Week 11 Business Models_Different Types PDF

NC1609 Information Systems and Organisations Week 11: Block 4 Business Models Lecturer(s): Dr. Navid Dorudian Dr. Oussama Alsabek Brunel University London Pathway College  Module Content Brunel University London Pathway College #D...

NC1609 Information Systems and Organisations Week 11: Block 4 Business Models Lecturer(s): Dr. Navid Dorudian Dr. Oussama Alsabek Brunel University London Pathway College  Module Content Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Previously SWOT analysis and PESTLE analysis to develop strategies, assess ideas, make decisions etc. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Plan for Today Learn about Business Models – What is a business model – What are the different types of business model Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  From Idea To Profi t Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  What is a Business Model? Very simplistically put, “how you plan to make money” Michael Lewis, 2014 For new companies: a business model attracts investment For established companies: a business model serves strategy Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  How Does X Makes Money? How does Snapchat make money? How does LinkedIn make money? How does Netflix make money? How does Amazon make money? https://www.investopedia.com/terms/ b/businessmodel.asp Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Business Model Types There are many different types of business models Let’s look at some of these business model types – Most companies operate on a combination of model types (e.g., Amazon) Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel Some Types of Business Models 1. Franchise model 2. Subscription model 3. Freemium model 4. Advertisement model 5. Razor blades model 6. Retailer model 7. Manufacturer model 8. Distributor model 9. Peer-to-Peer/platform model 10.Leasing model 11.Crowdsourcing model 12.Bundling model 13.Product-as-a-service model Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Franchise model A franchise is an established business blueprint that a franchisee purchases and reproduces. The franchiser, or original owner, works with the franchisee to help them with financing, marketing and other business operations to ensure the business functions as it should. In return, the franchisee pays the franchiser a percentage of the profits. Example: Domino’s, Anytime Fitness and Ace Hardware are all examples of the franchise model. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Subscription model A subscription business model can be applied to both traditional brick-and-mortar stores and e-commerce businesses alike. Essentially, the customer makes a recurring payment for ongoing access to a service or product. A company may directly ship its product in the mail, or you may pay a fee to use its services. Example: Many local farms offer farm shares or community-supported agriculture subscriptions, where clients get access to fresh produce on an ongoing basis while crops are in season. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Freemium model In a freemium model, customers can use parts of a product or service for free but must pay for access to more advanced features. This model is common in the software-as-a- service space — Spotify, for instance, has a free ad-supported tier, but subscribers get to listen ad-free. Example: Some news and internet publishing companies use a freemium model, where some or all content is free but premium content or special features are paywalled. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Razor blades model You can look at your local drugstore to understand the razor blades model. You’ll notice that replacement razor blades may cost more than razors themselves. Companies offer a cheaper razor with the understanding that you’ll continue to purchase more expensive accessories — in this case, razor blades — in the future. In addition to the traditional razor blades model, you'll also see companies use the reverse razor blades model, in which they offer customers a high-margin product and then promote the sales of lower- margin products that accompany that initial product. Examples: This business model is most common among companies that sell physical products. Printers that require a specific type of ink or water pitchers that require a specific type of filter are examples of the razor blades model. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Retailer model A retailer is the last link in the supply chain. These businesses purchase goods from manufacturers or distributors and then sell them to customers for a price that will both cover expenses and turn a profit. Retailers may specialise in a particular niche or carry a range of products. Examples: Many businesses you patronise daily are probably retailers, from grocery stores to pharmacies to florists. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Manufacturer model A manufacturer converts raw materials into products. Then, they sell those products to distributors, retailers or directly to consumers. Example: Manufacturing businesses build everything from furniture to pharmaceuticals. They can be companies of any size and in almost any industry. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Bundling model The bundling business model involves companies selling two or more products together as a single unit, often for a lower price than they would charge selling the products separately. This business model allows companies to generate a greater volume of sales and perhaps market products or services that are more difficult to sell. However, profit margins often shrink since businesses sell the products for less. Example: Many class-based fitness centres and gyms use a type of bundling model, where clients pay fees for a certain number of classes per month. The more classes a client buys, the cheaper each individual class becomes, even though their total spending increases. