Week 1- Second Semester 1445 - Lecture 1-2 - Selected Topics - FWD 281 PDF

Lecture 1 – 2 Week 1 PART ONE: PLANNING PHASE Chapter 1 THE SYSTEMS ANALYST AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT This chapter introduces the role of the systems analyst in information systems development projects. First, the fundamental four-stage systems development life cycle - (SDLC) - (planni...

Lecture 1 – 2 Week 1 PART ONE: PLANNING PHASE Chapter 1 THE SYSTEMS ANALYST AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT This chapter introduces the role of the systems analyst in information systems development projects. First, the fundamental four-stage systems development life cycle - (SDLC) - (planning, analysis, design, and implementation) is established as the basic framework for the IS development process. Next, ways in which organizations identify and initiate potential projects are discussed. The first steps in the process are to identify a project that will deliver value to the business and to create a system request that provides the basic information about the proposed system. Next, the analysts perform a feasibility analysis to determine the technical, economic, and organizational feasibility of the system. Objectives 1. Explain the role played in information systems development by the systems analyst. 2. Describe the fundamental systems development life cycle and its four phases. 3. Explain how organizations identify IS development projects. 4. Explain the importance of linking the information system to business needs. 5. Describe technical, economic, and organizational feasibility assessment. Required Textbooks Systems Analysis and Design – 5th Edition by Alan Dennis (Author), Barbara Wixom (Author), Roberta M. Roth (Author) Note that all the information in this presentation was quoted from the required textbook  1. The Systems Analyst Systems Analyst The systems analyst is a key person in the development of information systems. The systems analyst helps to analyze the business situation, identify opportunities for improvements, and design an information system that adds value to the organization. :‫ﺗﻌﺮ ﻳﻒ ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ وﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎم‬،‫ وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻔﺮص ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎت‬،‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ وﺿﻊ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬.‫ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬.‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺬي ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ System Analyst Tasks: 1. The systems analyst works closely with all project team members so that the team develops the right system in an effective way. 2. Systems analysts must understand how to apply technology to solve business problems. 3. Systems analysts may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems. 4. In some organizations, systems analysts may develop a specialization such as business analyst, requirements analyst, infrastructure analyst, change management analyst, or project manager. Translation is too long to be saved :‫ﻻﺣﻆ أن ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﺎم ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬.‫ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻠﻮ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ وﺛﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﺮ ﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻔﺮ ﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻄﺮ ﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬.1.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﺤﻠﻠﻮ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬.2 ‫ وﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬،‫ وﻳﺼﻤﻤﻮن اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬،‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻠﻮ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻛﻌﻤﻼء ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺤﺪدون اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬.3.‫وﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ أو ﻣﺤﻠﻠّﻲ‬،‫ أو ﻣﺤﻠﻠّﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‬،‫ أو ﻣﺤﻠﻠّﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬،‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻣﺤﻠﻠﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻠّﻲ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت‬.4.‫ أو ﻣﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬،‫إدارة اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ Systems Analyst Skills New information systems introduce change to the organization and its people. Leading a successful organizational change effort is one of the most difficult jobs that someone can do. Understanding what to change, knowing how to change it, and convincing others of the need for change require a wide range of skills. ‫ﻣﻬﺎرات ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ إن ﻗﻴﺎدة ﺟﻬﻮد اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﺻﻌﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ‬.‫ُﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ وأﻓﺮادﻫﺎ‬ ‫ وﻫﻲ‬.‫ وإﻗﻨﺎع اﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات‬،‫ وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮه‬،‫ إن ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬.‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺘﺤﻠﻰ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ These skills can be broken down into six major categories: :‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات إﻟﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻓﺌﺎت رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ 1. technical, ،‫( اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬1 2. business, ،(‫( وﻣﻬﺎرات اﻷﻋﻤﺎل )اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺰﻧﺲ‬2 ،‫( واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬3 3. analytical, ،‫( واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬4 4. interpersonal, ،‫( واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻹدار ﻳﺔ‬5 5. management, and.‫( واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬6 6. ethical. 1. Technical Skills: 1. Understand the organization’s existing technical environment. 2. Understand the new system’s technology foundation. :‫ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬.٢ 3. Understand the way in which both (1 & 2) can be fit into an integrated technical solution..‫ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬.‫ﻓﻬﻢ اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫( ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬٢ ‫ و‬١) ‫ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ دﻣﺞ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬ 2. Business skills: 1. Understand how IT can be applied to business situations. 2. Ensure that the IT delivers real business value. 