Introduction to Microbiology Lecture 01 PDF

Introduction to Microbiology Unite 01 By : Hafiz Ahmad Lubab ktk Institute of Nursing Sciences, Khyber Medical University , Peshawar  Lecture Overview Define microbiology, Also Discuss sub discipline of microbiology Importance of microbiology in nursing pract...

Introduction to Microbiology Unite 01 By : Hafiz Ahmad Lubab ktk Institute of Nursing Sciences, Khyber Medical University , Peshawar  Lecture Overview Define microbiology, Also Discuss sub discipline of microbiology Importance of microbiology in nursing practice History and Contribution of microbiology A. V. Leeunvenhook F. Redi L.. Pasteur R. Koch Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic cell Basic properties of Virus Basic nutritional requirements of microorganisms Classification of Bacteria on the bases of nutritional requirement and morphology.  Microbiology  The term microbiology derives its name from three Greek words micros [small] bios [life] and logos [study].  Microbiology is the science that deals with the study of microorganisms.  Microbiology is the study of those organisms and agents that are too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye.  To be more simple, microbiology is the study of microorganisms which are the living organisms of microscopic size.  Microorganism  Microorganisms are the living organisms that are less than 1 millimeter in diameter which cannot be seen by our naked eye.  Microorganisms can be viewed through microscopes and they can exist as single cells or clusters.  Microorganisms include the cellular organisms like bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae and protozoa.  Viruses and bacteriophage are also included as one of the microorganism but they are acellular.  Sub disciplines of microbiology  Bacteriology The study of bacteria  Virology The study of viruses  Protozoology The study of protozoa  Immunology The study of immunity  Mycology The study of fungi  Phycology The study of Algae  Terminology o Pathogen: An organism which causes disease is called pathogen. o Parasite: An organism that lives in or on another species or creature and obtains food and shelter without benefiting but rather harming the host. o Saprophyte: An organism that lives on or derives its food from dead organic matter. e.g. Fungi o Normal flora: The microbes that live in or on another creature and benefiting each other in normal conditions. o Vector: An organism usually an arthropod such as insect or tick that transfers a pathogen to a person. 1) Mechanical vector and 2) Biological Vector.  Conti….. o Infection: The entry of microorganism specially pathogen in the body is known as infection. o Incubation period: The period of proliferation of microorganisms to show sign and symptoms after their entry in a body is known as incubation period. o Prodromal period: It is the interval between the onset of symptoms of an infectious disease and the appearance of characteristic manifestations. o Prognosis: The prediction of the course of a disease. o Epidemiology: The study of occurrence of disease, how, when and where it occurs and how it is transmitted. o Epidemic disease: An unusual sudden onset of a disease which breaks out in a region of a country. e.g.. Cholera, or any other disease broken out.  Conti….. o Endemic disease: A disease which is usually found in an area in a country. eg, typhoid, etc. o Pandemic disease: An epidemic disease that occurs worldwide. e.g. Corona Virus. o Sporadic disease: A disease which is found here and there at intervals. eg. T.B, etc. o Isolation: separation of infected persons for a period of communicability of the disease. o Quarantine: limitation of the movement of apparently well person or animal who has been exposed to the infectious disease for a duration of the maximum incubation period of the disease. o Inflammation: The response of body to infection or injury which is characterized by swelling, heat, redness and pain.  Conti….. o Pathogenicity: The ability of an organism to cause disease. o Virulence: The degree or intensity level of a pathogen. o Toxin: A poisonous substance produced by a living organism. o Toxicant: A poisonous substance prepared by man. o Antigen: Any substance usually made up of protein that stimulates the immune response. o Antibody: A protein that is formed as a result of the immune response to an antigen. o Sterilization: The process by which all forms of life is killed. o Bactericide: A substance or agent that kills bacteria. o Disinfectant: An agent that kills microorganisms by applying to inanimate (non living) objects.  Conti….. o Antiseptic: An agent that kills microorganisms by applying to living things. o Vaccine: Attenuated or killed microbes or inactivated toxins used to induce immunity. o Vaccination: The process of inducing immunity by administrating a vaccine. o Fomites: Inanimate object or material used by an infected patient, which may transfer the infection to another person by coming in contact. For example, Lenin, clothes and other utensils.  Conti….. o Eukaryotic Cell: A complete cell having a well defined nucleus and other membranous structures. eg. Multicellular(like animal and higher plant cells) and unicellular (like protozoans). o Prokaryotic Cell: An incomplete cell having no well defined nucleus and other membranous structures. They are always unicellular. eg. Bacterial cell. o Bacteria: They are prokaryotic microorganisms which can’t be seen with naked eyes. o Virus: A minute microorganism which shows the characteristics of both living and non living things. It is an obligatory parasite. o Protozoa: Microscopic single-celled eukaryotic microbes. Some are pathogenic and some are not.  Importance of Microbiology in Nursing For Nursing student ,microbiology is a vital subject. Nurses are involved in managing all aspects of patient’s health and infection control in the hospitals. Nurse must know microbiology to take care of patient and to protect oneself from pathogenic microorganisms. Students who major in medical microbiology need to know more about the bacteria that cause human illnesses, the disease they cause ,as well as how to diagnose ,prevent and treat them.  