Week 14 PHA112 Anatomy Student Handout 2023-24 PDF

WEEKS 14 MPharm Programme Anatomy Dr Praveen Bhugra PHA112 Slide 1 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy Learning Objectives WEEKS 14 • From this lecture you should be able to: Understand, define regrading anatomy and physiology and describe the different subspecialists of anatomy and physiology  Unders...

WEEKS 14 MPharm Programme Anatomy Dr Praveen Bhugra PHA112 Slide 1 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy Learning Objectives WEEKS 14 • From this lecture you should be able to: Understand, define regrading anatomy and physiology and describe the different subspecialists of anatomy and physiology  Understand and explain in detail the basic functions of organisms Understand and explain the six levels of organization Understand and explain briefly the 11 organ systems and also explain briefly the major function of each system Slide 2 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Learning Objectives (Cont.) • From this lecture you should be able to: Understand and describe the anatomical positions, regional names and the directional terms for human body Understand and explain in detail the major planes and sections of the body Understand and explain the body cavities and their subdivisions Understand and explain the locations of the organs in their specific cavity , abdominopelvic quadrants and region. Slide 3 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Introduction 14 • The two branches of sciences – anatomy and physiology - provide the understanding of the body parts and functions • Briefly we can define – Anatomy: science that studies structure – Physiology: science that studies body functions • Anatomy (structure) determines physiology (functions) Slide 4 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Anatomy 14 • Anatomy (ana= up; tomy =process of cutting) • Anatomy as a science previously dealt with a single problem – to understand how the body is built. • It was the Descriptive Anatomy Slide 5 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Anatomy 14 • Human Anatomy studies the shape and structure of the human body, its origin, regularities of development in relation to its function and external environment • The main aim of the human anatomy is – the description of the shape of the macro‐microscopic structure, – topography of the organs related to the individual – sexual, constitutional specific features of the human organism Slide 6 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Anatomy 14 • Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another – Gross or macroscopic – Microscopic – Developmental Slide 7 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Anatomy (Subspecialties) 14 Gross or macroscopic • Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) • Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system • Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin Slide 8 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Anatomy (Subspecialties) 14 Microscopic • Cytology – study of the cell • Histology – study of tissues Developmental • Traces structural changes throughout life • Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth Slide 9 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Physiology 14 • Physiology (physis= nature ; logia =study of) • Physiology is the study of the normal function of cell, tissue, organs, systems and organisms • Considers the operation of specific organ systems – Renal – kidney function – Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system – Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood vessels • Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level • Slide 10 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Physiology (Subspecialties) 14 • Physiology can be divided into the following • specialties: – Cell physiology – study of cell – Special physiology – study of a specific organ – Systemic physiology – study of system – Patho(logical) physiology – study of the effect of disease on cell, tissue, organ and system Slide 11 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Anatomy and Physiology (Subspecialties) Slide 12 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS The basic functions of organisms 14 • • • • • • Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction Slide 13 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Comparative Anatomy 14 •All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, most noticeable during embryology Slide 14 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Levels of Organization 14 • Chemical: atoms molecules • Cellular: cells containing organelles – Basic unit of life • Tissue: groups of cells and surrounding material – 4 basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous • Organ: group of tissues performing a common function • System: group of organs with a common function • Organism: contains all systems of an individual Slide 15 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Slide 16 of 60 Levels of Organization PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Slide 17 of 60 Levels of Organization PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 An Introduction to the Organ Systems 1. Integumentary system 2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system 4. Nervous system 5. Endocrine system 6. Cardiovascular system 7. Lymphatic system and immunity components 8. Respiratory system 9. Digestive system 10. Urinary system 11. Reproductive system Slide 18 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 19 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 20 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 21 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 22 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 23 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 24 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 25 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 26 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 27 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 28 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 29 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Clinical Connection: Diagnosis of Disease • Distinguishing one disorder or disease from another – Signs and symptoms – Medical history • Collecting information about event • Present illnesses and past medical problems – Physical examination • Orderly evaluation of the body and its function • Noninvasive techniques and other vital signs (pulse) Slide 30 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Basic Anatomical Terminology 14 • Common language referring to body structures and their functions is important in anatomy • Anatomists use standard anatomical position and special vocabulary in relating body parts Slide 31 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Body Positions 14 • Descriptions of the human body assume a specific stance • Anatomical position – Body upright – Standing erect facing the observer – Head and eyes facing forward – Feet are flat on the floor and forward – Upper limbs to the sides – Palms turned forward Slide 32 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Anatomical position 14 • Body is upright • Terms for a reclining body - Supine position • Body is lying face up – Prone position • Body is lying face down Slide 33 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy 14  Several major regions identified  Most principal regions WEEKS – Head  Skull and face – Neck  Supports the head and attaches to trunk – Trunk  Chest, abdomen, and pelvis – Upper limbs  Attaches to trunk (shoulder, armpit and arm) – Lower limbs  Attaches to trunk (buttock, thigh, leg, ankle and foot ) Slide 34 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy Regional Names WEEKS 14 Directional Terms Describe the position of one body part relative to another – Group in pairs with opposite meaning Anterior (front) and Posterior (back) – Only make sense when used to describe a position of one structure relative to another • The oesophagus is posterior to the trachea • Knee is superior to the ankle Slide 35 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Slide 36 of 60 Directional Terms PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Common Directional Terms Anterior – Nearer to the front of the body Posterior – Nearer to the back of the body Superior – Toward the head Inferior – Away from the head Slide 37 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Common Directional Terms Proximal – Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk Distal – Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk Lateral – Farther from the midline Medial – Nearer to the midline Slide 38 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Practice questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The navel is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐to the breastbone The heart is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ to the breastbone The arms are ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ to the chest The elbow is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ to the wrist The skin is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ to the skeleton The forehead is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ to the nose The breastbone is‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ to the spine The heart is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐to the arm The armpit is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐between the breastbone and the shoulder 10. The knee is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐to the thigh 11. The lungs are ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐to the rib cage Slide 39 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Planes and Sections 14  Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts – Sagittal plane A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides – Midsagittal plane divides body into equal right and left sides – Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left sides Slide 40 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Planes and Sections 14  Frontal or coronal plane – Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions  Transverse plane – Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions – Also called cross‐sectional or horizontal plane Slide 41 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Planes and Sections 14  Oblique plane – Passes through the body or an organ at an angle  Between transverse and sagittal plane  Between transverse and frontal plane  Sections – Cut of the body made along a plane Slide 42 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy Planes and Sections WEEKS 14 Superior Medial & Lateral Frontal plane oblique Transverse plane Distal Proximal Posterior Inferior Midsagittal plane Slide 43 of 60 Anterior PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Anatomical Terms 14 Body cavities • Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord) • Thoracic (chest cavity): pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal (region between lungs) • Abdominopelvic (inferior to diaphragm): • Abdominal • Larger; contains most abdominopelvic organs • Subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants • Pelvic • More inferior and smaller • Contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs Slide 44 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Anatomical Terms 14 Body cavities • Serous membranes are located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities • Functions: protect organs, reduce friction • Layers • Visceral layer covers organs • Parietal layer lines cavity • Names: • Pleural (covers lungs, lines thorax) • Pericardial (covers heart, lines central part of thorax) • Peritoneal (covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity) Slide 45 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Body Cavities 14  Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs – Cranial cavity – Thoracic cavity – Abdominopelvic cavity Slide 46 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal 14 Cranial cavity – Formed by the cranial bones – Protects the brain Vertebral canal – Formed by bones of Vertebral column – Contains the spinal cord Meninges – Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal Slide 47 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Thoracic Cavity 14  Also called the chest cavity  Formed by – Ribs – Muscles of the chest – Sternum (breastbone) – Vertebral column (thoracic portion) Slide 48 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Thoracic Cavity 14  Within the thoracic cavity – Pericardial cavity  Fluid‐filled space that surround the heart – Pleural cavity  Two fluid‐filled spaces that surround each lung Slide 49 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Abdominopelvic Cavity 14  Extends from the diaphragm to the groin  Encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis  Divided into two portions: – Abdominal cavity  Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines – Pelvic cavity  Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine Slide 50 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes • Pleura : the Serousmemb • Serous membrane is a thin slippery membrane that covers the viscera • Parts of the serous membrane: • Parietal layer – Lines the wall of the cavities • Visceral layer – Covers the viscera within the cavities Slide 51 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes  Pleura – Serous membrane of the pleural cavities  Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs  Parietal pleura lines the chest wall  Pericardium – Serous membrane of the pleural cavities  Visceral pericardium covers the heart  Parietal pericardium lines the chest wall  Peritoneum – Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity  Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal organs  Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall Slide 52 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Slide 53 of 60 Body Cavities and their subdivisions PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Body Cavities and their subdivisions 14 Cranial cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Vertebral cavity Superior Thoracic mediastinum cavity Pleural (contains cavity heart and Pericardial lungs) cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm (a) Lateral view Slide 54 of 60 Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) PHA112 Abdominopelvic cavity (b) Anterior view Anatomy Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) WEEKS 14 Slide 55 of 60 Abdominopelvic Cavity: 4 Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS 14 Slide 56 of 60 Abdominopelvic Cavity: 4 Quadrants PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions 14 Right Epigastric hypochondriac region region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac Hypogastric (inguinal) (pubic) region region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes Slide 57 of 60 Liver Diaphragm Gallbladder Stomach Ascending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Cecum Appendix Urinary bladder (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions 14  Right hypochondriac – right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, the right kidney, and parts of the small intestine  Left hypochondriac – part of the spleen, the left kidney, part of the stomach, the pancreas, and parts of the colon  Epigastric – majority of the stomach, part of the liver, part of the pancreas, part of the duodenum, part of the spleen, and the adrenal glands  Hypogastric (pubic) – bladder, part of the sigmoid colon, the anus, and many organs of the reproductive system, such as the uterus and ovaries in females and the prostate in males  Right lumbar – gallbladder, the left kidney, part of the liver, and the ascending colon  Left lumbar – descending colon, the left kidney, and part of the spleen  Right iliac – appendix, cecum, and the right iliac fossa  Left iliac – descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the left iliac fossa  Umbilical – umbilicus (navel), and many parts of the small intestine, such as part of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. It also contains the transverse colon (the section between the ascending and descending colons) and the bottom portions of both the left and right kidney Slide 58 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Other Cavities 14  Oral (mouth) cavity – Tongue and teeth  Nasal cavity – nose  Orbital cavities – eyeball  Middle ear cavities – Small bones of the middle ear  Synovial cavities – Joints Slide 59 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy WEEKS Further Reading Refer to the Following Textbooks 14 • Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and illness 13th Edition • Gerard J. Tortora and Byran H. Derrickson Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 13th Edition • Frederic H. Martini Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 7th Edition • Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th Edition • VanPutte, Regan and Russo Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition Slide 60 of 60 PHA112 Anatomy