3. Analytical Skills: Solve the problems continuously at both the project and the organizational level. 4. Interpersonal Skills: 1. Communicate effectively, one-on-one with users and business managers (who often have little experience with technology) and with programmers (who often have more technical expertise than the analyst does). 2. The able to give presentations to large and small groups and to write reports. :‫ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬.٢.‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬.‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﻘﺪم ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ :‫ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬.٣.‫ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع واﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ :‫ ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻦ‬.٤ ‫ وﺟًﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ وﻣﺪﻳﺮي اﻷﻋﻤﺎل )اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺧﺒﺮة ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ( وﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﻦ )اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ‬،‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.(‫ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮن ﺑﺨﺒﺮة ﻓﻨﻴﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﺮة اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻞ‬.‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻌﺮوض اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة واﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ‬ 5. Management Skills: 1. Managing people with whom they work. 2. Managing the pressure and risks associated with unclear situations. 6. Ethical Skills: 1. Dealing fairly, honestly, and ethically with other project team members, managers, and system users. 2. Maintain confidence and trust with all people, since analysts often deal with confidential information or information that, if shared with others, could cause harm (e.g., dissent among employees). :‫ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻹدار ﻳﺔ‬.٥.‫إدارة اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻣﻌﻬﻢ‬.‫إدارة اﻟﻀﻐﻮط واﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻮاﺿﺤﺔ‬ :‫ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬.٦.‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻨﺰاﻫﺔ وﺻﺪق وأﺧﻼق ﻣﻊ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﺮ ﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع واﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ ﻳﻦ وﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ أن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﻴﻦ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺳﺮ ﻳﺔ أو ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺮًرا إذا ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬،‫اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص‬.(‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺎرﺿﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬،‫اﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻦ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ Systems Analyst Roles As organizations and technology have become more complex, most large organizations now build project teams that incorporate several analysts with different, but complementary, roles. In smaller organizations, one person may play several of these roles. Here we briefly describe these roles and how they contribute to a systems development project: 1. The systems analyst role: focuses on the IS issues surrounding the system. The systems analyst will have significant training and experience in analysis and design and in programming. 2. The business analyst role: focuses on the business issues surrounding the system. The business analyst will have business training and experience, plus knowledge of analysis and design. 3. The requirements analyst role: focuses on eliciting the requirements from the stakeholders associated with the new system. 4. The infrastructure analyst role: focuses on technical issues surrounding the ways the system will interact with the organization’s technical infrastructure (hardware, software, networks, and databases). Translation is too long to be saved ‫أدوار ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‬.‫ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﺗﻘﻮم اﻵن ﺑﺒﻨﺎء ﻓﺮق ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻢ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺄدوار ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬،‫ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت أﺻﺒﺤﺖ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴًﺪا‬.‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺷﺨﺺ واﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻷدوار‬،‫ﺣﺠﻤﺎ‬ :‫ﻧﻌﺮض ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎز ﻫﺬه اﻷدوار وﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺎر ﻳﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ :‫ دور ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬.١.‫ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﺪى ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ وﺧﺒﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ واﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ واﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬.‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ : ‫ دور ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬.٢.‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ واﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬،(‫ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﺪى ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ وﺧﺒﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل )اﻟﺒﺰﻧﺲ‬.‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ :‫ دور ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬.٣.‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻣﻦ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ :‫ دور ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‬.٤.(‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ )اﻷﺟﻬﺰة واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ واﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬  Over time, an experienced infrastructure analyst may assume the role of software architect, who takes a holistic view of the organization’s entire IT environment and guides application design decisions within that context. 5. The change management analyst role: focuses on the people and management issues surrounding the system installation. 6. The project manager role: ensures that the project is completed on time and within budget and that the system delivers the expected value to the organization. :‫ دور ﻣﺤﻠﻞ إدارة اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬.٥.‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص واﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻹدارﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ :‫ دور ﻣﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬.٦.