical bacteria. Based on the arrangement of cells they are further sub-grouped as: 1. Monococci: singular cocci. 2.Diplococci: two spherical bacteria are arranged in pairs. Eg:Streptococcus pneumoniae, etc. 3. Streptococci: spherical bacteria are arranged in a long chain. Eg. Streptococcus, etc. 4. Staphylococci: spherical bacteria arranged in irregular clusters like a bunch of grapes. Eg. Staphylococcus aureus, etc. 5. Tetrad: arrangement in a group of 4 cocci. Eg. Aerococcus urinae, 6. Sarcinae: arrangement of cocci in a group of 8. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Shapes and Arrangement of Bacteria b. Bacilli shape bacteria They are rod-shaped bacteria. Based on the arrangement of cells they are also sub-grouped as: 1. Bacillus /Mono–bacillus: single unattached rod-shaped bacteria. 2. Diplobacilli: bacilli arranged in a pair.. 3. Streptobacilli: bacilli arranged in a chain. 4.Palisade: bacilli arranged in fence-like form.. 5. Coccobacilli: bacilli with rounded ends or oval-shaped. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).  Shapes and Arrangement of Bacteria c. Spiral They are long helical-shaped or twisted bacteria. d. Comma shaped They are comma (,) like in structure. e. Besides these four basic shapes, several bacteria are found in other shapes like; 1.Filamentous 2.Star shaped 3.Appendaged / Budding Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).  Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Classification of bacteria Based on Gram staining The most common mode of classification widely used in medical and research purposes: 1. Gram-Positive Bacteria e.g. E.g. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Streptomyces, Bacillus, Haemophilus, Clostridium, Listeria, etc. 2. Gram-Negative Bacteria e.g. Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Neisseria, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, etc Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Classification of bacteria Based on Oxygen Requirements 1. Aerobic bacteria They respire aerobically and can’t survive in anoxic environments. E.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Nocardia spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, etc. 2. Facultative aerobes They survive in very low oxygen levels and can survive in both oxygenic and anoxic environments. They are Microaerophiles. E.g. E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., etc. 3. Anaerobic bacteria They respire anaerobically and can’t survive in an oxygen-rich environment. E.g. Clostridium perfinges, Campylobacter, Listeria, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, etc. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).  Classification of bacteria Based on Optimum Temperature Bacteria are classified broadly into 3 types as: ▪ Some have optimum growth temperature at 150C or below. ▪ Some needs optimum growth temperature at 15 – 450C. Pathogenic bacteria fall in this category ▪ Few have optimum growth temperature at above 450C. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Reproduction in bacteria- 1. binary fission Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).  Reproduction in bacteria 2. Conidia formation It is mostly seen in filamentous bacteria like those in actinomycetes, The process of producing non-motile spores, called conidia, via mitotic asexual reproduction Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Reproduction in bacteria 3. Budding The bacterial cells develop small swelling, called protuberance or bud, at one side. Bacterial DNA replicates and one copy enters into the bud. The bud eventually separated and develop into a daughter cell. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).  Reproduction in bacteria 4. Endospore formation 5. Transformation It is considered a sexual method. In this method, the DNA of one bacterium directly enters into a cell of another bacterium of the same species and forms recombinant DNA Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Reproduction in bacteria 6. Conjugation It is another sexual method where DNA transformation is by direct contact between donor and recipient bacterium via conjugation tube. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Reproduction in bacteria 7. Transduction : is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus. It also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).  Bacterial Metabolism 1. Heterotrophic Metabolism Heterotrophic Metabolism : is the biologic oxidation of organic compounds. Respiration - Respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic respiration. ✓ Aerobic respiration: bacteria use molecular O2 as a terminal electron acceptor. ✓ Anaerobic respiration: bacteria do not use molecular O2. Fermentation in Bacteria ✓ It is the process where glucose is enzymatically broken down into simpler organic end products like alcohols or acids. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Bacteria metabolism 2. Autotrophic Metabolism: directly oxidize inorganic compounds (without using solar energy) to generate energy. 3. Phototrophic Metabolism: uses light energy to oxidize inorganic compounds and produce energy (ATP). Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Factors Affecting Bacterial Growth 1. Water Availability / Water Activity:. Water is required for maintaining osmotic pressure, conducting metabolisms, regulating physiology, regulating pH, etc. 2. Nutrition Level: different bacteria have different nutritional requirements. Fastidious bacteria: require very high nutritional requirements. Non-fastidious bacteria: survive at very low nutrient levels 3. Temperature: different bacteria have a different optimum temperatures for growth. ✓Mesophiles: the most common bacteria, including pathogens are Mesophiles with an optimum temperature of about 370C. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Factors Affecting Bacterial Growth 4. Gaseous concentration: mostly O2 and CO2 influence bacterial growth. Strict Aerobes require high O2 content. Facultative aerobes can grow at very low O2 content. Anaerobes can’t survive in an environment with O2. 5. pH / Hydrogen Ion Concentration: bacteria mostly grow in pH around neutrality (6.5 -7.5). Acidophiles have an optimum pH requirement of pH below 5. Alkaliphiles have an optimum pH requirement of pH above 9. pH affect the enzyme system, proteins, and membrane integrity of bacteria. 6. Salinity: salt concentration also affect bacterial growth by influencing homeostasis and enzymatic actions. Halophiles are organisms that have very high optimum ion concentration needed for growth. 7. Light intensity: phototrophic bacteria require light for preparing food. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).  Importance, Uses and Applications of Bacteria Bacteria are genetically modified and used in biotechnological applications to produce hormones like insulin and enzymes. They are used in an anaerobic fermentation process to produce biogas (methane) which is used as fuel. Different genera of Actinomycetes and other bacteria are the source of antibiotics used for pharmaceutical purposes. Several bacterial species like Bifidobacterium, E.coli, Lactobacillus, etc. are used as probiotics. Bacteria are used in producing fermented food products like fermented dairy products, sausages, fermented fruit juices, etc. Several bacteria are used industrially for the production of several enzymes. These enzymes are used in industrial processes, medical purposes, food processing, etc. Amylase, lipase, cellulases, proteases, hemicellulases, zymase, penicillinases, polymerases, etc. are produced by bacteria. Bacteria are present as normal flora in our body. They help fight against invading pathogens, boost immune response, and help in the digestion process. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).  Disadvantages of Bacteria 1. Human diseases ranges from simple to life-threatening responsible for thousands of death each year. 2. Spoilage of food feeds and pharmaceutical: huge losses due to bacterial spoilage. 3. Denitrifying bacteria, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, etc. decrease soil fertility and ultimately reducing crop yields (Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes , Bacillus and others). 4. Can cause disease to crop plants and domestic animals- reducing agricultural production. 5. Cause deterioration and degradation of useful organic products like furniture, textiles, etc. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Questions ……… is considered a sexual method. In this method, the DNA of one bacterium directly enters into a cell of another bacterium of the same species and forms recombinant DNA A. Endospore formation. B. Transformation C. Conjugation. D. Transduction. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Questions Aerobic bacteria: a. can not survive in anoxic environments B. survive in low oxygen levels. C. survive at a temp of 45 C. D. survive at a temp of 15 C. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Question …………metabolism is the biologic oxidation of organic compounds, such as glucose, to yield ATP and simpler organic (or inorganic) compounds, which are needed by the bacterial cell for biosynthetic or assimilatory reactions. A. Autotrophic. B. Phototrophic. C. Heterotrophic. D. all of the above Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Alert organisms Alert organism: organisms of clinical interest within a health care setting that may result in infection for the patient. One of a specified list of microorganisms / infections, which on identification should be referred to the IPC Lead (Infection & Prevention Committee) to: Investigate possible healthcare associated infection Address possible ongoing transmission risks by advising on control measures Investigate as an alert signal for a possible outbreak Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Alert organisms Case definition Alert organism case definition must fulfill all three criteria: Isolation of an alert organism from anybody sites The patient must be admitted to the ward The case must be ‘Newly Identified’ A new World Health Organization (WHO) report reveals high levels of resistance in bacteria, causing life-threatening bloodstream infections, as well as increasing resistance to treatment in several bacteria causing common infections in the community based on data reported by 87 countries in 2020 Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Alert organisms Type Of Common Alert Organisms In Hospital MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcu aureus) ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases) CRE (Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae) MRO (Multidrug Resistant Organisms) VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci) Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Alert organisms- Prevention and control In general, use routine practices and contact precautions (gloves and gown) when providing direct resident care. 1. before touching a patient 2. before clean/aseptic procedures 3. after body fluid exposure/risk 4. after touching a patient 5. after touching with patient surroundings Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Alert organisms- Prevention and control Using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Use gloves and long sleeve gown while providing direct resident care and cleaning resident’s environment Routine cleaning of the environment, laundry and dishwashing Careful use of Antibiotics: Using antibiotics only when needed, and for the shortest time possible, helps prevent the growth or more MROs Monitoring: Hospitals and other healthcare facilities monitor the spread of MROs and educate caregivers on the best ways to prevent it Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Alert organisms- Prevention and control Accommodation in single room with own toileting Good hand washing and apply My 5 moments for hand hygiene Provide help to residents with their hand hygiene practices Routine environmental cleaning Use dedicated personal care equipment whenever possible and thoroughly clean and disinfect shared equipment Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Summary Bacteria Habitat Structure Classification Reproduction Metabolism Factors affecting growth Benefits Impact Alert organisms Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Thank You Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). References Willey, Sherwood and Woolverton (2020). Prescott's Microbiology, 11th edition, McGRAW-HILL American Version eTextbook, MGH Connect Access required https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/immunity-types.htm https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/health-and-fitness/health-of-vulnerable- groups/childrenshealth NHS – Worcestershire : Infection and Prevention Control Countywide Health Services https://microbenotes.com/bacteria/ https://www.who.int/news/item/09-12-2022-report-signals-increasing-resistance- to-antibiotics-in-bacterial-infections-in-humans-and-need-for-better- data#:~:text=A%20new%20World%20Health%20Organization,by%2087%20count ries%20in%202020. Applied Willey, Microbiology J., Sherwood, and Infection L., & Woolverton, Control-BSN112 C. J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology (10th editi). McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).