Role of nurses in different units 1.To prevent spread of infection 2.To maintain sterile field 3.To collect specimen 4.To implement immunization schedule in hospital 5.Implementation of microbiology in Nursing: Role of nurses in different units  Burns unit  Operation theatres  Obstetric units  Intensive care nursery 7.To dispose of biomedical waste  To prevent spread of infection Infections propagate in different ways, and nurses should be aware of this. As well as contact (touch),air (airborne),droplets (sneezing, coughing),contaminated food and drink (foodborne),sexual contact, and infected blood transfusion,etc. Nurses can utilize this knowledge to identify specialized infection control measures. By understanding how disease-causing organism enter ,exit and spread from one individual to another, nurses can take special measures to prevent infections within the hospital and community.  Conti…  Example of such diseases include cholera, common cold,chiken pox, and TB.  When a person suffering from common cold sneezes, fine droplets of moisture, carrying thousands of viruses are spread in the air. The virus may enter the body of healthy person while breathing.  To maintain sterile field In hospital ,sterile fields must be established and maintained using microbiology techniques ,which a nurse needs to be familiar with. Nurses must understand how to create and maintain sterile fields in operating rooms, for example ,in order to prevent infection following surgery. Remember to wash your hand before and after surgeries. Nurses benefit from hand washing by minimizing the number of microorganism on their hands, thereby reducing their risk of hospital – acquired infection. The nurses can also use microbiology knowledge to use sterile equipment ,which is necessary for invasive procedures. Sterilization process need to be understood by nurses.  To maintain sterile field The nurses can also use microbiology knowledge to use sterile equipment ,which is necessary for invasive procedures.  To collect specimens Nursing practitioners must understood the importance of properly collecting specimen for bacteriological testing in order to achieve reliable results. He/she must be familiar with a variety of infectious diseases and their mood of infection. A nurse must know how importance it to collect specimens correctly for bacteriological analysis in order to obtain reliable results. In order to identify the organism responsible for an infection ,it is necessary to collect a clinical specimen from the appropriate site of infection.  Conti… A nurse must know how importance it to collect specimens correctly for bacteriological analysis in order to obtain reliable results.  To implement immunization schedule in hospital In addition to immunization patients against diseases such as diphtheria and MMR,nurses also play an important role in preventing other diseases. A nurse should be knowledgeable about vaccine schedules and how vaccines are transported from production to administration via a cold chain. Microbiology is a subset of immunology that can assist nurses in this endeavor. The nurse who know immunology is well prepared for vaccines and is able to use the cold chain effectively for vaccination and vaccine protection.  Implementation of microbiology in nursing: Role of nurses in different units Some of the areas discussed in health care setting relate to microbiology role as a nursing specialty. Patients with contagious or infectious diseases are hospitalized in contagious or infectious wards. For example the rabies wards or the gastroenteritis wards ,and the nurse take great care of them by taking precautions to prevent the infection from spreading others. The nurse employ aseptic procedure while caring for patients.  Conti…..  Burns’ unit: Initially a burn wound is sterile but within a short time the microorganisms starts colonizing in it. A nurse takes special care to prevent the wound from becoming infected when caring for such type of patient. She follows not only aseptic techniques but also uses sterile equipment while looking after such patients.  Operation theatres: Before operation, it is duty of a nurse to ensure that the atmosphere of the operation theatre (OT) is free of microorganisms. It is done by the process of fumigation of the operation theatre from time to time. Nurse should assure that all procedures on a patient are done under sterile conditions. Swabs are cultured from a variety of locations throughout the operation theatre to determine a theatre,s sterility.it is imperative that procedure on a patient is conducted under sterile conditions.  Conti…..  Obstetric units: The wound infection of birth canal after child birth or abortion is a major cause of maternal mortality rate. The reason is that the infection spreads and causes peritonitis or phlebitis. The nurse can play a role during antenatal care, help during delivery or after giving birth for 6 weeks period called puerperium.  Intensive care nursery: In intensive care nurseries especially experienced staff is employed who has good knowledge of incubators, gastrostomy feeding, exchange transfusion, respirator and umbilical catheters which are necessary for infants. Nurses must keep a check to maintain sterile atmosphere in these intensive care nurseries. Conti…..  To dispose of biomedical waste There must be an appropriate way to dispose of biomedical waste, which is based upon microbiology principles. A nurse should be familiar with the process used in hospital to create and maintain sterile fields based on microbiological expertise. Biomedical waste must be disposed of. If biomedical waste is not properly disposed of, it may result in the outbreak of a terrible disease. Proper biomedical waste dispose based on microbiology principle is required.  Conti… Biomedical waste must be disposed of. If biomedical waste is not properly disposed of, it may result in the outbreak of a terrible disease.