‫ﻳﻀﻤﻦ اﻛﺘﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد وﻓﻲ ﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة وأن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻳﻘﺪم اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬  2. The Systems Development Life Cycle All system development projects follow essentially the same fundamental process called the system development life cycle (SDLC). The SDLC starts with a planning phase in which the project team identifies the business value of the system, conducts a feasibility analysis, and plans the project. The second phase is the analysis phase, in which the team develops an analysis strategy, gathers information, and builds a set of analysis models. In the next phase, the design phase, the team develops the design strategy, the physical design, architecture design, interface design, database and file specifications, and program design. In the final phase, implementation, the system is built, installed, and maintained. Translation is too long to be saved ‫دورة ﺣﻴﺎة ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ ﺑﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬SDLC ‫ ﻳﺒﺪأ‬. SDLC ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ دورة ﺣﻴﺎة ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﻔﺮ ﻳﻖ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬.‫ وﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬،‫ وإﺟﺮاء ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى‬،‫ﻓﺮ ﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم‬ ،‫ ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﻔﺮ ﻳﻖ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.‫ وﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬،‫ وﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬،‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء‬،‫ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫ وﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬،‫ وﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت‬،‫ وﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎري‬،‫واﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺎدي‬.‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم وﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ وﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻪ‬ Planning phase The planning phase is the fundamental process of understanding why an information system should be built and determining how the project team will go about building it. It has two steps: Project initiation The IS department works together with the person or department generating the request (called the project sponsor) to conduct a feasibility analysis. The feasibility analysis examines key aspects of the proposed project: The technical feasibility (Can we build it?) The economic feasibility (Will it provide business value?) The organizational feasibility (If we build it, will it be used?) Project management The project manager creates a work plan, staffs the project, and puts techniques in place to help the project team control and direct the project through the entire SDLC. The deliverable for project management is a project plan that describes how the project team will go about developing the system. ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ :‫ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﻮﺗﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎم ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﺑﺒﻨﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺪء ا ﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺮ و ع‬ :‫ ﻳﺘﻨﺎول ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮح‬.‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ أو اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﻠﺐ )ﻳﺴﻤﻰ راﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع( ﻹﺟﺮاء ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى‬ (‫اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ )ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻪ؟‬ (‫اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ )ﻫﻞ ﺳﻴﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ؟‬ (‫ ﻓﻬﻞ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ؟‬،‫اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ )إذا ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫اد ار ة ﻣﺸ ﺮ و ع‬ ‫ وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ إدارة‬.‫ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‬SDLC ‫ ووﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ وﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺧﻄﻮات‬،‫ وﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬،‫ﻳﻘﻮم ﻣﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻫﻮ ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺳﻴﺒﺪأ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ Analysis phase This phase has three steps: 1. First: Developing an analysis strategy to guide the project team’s efforts. Such a strategy usually includes a study of the current system (called the as-is system) and its problems, and envisioning ways to design a new system (called the to-be system). 2. Second: Requirements gathering (e.g., through interviews, group workshops, or questionnaires). 3. Third: The analyses, system concept, and models are combined into a document called the system proposal, which is presented to the project sponsor and other key decision makers who will decide whether the project should continue to move forward. ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ :‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼث ﺧﻄﻮات‬ (the as-is system ‫ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎدة دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ )ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬.‫ وﺿﻊ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺟﻬﻮد ﻓﺮ ﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬:‫ أوًﻻ‬.1.(the to-be system ‫ وﺗﺼﻮر ﻃﺮق ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺟﺪﻳﺪ )ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬،‫وﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﻪ‬.(‫ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻼت أو ورش اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ أو اﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬:‫ ﺛﺎﻧﻴًﺎ‬.2 ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ راﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع وﺻﻨﺎع اﻟﻘﺮار اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﻳﺘﻢ دﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼت وﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻨﻈﺎم واﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ﻓﻲ وﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻘﺘﺮح اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬:‫ ﺛﺎﻟًﺜﺎ‬.3.‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﻘﺮرون ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﻲ ﻗﺪًﻣﺎ أو ﻻ‬ Design phase This phase decides how the system will operate in terms of the hardware, software, and network infrastructure that will be in place; the user interface, forms, and reports that will be used; and the specific programs, databases, and files that will be needed. The design phase has four steps: In this phase the design strategy will be determined, and provide a collection of deliverables: 1. Architecture design (change the infrastructure that already exists in the organization). 2. Interface design which specifies how the users will move through the system and the forms and reports that the system will use. 3. Database and file specifications development. 4. Program design by the analyst team. ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮر ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ واﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ وﺿﻌﻬﺎ؛ أﻳﻀﺎ واﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم واﻟﻨﻤﺎذج واﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ‬.‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ؛ واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ :‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻊ ﺧﻄﻮات‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬.(‫ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎري )ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬.1.‫ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪد ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم واﻟﻨﻤﺎذج واﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬.2.‫ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت‬.3.‫ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﻴﻦ‬.4 Implementation phase The final phase in the SDLC is the implementation phase, during which the system is actually built (or purchased, in the case of a packaged software design and installed). This is the phase that usually gets the most attention, because for most systems it is the longest and most expensive single part of the development process. This phase has three steps: 1. System construction is the first step. The system is built and tested to ensure that it performs as designed. Since the cost of fixing bugs can be immense, testing is one of the most critical steps in implementation. Most organizations spend more time and attention on testing than on writing the programs in the first place. 2. System instalation. Installation is the process by which the old system is turned off and the new one is turned on. There are several approaches that may be used to convert from the old to the new system. One of the most important aspects of conversion is the training plan, used to teach users how to use the new system and help manage the changes caused by the new system. 3. System support plan. This plan is established via the analyst team, and usually includes a formal or informal post implementation review, as well as a systematic way for identifying major and minor changes needed for the system. ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ ﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬.(‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻓﻌﻠًﻴﺎ )أو ﺷﺮاؤه‬،‫ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬SDLC ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﻃﻮل واﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬،‫ﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﻋﺎدًة ﺑﺄﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺪر ﻣﻦ اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم‬ :‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼث ﺧﻄﻮات‬ ‫ ﻳﻌﺪ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر أﺣﺪ أﻫﻢ ﺧﻄﻮات‬،‫ ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ إﺻﻼح اﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬.‫ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻨﻈﺎم واﺧﺘﺒﺎره ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ‬.‫ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻫﻮ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬.1.‫ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت وﻗًﺘﺎ واﻫﺘﻤﺎًﻣﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻘﺎرﻧًﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول‬.‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة ﻃﺮق ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ إﻳﻘﺎف ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ وﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬.2 ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ‬،‫ وﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬.‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻃﺮ ﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻤﻨﻬﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬،‫ وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ رﺳﻤﻴﺔ أو ﻏﻴﺮ رﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬،‫ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﻴﻦ‬.‫ ﺧﻄﺔ دﻋﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬.3.‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم‬  3. Project Identification and Initiation Projects are identified when someone recognizes a business need that can be satisfied through the use of information technology. Project initiation is the point at which an organization creates and assesses the original goals and expectations for a new system. 1. The first step in the process is to identify the business value for the system by developing a system request that provides basic information about the proposed system. 2. Next, the analysts perform a feasibility analysis to determine the technical, economic, and organizational feasibility of the system. ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع واﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻴﻪ‬.‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺪرك ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ اﺣﺘﻴﺎج ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري واﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮه ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﺮﺿﻲ ﺟﺪا ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬.‫ﺑﺪء اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻫﻮ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء وﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻷﻫﺪاف واﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮح‬.1.‫ ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﻮن ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪوى ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ‬.2 System Request The business value for an information system is identified and then described in a system request. Definition of system request: A system request is a document that describes the business reasons for building a system and the value that the system is expected to provide. The project sponsor usually completes this form as part of a formal system project selection process within the organization. Most system requests include five elements: 1. Project sponsor: describes the person who will serve as the primary contact for the project, and the business need presents the reasons prompting the project. 