Week 1a_Introduction_MO_Classification_Student.pdf

1/4/2023 UNIT 1 WEEK 1 A Brief History of Microbiology Some material taken from 1 1 Course Structure 3 Term Tests (16.88% each) 8 Assignments (10%)  Lab 40%: Prelab Quizzes Best 5 out of 7: 5%, Lab Reports: 35%  All slides and handouts will be posted to SLATE 2 1 1/4/2023 Missed Evaluation Polic...

1/4/2023 UNIT 1 WEEK 1 A Brief History of Microbiology Some material taken from 1 1 Course Structure 3 Term Tests (16.88% each) 8 Assignments (10%)  Lab 40%: Prelab Quizzes Best 5 out of 7: 5%, Lab Reports: 35%  All slides and handouts will be posted to SLATE 2 1 1/4/2023 Missed Evaluation Policy  Absences requiring accommodation for a test lab or project should be reported to your professor as soon as you return to campus, is it expected that this is within 5 days  Exemptions deferrals  Read from tests are not granted, only the Class Plan (on Slate) in full 3 Academic Fraud Policy  Cheating and plagiarism are not tolerated  Cooperation is encouraged, but all lab reports and tests should be based on your individual knowledge and effort  Strict adherence ensures a) Fairness and respect for your hard work b) The grade you earn is meaningful c) Your diploma is respected by employers  See full policy posted online 4 2 1/4/2023 COURE STRUCTURE  UNIT 1: How to observe microorganisms (microscopy)  UNIT 2: How to grow microorganisms  UNIT 3: How to control (kill) microorganisms 5 5 What is Microbiology? What does a microbiologist do? Microbiology is more a collection of techniques: Aseptic technique – All Expt’s Pure culture technique – Expt 6 A microbiologist usually first isolates a specific microorganism from a population and then cultures it, i.e. in pure culture. – Expt 6 Enumeration- Expt 5 Microscopic observation of whole organisms- Expt 1,2,3 6 6 3 1/4/2023 Table 1.3 Fields of Microbiology (1 of 2) 7 7 Table 1.3 Fields of Microbiology (2 of 2) 8 8 4 1/4/2023 Table 1.3: Fields of Microbiology - Covid 19 Example Discipline Subjects Under Study Serology Canadian Gov’t approved “Antibody Testing” to test the pop’n for antibodies due to Covid 19 indicating prior viral infection Immunology Study individuals infected with Covid 19 who are asymptomatic or symptomatic (immune response) Why do some people have no symptoms while others have extreme symptoms and die? Epidemiology Origin Wuhan, China spread globally via person to person transmission and community transmission “ highly infectious” Etiology Covid 19 triggers respiratory tract infections (lungs, sinuses, nose, throat)  can lead to pneumonia, respiratory failure and death Chemotherapy WHO & gov’ts & scientists rushing at “operation warp speed” to develop antiviral drugs and vaccines to extinguish the virus Public Health Globally gov’ts consult with Public Health Medical Specialists to determine how to manage re-opening countries economies while ensuring public safety (self-distancing, masks, hand washing,etc) Pharmaceutical Develop vaccines to vaccinate > 7.8 billion people Currently >many vaccines still under development with 4 approved vaccines approved for use in Canada 9 9 UNIT 1  Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. – Chpt 3  Examine organisms using a compound brightfield microscope – Chpt 4, Expt 1,2,3  Explore different microscopes and uses  Magnification,  Create resolving power, working distance, contrast by staining  Different staining techniques for different types classes of microorganisms  Describe microorganisms using appropriate terminology for colony and cell morphology Chpt 6, Expt 1,2,3, (UNIT 2 Expt 5,6) 10 10 5 1/4/2023 Figure 1.1 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 11 11 The Early Years of Microbiology  What Does Life Really Look Like?  