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Leasing model Under a leasing business model, a company buys a product from a seller. That company then allows another company to use the product they purchased for a recurring fee. Leasing agreements are usually most efficient with big-ticket items like manufacturing and medical equipment, but some companies lease smaller items too. Leasing is similar to the product-as-a-service business model, but leases usually have longer terms — days or weeks compared to minutes or hours. Leasing companies are unlikely to charge a subscription or membership fee for access to their products. Example: A business that rents machinery like backhoes, augers and dozers to individuals for their home construction projects is using a leasing business model. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Product-as-a-service model Product-as-a-service businesses charge customers to use physical products. They may charge a subscription fee, a per-use or per-mile fee, or a combination of both. Example: Bike rental companies offer products as a service. Customers might pay an annual membership fee plus a per-mile fee each time they ride, or they might have the option to rent a bike for the day. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Distribution model A company operating as a distributor is responsible for taking manufactured goods to the market. To make a profit, distributors buy the product in bulk and sell it to retailers at a higher price. Example: A chain of beauty salons that buy supplies in bulk and sells some of them to other salons is using a distribution business model, though they may have other revenue streams too. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Advertising or affiliate marketing model The advertising and affiliate marketing business models leverage a business’s audience as an asset. With advertising, a business sells its audience’s attention. Advertisers pay for space — whether in the pages of a magazine or on the side of a vehicle — with rates usually determined by the size of the business's audience. With affiliate marketing, a business earns a commission when a member of its audience buys a product or service it recommends. If you’ve ever heard a podcaster encourage you to use a specific offer code when you buy a product they’re promoting, affiliate marketing is probably part of the podcaster's business model. Example: A fashion blogger selling ads on their podcast or website uses an advertising model. If they post outfit-of-the-day photos with links that viewers can click to “get the look,” they might also earn an affiliate marketing commission on those purchases. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Peer to Peer/platform model The peer-to-peer business model’s purpose is to act as an intermediary between individuals. It works as a matchmaker between two sides: one who has something to offer (a product or service) and others who can benefit from this offer. Usually, the peer- to-peer business model involves a platform that provides contact between both sides, while establishing rules and regulations, payment systems, and any process necessary for the transaction to work out. Uber, Lyft, Blablacar: rideshare apps, that connect drivers/car owners and riders. Fiverr, Freelancer, Upwork, Toptal, Guru: platforms that connect freelancers and clients in different areas, such as marketing, translation, graphic design, and programming. eBay, Amazon, Etsy, Alibaba: sellers list their products for a small fee (or free) and buyers purchase through the platform. Airbnb, Tripping, HomeToGo: the apps connect people who can earn extra income by renting underutilized property to people who need accommodation. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Types of business models and examples Crowdsourcing model Crowdsourcing usually involves getting information, and/or opinions from a large group of people, through the Internet, social media, and smartphone apps. Sometimes these people are paid as freelancers, sometimes they do it on a voluntary basis. Quite often, the wisdom of the group is more frequent or assertive when it is applied to solve some problem in an innovative way. For example, the Waze traffic app uses crowdsourcing because it asks for drivers to report accidents and incidents to offer real-time updated information to the users. So, as the users see value in that, they participate, voluntarily. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Developing a Business Model More precisely, a business model answers the following four key questions: 1. Who is the customer? 2. What value does the business deliver to the customers? 3. How does the business operate? 4. How does the business make money? Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Who is the Customer? Who the company plans to sell its product/service to. – Customers usually grouped into segments based on common characteristics Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  1. Who is the Customer? Users Advertisers Developers – E.g., Zynga (Farmville) Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  2.What Value Does the Business Deliver to the Customer Called ‘Value Proposition’ What does the product/service offer to the customers – Functionally (practically) – Socially – Emotionally Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  2.What Value Does the Business Deliver to the Customer Global connectivity and communication Sharing ideas and content Brand publishing Business expansion (Marketplace) Payment infrastructure Remote work tools and live streaming Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  3. How does the Company Operate It is called the Operating Model and it consists of: Key Activities: What activities does the business carry out for the product/service to be delivered to the customer Key Partners: Who helps the business to deliver the product/service Key Resources: What resources does the business use to develop and deliver its product/servic e Key Channels: What channels does the business use to deliver its product/servic e Customer Relationships: What type of relationships does the business mainta in with its customers. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  3. How does the Company Operate Key Activities: platform maintenance & development, R&D, Data maintenance & security, Strategic a c q uisitions, Talent recruitment, Marketing Key Partners: Content partners like Sony, Universal and Warner; OS/browser/mobile phone developers (Android, Apple, Safari, Chrome); Paypal, VISA etc. Key Resources: Platform, Employees Key Channels: Internet, website/mobile apps, third party tools and apps Customer Relationships: self-service/self-taught platform for users, salesforce for advertisers Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  4. How does the Business Make Money? It’s c alled the revenue model of the business and has two components: – The cost structure: all the expenses that the business incurs in creating and delivering value to the customers. – The revenue streams: all the primary and non-primary revenue streams that the business utilises Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  4. How does the Business Make Money? Cost structure – Platform – Data maintenance – Content acquisition – R&D – Marketing – Customer servic e Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  4. How does the Business Make Money? Revenue stream – Ad revenue (99%) Self-serve ads, Engagement ads – Payment infrastructure fees from third party developers or sellers (1%) Facebook charges a fee for business transactions Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Business Model Canvas This information is usually presented in a template, called Business Model Canvas – Developed by Alexander Osterwalder in 2005 Download a template here: https://www.strategyzer.com/canvas/bus iness-model-canvas https://businessmodelanalyst.com/downl oads/business-model-canvas-template- excel/ Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Objectives for today  Business organisations  Sectors and types  Business activities  The Value Chain model  Supply Chain and Supply Chain Management  How different types of systems can support them. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Defi nition by Max Weber An organisation in its simplest form (and not necessarily a legal entity, e.g., corporation) is a person or group of people intentionally organised to accomplish an overall, common goal or set of goals. Business organisations can range in size from one person to tens of thousands. Among the structural characteristics of all organisations are clear division of labour and hierarchy of roles and jobs. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Organisations as systems? Component Component ComponentOutputs Inputs Component Boundary Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Private and Public Sectors The most important division of organisation is the private and the public sector:  The private sector is the part of the economy which is both: run for private profit and, is not controlled by the government.  The public sector deals with either the production, delivery and allocation of goods and services by the government, be it: National, Regional or Local. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  The Private Sector  Types of business organisations in the private sector:  Sole Traders – Individual (Self-employed)  Partnerships – Individuals or groups  Companies -  Private Limited Companies (Ltd) or LLC  Public Limited Companies (PLC)  Both the Public Limited Company and the Private Limited Company raise their capital through shares. However, the difference is that the PLC can quote the shares in a stock exchange whereas the Ltd Company cannot.  Franchises – rules based on Franchisor Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  The Private Sector 1. Sole trader 2. Partnership 3. Private limited company (ltd) 4. Public limited company (plc) 5. Multinational 6. Franchise Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  The Private Sector 1 - Private sector - sole trader  Hairdresser at work. Hairdressers often operate as sole traders  A sole trader is a business owned by one person.  They are usually small in size. Hairdressers, butchers, and electricians often operate as sole traders.  Sole traders rely on their own savings, bank loans or loans from friends and family to finance their business. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  The Private Sector 2 - Private sector - Partnerships Partnerships can have a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 20 partners. Lawyers, estate agents, doctors and dental practises often operate as partnerships. A partnership is a business set up by the deed of partnership document. The deed of partnership document sets out the terms of the partnership. For example, it states how much money each partner invested in the partnership and what role each partner will have in the partnership. A partner who invests but is not involved in the day-to-day running of a partnership is called a sleeping partner. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  The Private Sector 3 - Private sector - Limited companies Private limited companies (Ltd) Companies often need to grow larger than the maximum number of 20 partners allowed in a partnership. One way of doing this is to become a limited company. Limited companies have limited liability, meaning an investor only loses the initial stake if a company goes bust. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  The Private Sector 4 - Private sector - Public limited companies (Plc) Unlike a private limited company, a public limited company can offer shares of the business to the public. There are some requirements which a company must meet before they can become a Plc. they must have sha are capital of at least £50,000 they must have two shareholders, two directors, and a qualified company secretary Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  The Private Sector 5 - Private sector - Multinational organisations A multinational organisation is a company which has its headquarters in one country but has assembly or production facilities in other countries. Examples of multinationals include: The Coca-Cola Company Nike BP Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  The Private Sector There are some reasons why companies wish to become multinationals: to increase market share – companies may find they are at saturation point in the domestic market and need a new outlet. They may start by exporting to other countries but eventually they will want to being production overseas. Coca Cola started this way following US soldiers around the world after WW1. to secure cheaper premises and labour – the cost of land and labour will be cheaper in developing countries. Sweatshops in the Far East are an example of cheap labour, whereas production plants opening in the old Soviet Bloc nations like Poland, Bulgaria etc are examples of cheap factories. to avoid tax or trade barriers – different nations have different levels of corporation tax and may have different barriers to entry. Japan only allows a small percentage of foreign cars to be sold in Japan to protect their own industry. government grants – many US companies were attracted to the UK in the 80s due to government giving them money to open up operations here. