Cardiovascular System Anatomy PDF

Cardiovascular system anatomy Circulatory system Anatomy of the heart and great vessels Location Thoracic cavity Between lungs Posterior to sternum Middle mediastinum 3rd & 4th intercostal space Within pericardial sac 10-20ml of serous fluid lubricates heart as it beats ...

Cardiovascular system anatomy Circulatory system Anatomy of the heart and great vessels Location Thoracic cavity Between lungs Posterior to sternum Middle mediastinum 3rd & 4th intercostal space Within pericardial sac 10-20ml of serous fluid lubricates heart as it beats  Description SVC Muscular 4 chambered pump Lower border has a blunt point “apex” – tip of the left ventricle Superior border-atria chambers Mitral The upper 2 collecting chambers-atria valve The lower 2 pumping chambers-ventricles Pulmonic Aortic valve valve Tricuspid valve IVC Heart valves 4 one way valves: Maintains uniform direction of blood flow 2 atrioventricular valves: Located between atria and ventricles Rt side-tricuspid valve-3 leaflets Lt side-mitral valve -2 leaflets 2 semilunar valves: Aortic and pulmonic Each have 3 leaflets Located between ventricles and great vessels Papillary muscles and Chordae tendineae The papillary muscles : Located in the ventricles of the heart They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (a.k.a. the mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae They contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves Chordae tendineae: Cord-like tendons They connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart. Myocardium Myocardium: The thick muscular tissue of the heart Thickest in the left ventricle Involuntary striated muscle It is the middle layer of the heart wall and it contracts to push out blood Endocardium: The inner layer-a specialized endothelium Pericardium: The connective tissue around the heart Functions of circulatory system To carry digested food from the small intestine to all areas in the body which need it To carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body To aid in the disposal of all wastes from the body To distribute heat To fight diseases by using white blood cells to fight off infection Direction of flow through the heart  Direction of flow 1-Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the SVC(above the heart) and via the IVC(below the heart)-tricuspid valve is closed 2-This old blood moves from the right atrium into the right ventricle,passing through the tricuspid valve 3-The tricuspid valve closes and the right ventricle contracts and pumps the blood through the pulmonary valve into the right and left pulmonary arteries  Direction of flow con’t 4-The PA carries the deoxygenated blood into the lungs This is where it comes into close contact with the alveoli along the bronchioles 5-Once this old blood is reoxygenated,the 4 pulmonary veins return it to the left atrium- And the mitral valve is closed Direction continued 6-The mitral valve opens and the new rejuvenated blood enters the left ventricle 7-As the mitral valve closes, the left ventricle contracts and pumps blood into the aorta through the opened aortic valve 8-Oxygenated blood reaches the whole body through the branches of the aortic arch, thoracic and abdominal aorta 9-The process repeats continuously at a rate of 60-80 times per minute Circulatory system Blood vessels can be classified into 3 categories: 1-conducting 2-distributing and collecting 3-functioning These categories describe the purpose of the blood vessels(arteries, veins and capillaries) Conducting vessels These include the elastic arteries on the arterial side and the great veins on the venous side They are concerned with the task of conducting oxygenated,nutrient rich blood out of the heart and deoxygenated blood and waste products back into the heart The Aorta,IVC and the common iliac arteries and veins make up the conducting vessels  Distributing and collecting vessels As the vessels course distally, the arteries and veins change their composition They become more muscular and less elastic They also change their task to distributing blood to and collecting blood from the tissues in varying states of oxygen and nutrient saturation The collecting veins contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood The muscular walls of the distributing arteries are able to vary in caliber to control the blood supply to the area or organ that they supply Functioning vessels The capillaries are the functioning vessels This is where the blood gives up its nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and receives the waste products and carbon dioxide from the tissues Circulatory system Circulatory system is complex in both structure and function Blood flow is influenced by many factors: Cardiac function Elasticity of walls Tone of smooth muscle Millions of branching vessels Circulatory system Structural anatomy of arteries and veins: Impaired cardiac function How does cardiovascular disease affect the body? Keeps the blood from circulating nutrients and disposing of waste Causes narrowing or hardening of the arteries Affects the function of the heart itself The oxygenation process is affected as the capillaries may not get sufficient blood What can happen? Heart failure:most common complication-heart can no longer function correctly Heart attack:clot in coronary artery blocks flow –damaging or destroying heart muscle Stroke:caused by the brain not getting enough blood -brain tissue dies Aneurysm:bulge in artery wall anywhere in the body-if it ruptures- internal bleeding,or clot dislodges and blocks an artery What can happen con’t Peripheral artery disease:extremity muscles are not getting enough oxygen to perform during exercise-leg pain when walking Cardiac arrest:sudden loss of function in the heart, breathing,and consciousness- blood stops flowing Symptoms of cardiovascular disease Main symptoms- chest pain shortness of breath fainting Call 911 Heart arrhythmia-abnormal heart beats Cardiomyopathy-heart muscle disease Cardiovascular disease Damaged heart valves- stenosis regurgitation infection Infection-affects valves and muscle- endocarditis and myocarditis Cardiovascular disease con’t Atherosclerosis: Hardening of arteries Buildup of plaque(fatty and mineral deposits) Less blood flows to the heart muscle and can cause chest pain or heart attack CAD Cardiovascular disease con’t Coronary artery disease (CAD): Atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to heart muscle itself Hypertension or HBP: Higher than normal force of your blood on the walls of the arteries Untreated-puts you at risk for heart attack or stroke Why does vascular disease happen? What is pathology? Describes the abnormal or undesired condition What is pathophysiology? Seeks to explain the physiological processes or mechanisms whereby such condition develops or progresses Also means the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury Vascular disease just doesn’t happen without a reason! Conditions and risk factors attributable to Vascular disease Obesity Diabetes Chronic kidney disease Hypertension Hypercholesterolemia Family history Smoking Excessive alcohol Sedentary lifestyle Age Gender Label Heart Trace venous flow with blue/arterial flow with red Rt atrium Lt atrium Rt ventricle 13 Lt ventricle IVC 10 12 11 SVC 9 Pulmonary trunk 9 Ascending Ao Ao arch 15 Descending Ao Mitral valve 14 16 17 Triscuspid valve Pulmonic valve Aortic valve Pulmonary veins Rt pulmonary artery Lt pulmonary artery