Antoni First van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) to observe living microbes Began making and using simple microscopes, his microscopes magnified up to 300X Often made a new microscope for each specimen Examined water and visualized tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single-celled protozoa: “animalcules”  By end of 19th century, these organisms were called microorganisms © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 12 12 6 1/4/2023 Figure 1.2 Reproduction of Leeuwenhoek’s microscope Lens Specimen holder 13 13 14 14 7 1/4/2023 Figure 1.3 The microbial world 15 15 The Early Years of Microbiology How Can Microbes Be Classified? Carolus Linnaeus developed taxonomic system for grouping similar organisms together Linnaeus only grouped organisms in to either the animal or plant kingdoms Leeuwenhoek modified Linnaeus’ groups, he grouped his microorganisms into six categories: Bacteria Archaea Fungi Protozoa Algae Small multicellular animals © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 16 16 8 1/4/2023 Classification: Three Domains 17 17 Taxonomy Heirarchy – Expt 1 18 18 9 1/4/2023 Figure 1.4 Cells of the bacterium Streptococcus Nucleus of Prokaryotic bacterial cells eukaryotic cheek cell 19 19 The Early Years of Microbiology  Bacteria and Archaea (Prokaryotic Cells) Unicellular and lack nuclei – DNA not surrounded by a membrane Much smaller than eukaryotes Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture Reproduce asexually Two kinds Bacteria – cell walls contain peptidoglycan Archaea found in extreme environments– cell walls composed of biomolecules other than peptidoglycan © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 20 20 10 1/4/2023 Typical Prokaryotic Cell 21 21 Domain: Bacteria 1. Eubacteria - True prokaryotes - No organelles - 0.2 – 5.0um in diameter - Cell division – binary fission (Asexual Reproduction) 2.Differentiation of Eubacteria based on Stain Methods − Gram negative and gram positive − Acid Fast- mycobacteria with a waxy cell wall − Endospores- self preservation in extreme environments 22 22 11 1/4/2023 Figure 11.2 Binary fission Cell replicates its DNA. Nucleoid Cell wall Cytoplasmic membrane Replicated DNA The cytoplasmic membrane elongates, separating DNA molecules. Cross wall forms; membrane invaginates. Cross wall forms completely. Daughter cells may separate. 23 Prokaryotic Cell Shape 24 12 1/4/2023 E. Coli – is it coccus or bacillus shaped?? 25 Domain: Eukarya “Eukaryotes” Nucleus Numerous organelles Can be unicellular or multicellular This domain includes: 1. Fungi 2. Protozoa 3. Algae 26 26 13 1/4/2023 Typical Eukaryotic Cell 27 27 The Early Years of Microbiology 1. Fungi, Domain: Eukarya Eukaryotic (have membrane-bound nucleus) Obtain food from other organisms (nonphotosynthetic)  chemoheterotrophs Lack mobility Possess cell walls Forms spores in unfavorable conditions – do not confuse with endospores Diseases: athletes foot, ring worm Include i. Molds – multicellular; grow as long filaments; reproduce by sexual and asexual spores ii. Yeasts – unicellular; reproduce by budding or sexual spores, 5-10 um in diameter © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 28 28 14 1/4/2023 Figure 1.5 Fungi-overview 29 29 Figure 11.5 Budding DNA is replicated One daughter DNA molecule is moved into bud Young bud Daughter cell 30 30 15 1/4/2023 The Early Years of Microbiology 2. Protozoa – Greek “first animals”, Domain: Eukarya Single-celled eukaryotes, live in wet conditions 2 – 200um diameter Lack cell walls Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure Live freely in water; some live in animal hosts Asexual (most) and sexual reproduction Diseases: malaria Most are capable of locomotion by Pseudopodia Cilia Flagella © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 31 31 Figure 1.6 Locomotive structures of protozoa-overview 32 32 16 1/4/2023 The Early Years of Microbiology 3. Algae, Domain: Eukarya  Unicellular  2.0 or multicellular um diameter – many feet  Photosynthetic own food  Simple – use energy from the sun to make their reproductive structures  Categorized on the basis of pigmentation (red, green, brown) storage products, and composition of cell wall  Poisoning: Alexandrium causes Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), Dinophysis causes Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP)  Large algae (seaweeds and kelps) – chemicals from cell wall used in thickeners and emulsifiers in food and cosmetic products © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 33 33 Figure 1.7 Algae-overview 34 34 17 1/4/2023 Infectious Non-living Agents Although Leeuwenhoek first reported many micro-organisms, but