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  The Private Sector 6 - Private sector - franchises An entrepreneur can opt to set up a new independent business and try to win customers. An alternative is to buy into an existing business and acquire the right to use an existing business idea. This is called franchising. A franchise is a joint venture between: A franchisee, who buys the right from a franchisor to copy a business format, and And a franchisor, who sells the right to use a business idea in a particular location. Many well-known high street opticians and fast food restaurants are franchises. Opening a franchise is usually less risky than setting up as an independent retailer. The franchisee is adopting a proven business model and selling a well-known product in a new local branch. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  The Public Sector  Public sector organisations are run by the state for the people and are mostly financed by public money (taxes).  They exist at different levels: international, national, regional, and local.  They aim to provide services and other community development benefits and activities.  Examples: NHS, Social Security, Schools, Royal Mail, Police etc. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Private and Public Sectors Public sector The public sector means the organisations run by government that exist to provide a service for the population and communities. Money to pay for these is raised through a variety of taxes, eg: income tax National Insurance VAT air passenger duty fuel duty Once this tax is collected it is allocated to various government budgets. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Other Business Types: Cooperatives  Co-operatives are owned by their staff, who use or may be ‘members’ of the firm  Profits and losses are shared amongst the members  Aims to generate profit  A Non – Profit Organisation (NPO) does not distribute its surplus funds to owners or shareholders, but instead uses them to help pursue its goals.  Charities  Get donations from groups or government  Doesn’t aim to generate profits Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Business Size  Businesses can belong to either the Industrial Sector (e.g., a car manufacturer) or the Service Sector (e.g., a law firm).  Businesses are classified as small, medium or large enterprises according to the number of employees and annual turnover.  The term SME refers to both Small and Medium Enterprises. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel Business Size: Industry Sector Small Medium Large Enterpri Enterpri Enterpri se se se Number 1-49 50-499 >500 of Employe es Annual 12.8 Turnove Million Million Million r euro euro euro Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel Business Size: Service Sector Small Medium Large Enterpri Enterpri Enterpri se se se Number 1-2 3-49 >50 of Employe es Annual 50,000 - 1 1 Million Turnover euro Million euro euro Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel navitas.com  Classify the business Rowantree PLC is the UK's largest supplier of chocolate confectionary, with 1,847 employees and an annual turnover of 62.5M Euro. How would they be classified? a. An SME in the service sector b. An SME in the industrial sector c. A large service sector enterprise d. A large industrial sector enterprise Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Classify the business Rowantree PLC is the UK's largest supplier of chocolate confectionary, with 1,847 employees and an annual turnover of 62.5M Euro. How would they be classified? a. An SME in the service sector b. An SME in the industrial sector c. A large service sector enterprise d. A large industrial sector enterprise Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Classify the business Ibrahim Fairweather LLP is a major business consultancy which has grown out of an accountancy firm. They have 25 employees in 2 different offices and an annual turnover of about 0.48M Euro. How would they be classified? a. An SME in the industrial sector b. An SME in the service sector c. A large service sector enterprise d. A large industrial sector enterprise Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel navitas.com  Classify the business Ibrahim Fairweather LLP is a major business consultancy which has grown out of an accountancy firm. They have 25 employees in 2 different offices and an annual turnover of about 0.48M Euro. How would they be classified? a. An SME in the industrial sector b. An SME in the service sector c. A large service sector enterprise d. A large industrial sector enterprise Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel navitas.com  Teams Watch the video about working for Apple How does Apple use teams? What do the employees get out of team working? Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  The Best Teams Size matters: effective teams range between 2 and 25 people Small size, less than 10, is a guide to success Large numbers have trouble interacting effectively and face problems such as finding enough space and time to meet in Teams need the right mix of skills—technical expertise, problem solving, decision-making skills, and interpersonal skills Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Value Chain Model  Developed by Michael Porter in 1985  Identifies the activities that the business must carry out in order to function effectively.  These activities  add value to the final product  give advantage over competitors, if carried out at lower cost or used to create a better product. Anything from the Triple constraints? Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Value chain model summary Value chain model: Four minute summary: https://youtu.be/9-iaL2KxtsA Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel Porter’s Value Chain Model  How does your organization create value?  