2. Business requirements of the project: refer to the business capabilities that the system will need to have. 3. Business value: describes the benefits that the organization should expect from the system. 4. Special issues are included on the document as a catchall category for other information that should be considered in assessing the project. Document is submitted to an approval committee who determines whether the project would be a wise investment of the organization’s time and resources. ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬.‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ وﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬.‫ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻨﻈﺎم واﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬:‫ﺗﻌﺮ ﻳﻒ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬.‫ﻋﺎدًة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻤﻞ راﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ :‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻃﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬.‫ وﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ دﻓﻌﺖ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬،‫ ﻳﺼﻒ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﻬﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬:‫ راﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬.1.‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺪرات اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻈﺎم إﻟﻰ اﻣﺘﻼﻛﻬﺎ‬:‫ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬.2.‫ ﺗﺼﻒ اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬:‫ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر ﻳﺔ‬.3.(‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻛﻔﺌﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع )أي ﻣﺸﻜﻼت أو ﻗﻴﻮد أﺧﺮى ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬.4.‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﺳﻴﻜﻮن اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎًرا ﺣﻜﻴًﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ وﻣﻮاردﻫﺎ‬ The following table provides some examples about the elements of system request:  4. Feasibility analysis Feasibility analysis guides the organization in determining whether to proceed with the project. Feasibility analysis also identifies the important risks associated with the project that must be managed if the project is approved. Each organization has its own process and format for the feasibility analysis, but most include techniques to assess three areas: 1. Technical feasibility: The first technique in the feasibility analysis is to assess the technical feasibility of the project, the extent to which the system can be successfully designed, developed, and installed by the IT group. Technical feasibility analysis is, in essence, a technical risk analysis that strives to answer the question: “Can we build it?” ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى‬ ‫ وﻳﺤﺪد ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى أﻳًﻀﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺮوع واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ إدارﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻳﺮﺷﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﻤﻀﻲ ﻗﺪًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬.‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ :‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت‬،‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ وﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى‬ :‫ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬.١ ‫ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى‬.‫ وﻣﺪى إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮه وﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺠﺎح ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬،‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻷول ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬ "‫ "ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻪ؟‬:‫ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺆال‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮه‬،‫اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ‬ 2. Economic feasibility: The second element of a feasibility analysis is to perform an economic feasibility analysis (also called a cost–benefit analysis). This attempts to answer the question “Should we build the system?” Economic feasibility is determined by identifying costs and benefits associated with the system, assigning values to them, calculating future cash flows, and measuring the financial worthiness of the project. As a result of this analysis, the financial opportunities and risks of the project can be understood. 3. Organizational feasibility: The final technique used for feasibility analysis is to assess the organizational feasibility of the system: how well the system ultimately will be accepted by its users and incorporated into the ongoing operations of the organization. There are many organizational factors that can have an impact on the project, and seasoned developers know that organizational feasibility can be the most difficult feasibility dimension to assess. In essence, an organizational feasibility analysis attempts to answer the question “If we build it, will they come?” :‫ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬.٢ "‫ ﻳﺤﺎول ﻫﺬا اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺆال "ﻫﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم؟‬.(‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى ﻫﻮ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ )وﻳﺴﻤﻰ أﻳًﻀﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ‬ ‫ وﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺠﺪارة اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻬﺎ‬،‫وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ واﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﻔﺮص واﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬،‫ وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬.‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬ :‫ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬.٣ ‫ ﻣﺪى ﻗﺒﻮل اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎف ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻪ ودﻣﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬:‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻷﺧﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ وﻳﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﻮرون اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮﺳﻮن أن اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أﺻﻌﺐ أﺑﻌﺎد‬،‫ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬.‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ "‫ ﻓﻬﻞ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ؟‬،‫ ﻳﺤﺎول ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺆال "إذا ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺒﻨﺎﺋﻪ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮه‬.‫اﻟﺠﺪوى ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ Feasibility analysis assessment factors Thank you