he could not see: (nm in size a. Viruses – composed of small amounts of DNA surrounded by a protein coat b. Viroids – smaller then a virus, consists of a strand of RNA, no protein coat c. Prions – lacks nucleic acid, consists only of protein, responsible for degenerative nervous system diseases Viruses could not be seen until the invention of the electron microscope in 1932 35 35 COVID-19  Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus  The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1 36 18 1/4/2023 COVID-19  When an infected person expels virus-laden droplets and someone else inhales them, the coronavirus enters the nose and throat. It finds a welcome home in the lining of the nose.  It has been found that cells in the nose lining are rich in a cell-surface receptor called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Throughout the body, the presence of ACE2, which normally helps regulate blood pressure, marks tissues vulnerable to infection, because the virus requires that receptor to enter a cell.  Once inside, the virus hijacks the cell’s machinery, making many copies of itself and invading new cells.  As the virus multiplies, an infected person may expel numerous amounts of it https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/how-does-coronavirus-kill-clinicians-traceferocious-rampage-through-body-brain-toes# 37 COVID-19  Most common symptoms: fever, dry cough, tiredness  Serious symptoms: difficulty breathing, chest pain, loss of speech or movement  On average it takes 5–6 days from when someone is infected with the virus for symptoms to show, however it can take up to 14 days.  Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment.  Older people, and those with underlying medical problems are more likely to develop serious illness.  At this time, there are several vaccines and treatments for COVID-19. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1 38 19 1/4/2023 https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24532743-500-were-beginning-tounderstand-the-biology-of-the-covid-19-virus/ 39 Scale of Microbes Don’t worry about these bacterial names, just “microscopes” and relative sizes. 40 40 20 1/4/2023 Microbes in the Environment 1. Air, Water, land, exterior of human body 2. Thermal vents in ocean floor, natural hot springs, Dead Sea, acid runoff from mines 3. Air miles above earth ?????? Space 4. Some interior parts of the human bodymouth, upper respiratory tract, intestines 41 41 Environments Devoid of Microbes 1. Healthy human body: cerebrospinal fluid, blood & tissues, most internal organs except; mouth, upper respiratory tract and intestines 2. Fire 3. Space????? 42 42 21 1/4/2023 Detrimental Effects of Microbes 1. Disease 2. Food Spoilage 3. Biological Corrosion 4. Plant Diseases 5. Algae Blooms 6. Others 43 43 Impact of pathogens  Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases  10 billion infections/year worldwide  13 million deaths from infections/year worldwide 44 44 22 1/4/2023 45 45 Beneficial Effects of Microbes 1. Recycling vital elements (decomposition, photosynthesis, & nitrogen fixation returns C, N, O, S, or P back to the earth and food chain) 46 46 23 1/4/2023 Beneficial Effects of Microbes 2. Biogeochemical Cycle: decomposers of dead organic matter 47 47 Beneficial Effects of Microbes 3. Normal Flora: produce nutrients for host & protect host from pathogens 48 48 24 1/4/2023 Beneficial Effects of Microbes 4. Aquatic Food Chain: phytoplankton provides food for aquatic consumers 5. Bioremediation: Destruction of Toxins , microbes used to clean up oil spills, toxic dump sites, well water 6. Fermentations: Yogurt, Wine, Beer , Spirits, cheese 7. Pharmaceuticals: Vaccine/ Antibiotic production 8. Biomass Conversion: energy production-transform waste to methane and ethanol 9. Mining: microbes leach precious metals from low grade ores 10. Biotechnology: Recombinant DNA Technology: Insertion of genes49 in microbes to produce therapeutics: insulin, human growth hormones, etc 49 Table 1.1 Some Industrial Uses of Microbes 50 50 25 1/4/2023 KEY CONCEPTS  CLASSIFICATION  FIELDS  CELL OF MICROORGANISMS OF STUDY MORPHOLOGY  DETRIMENTS AND BENEFITS OF MICROORGANISMS 51 52 52 26