How do you change business inputs into business outputs in such a way that they have a greater value than the original cost of creating those outputs? Porter proposed a general-purpose value chain that companies can use to examine all of their activities, and see how they're connected. The way in which value chain activities are performed determines costs and affects profits, so this tool can help you understand the sources of value for your organization. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel navitas.com Porte’s Value Chain Model Porter's Value Chain Model focuses on systems and how inputs are changed into outputs purchased by consumers. Using this viewpoint, Porter described a chain of activities common to all businesses and divided them into primary and support activities, as shown here: Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Porter’s Value Chain Model Primary activities relate directly to the physical creation, sale, maintenance and support of a product or service. They consist of the following: Inbound logistics – These are all the processes related to receiving, storing, and distributing inputs internally. Supplier relationships are a key factor in creating value here. Operations – These are the transformation activities that change inputs into outputs that are sold to customers. Here, the operational systems create value. Outbound logistics – These activities deliver products or services to customers. These are things like collection, storage, and distribution systems, which may be internal or external to the organization. Marketing and sales – These are the processes you use to persuade clients to purchase from you instead of your competitors. The benefits you offer, and how well you communicate them, are sources of value here. Service – These are the activities related to maintaining the value of product or service to customers once it's been purchased. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  IT through the Value Chain Match the system with the activity it could support what type of IS will ideally support these activities Primary Activities IT systems 1. Inbound Logistics a.Computer-controlled machining system 2. Operations b.Automated warehousing system 3. Outbound Logistics c.Telemarketing 4. Sales and Marketing d.Automated distribution 5. Customer Service e.Automated service scheduling f.Online ordering systems Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel navitas.com  IT through the Value Chain Primary Activities 1. Inbound Logistics Automated warehousing system 2.Operations Computer-controlled machining system 3.Outbound Logistics Automated distribution 4. Sales and Marketing Telemarketing, Online ordering systems 5. Customer Service Service scheduling Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  MatchIT through the systemthe with Value Chain it the activity could support. What type of IS will ideally support these activities? IT Systems Support Activities a. Electronic Data Interchange 1. Organizational Infrastructure (EDI), b. Market modelling, 2.Technology (research and c. Space optimisation, development) d. CAD, e. financial planning models, 3. Human Resources f. E-procurement, 4. Procurement g. workforce planning System Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  IT through the Value Chain IT Systems Support Activities Financial planning models, 1. Organisational Infrastructure space optimisation, Market Modelling CAD 2. Technology Workforce planning System 3. Human Resources E-procurement, EDI 4. Procurement Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Supply Chain Watch the following two videos on supply chains: https://youtu.be/Mi1QBxVjZAw https://youtu.be/SXDvHgjRNDQ Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel Supply Chain What is a “Supply Chain” Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel Supply Chain What is a “Supply Chain”? Supply chain management is the management of the flow of goods and services and includes all processes that transform raw materials into final products. It involves the active streamlining of a business's supply-side activities to maximise customer value and gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel navitas.com Supply Chain A set of *organisations, people, technology, activities, information, and resources* involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Example of a Supply Chain: Boeing Many modern business relies on global supply chains. CS1004: Business Organisations and Activities #DiscoverBrunel Brunel University London Pathway College  Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the process of overseeing and controlling the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to the customer. A supply chain manager’s goal is to improve the efficiency of the supply chain, and reduce costs. Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Quiz  Which of the following is not a private sector business or organisation? a. Jobcentre Plus b. Michael Jones (builders) Ltd c. Penningtons Solicitors LLP d. Sutton and East Surrey Water PLC Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Quiz  A non – profit organisation (NPO) does not distribute its surplus funds to owners or shareholders, but instead distributes them to its members. a. True b. False Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Quiz  Which of the following is a primary activity in the value chain model of a business organisation? a. Human Resources b. Research and Development c. Manufacturing d. Procurement Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Quiz  Which of the following is the best example of ICT used to support Organisational Infrastructure? a. Issue Tracking b. Financial Planning c. eShop d. Custom Manufacture Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Quiz  Which of the following is the best example of ICT used to support Procurement? a. Issue Tracking b. Personnel Records c. Custom Manufacture d. Business-to-Business EDI Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel  Quiz Which of the following is the best example of ICT used to support Research and Development? a. Financial Planning b. Computer Aided Design c. Space Optimisation d. EDI Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel Summary  Business organisations  Business activities  Best Teams  The Value Chain model  Supply Chain and Supply Chain Management Next week Revision starts Brunel University London Pathway College #DiscoverBrunel