DH 314 - Dental Morphology - Fall 2024 (PDF)

DH 314 - Dental Morphology Fall 2024 Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Cavity and...

DH 314 - Dental Morphology Fall 2024 Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Cavity and Pharynx Chapter 2 Fehrenbach & Popowics DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Why do we need to know this? Cavity Properties Because you’re going to become a dental professional. Dental professionals must be committed to improving the overall health of every patient. You must be particularly knowledgeable about the oral cavity as well as the adjacent throat or pharynx and its health. While variations are normal (to a certain degree), a change in any tissue or associated structure may signal a condition of clinical significance and must be noted in the patient’s record and correctly followed up. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Anatomic Position Cavity Properties The illustrations in the textbook of the face and neck and any structures associated with them are oriented to show the head in anatomic position. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Cavity Divisions The oral cavity is divided into the vestibules, dental arches with alveolar processes, teeth, and the oral cavity proper, with each part having their own landmarks. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Boundaries Cavity Divisions Many structures of the face and oral cavity mark boundaries. For example, the lips mark the anterior boundary of the oral cavity and the throat (the pharynx) is the posterior boundary. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Boundaries Cavity Divisions The cheeks mark the lateral boundaries. The roof of the mouth (palate) marks the superior boundary. The floor of the mouth is the inferior border of the oral cavity. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Orientational Terms Cavity Divisions Many oral structures are identified with orientational terms based on their relationship to other oral structures, such as the face, lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Orientational Terms Cavity Divisions Facial: structures closest to the facial surface. Labial: structures closest to the lips. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Orientational Terms Cavity Divisions Buccal: structures close to the inner cheek. Lingual: structures closest to the tongue. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Orientational Terms Cavity Divisions Palatal: structures closest to the roof of the mouth (palate). DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Orientational Terms Cavity Divisions Maxillary: structures closest to the top of the mouth. Mandibular: structures closest to the bottom of the mouth. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Oral Vestibules Cavity Divisions The upper and lower horseshoe-shaped spaces in the oral cavity between the lips and cheeks anteriorly and laterally, and the teeth and their soft tissue medially and posteriorly, are considered vestibules. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Oral Vestibules Cavity Divisions The oral vestibules are lined by a mucous membrane (oral mucosa). The inner portions of the lips are lined by labial mucosa, which is continuous with the buccal mucosa that lines the inner cheek. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Oral Vestibules Cavity Divisions On the inner part of the buccal mucosa, just opposite the maxillary second molar, is a small elevation of tissue called the parotid papilla, which protects the opening of the parotid duct. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Clinical Fordyce Granules Considerations Visible as small yellowish elevations on the oral mucosa, they represent deeper deposits of sebum from trapped or misplaced sebaceous gland tissue. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Clinical Linea Alba Considerations Visible as white ridge of calloused tissue that extends horizontally at the level where the maxillary and mandibular teeth come together and occlude. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Jaws, Alveolar Processes, Cavity and Teeth Divisions The jaws - the maxilla and the mandible - are deep to the lips and within the oral cavity. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Jaws, Alveolar Processes, Cavity and Teeth Divisions The maxilla consists of 2 maxillary bones that become sutured together during development and has an immobile articulation. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Jaws, Alveolar Processes, Cavity and Teeth Divisions In contrast, the mandible is a single bone with a mobile articulation. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Jaws, Alveolar Processes, Cavity and Teeth Divisions The alveolar process is the bony extension for both the maxilla and the mandible that contain each tooth socket (s: alveolus, pl: alveoli). DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Jaws, Alveolar Processes, Cavity and Teeth Divisions Each of the mature and fully erupted teeth consists of both the crown and the root(s). DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Jaws, Alveolar Processes, Cavity and Teeth Divisions The crown of the tooth is composed of the extremely hard outer enamel layer (white) and the moderately hard inner dentin layer (yellow) overlying the pulp (pink) of the tooth. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Jaws, Alveolar Processes, Cavity and Teeth Divisions The root of the tooth is composed of pulp as the soft innermost layer, which is covered by dentin. The outermost layer of the root is composed of cementum. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Jaws, Alveolar Processes, Cavity and Teeth Divisions The cementum is the part of the tooth that attaches to the periodontal ligament (PDL), which then attaches to the alveolus of the bone, holding the tooth in its socket. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Dental Arches Cavity Divisions The alveolar processes with the teeth in the alveoli are considered dental arches. There are 2: the maxillary arch and the mandibular arch. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Dental Arches Cavity Divisions Children’s teeth or primary teeth include 3 tooth types: incisors, canines, and molars. (This is just an FYI. You don’t need to know the details until the end of the semester.) DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Dental Arches Cavity Divisions Adult teeth or permanent teeth include 4 tooth types: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Dental Arches Cavity Divisions The teeth in the front of the mouth, the incisors and canines, are considered anterior teeth. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Dental Arches Cavity Divisions The teeth located toward the back of the mouth, the premolars and molars, are considered posterior teeth. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Clinical Exostoses Considerations Usually present on the facial surface of the maxillary alveolar processes, exostoses are localized developmental growths of bone covered by oral mucosa, which may be associated with occlusal trauma. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Clinical Mandibular Tori Considerations Usually present on the lingual surface of the mandibular arch, tori (s: torus, pl: tori) are developmental growths of bone covered by oral mucosa, which may be associated with bruxism (grinding). DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Gingival Tissue Cavity Divisions Surrounding the maxillary and mandibular teeth in the alveoli and covering the alveolar processes are the soft tissue gums or gingiva, composed of a firm pink oral mucosa. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Gingival Tissue Cavity Divisions The gingival tissue that tightly adheres to the alveolar process surrounding the roots of the teeth is the attached gingiva. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Gingival Tissue Cavity Divisions The line of demarcation between the firmer, pinker attached gingiva and the movable, redder alveolar mucosa that lines the vestibules is the scallop-shaped mucogingival junction. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Gingival Tissue Cavity Divisions At the gingival margin of each tooth is the marginal gingiva (or free gingiva), which forms a cuff above the neck of the tooth. The free gingival groove separates the marginal gingiva from the attached gingiva. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Gingival Tissue Cavity Divisions At the most coronal part of the marginal gingiva is the free gingival crest. The interdental gingiva is the gingival tissue between adjacent teeth adjoining the attached gingiva. Each individual extension is an interdental papilla. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Gingival Tissue Cavity Divisions The circular inner surface of the gingival tissue of each tooth faces an equally rounded space, the gingival sulcus. (You learned how to measure the depth of the sulcus with a periodontal probe in DH 300/311. ) DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Oral Cavity Proper Cavity Divisions Anteriorly, the space of the oral cavity is enclosed by the maxillary and mandibular arches. Posteriorly, the opening from the oral cavity proper into the pharynx or throat is the fauces. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Oral Cavity Proper Cavity Divisions The fauces are formed laterally on each side by the anterior faucial pillar and the posterior faucial pillar. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Oral Cavity Proper Cavity Divisions The palatine tonsils are located between these folds of tissue created by underlying muscles. They are what patients consider the “tonsils”. The tonsils can become enlarged when inflamed. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Oral Cavity Proper Cavity Divisions The palatine tonsils are located between these folds of tissue created by underlying muscles. They are what patients consider the “tonsils”. The tonsils can become enlarged when inflamed. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Palate Cavity Divisions The roof of the mouth is called the palate. The palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. The bony whiter anterior arched portion is the hard palate. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Palate Cavity Divisions A small bulge of tissue at the most anterior part of the hard palate is the incisive papilla. Directly posterior to the papilla are the palatine rugae - firm irregular ridges of tissue radiating from the papilla. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Palate Cavity Divisions The yellower, looser, and softer posterior part of the palate is the soft palate. The midline ridge of tissue that runs the full length of the palate from the incisive papilla to the uvula is the median palatine raphe, which overlies the bony fusion of the palate. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Clinical Palatal Torus Consideration Sometimes present on the palatal surface at the midline is a palatal torus (s: torus, pl: tori), which can interfere if a prosthetic for the maxillary alveolar process is considered. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Tongue Cavity Divisions The tongue is the most prominent feature of the oral cavity proper. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Tongue Cavity Divisions The posterior one-third of the tongue is the pharyngeal part or base of the tongue. The base attaches to the floor of the mouth but does not lie within the oral cavity proper. It lies within the oral part of the throat. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Tongue Cavity Divisions The anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the oral part or body of the tongue. Unlike the base, the body lies within the oral cavity proper. The tip of the tongue is the apex. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Tongue Cavity Divisions The top or dorsal surface of the tongue has a midline depression called the median lingual sulcus. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Tongue Cavity Divisions Certain surfaces of the tongue have small elevated structures of specialized mucosa, the lingual papilla, which are associated with taste buds (the specialized organs of taste). DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Tongue Cavity Divisions Farther posteriorly on the dorsal surface of the base of the tongue is an irregular mass of tissue, the lingual tonsil. Do not confuse these with the palatine tonsils. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Tongue Cavity Divisions Even farther posteriorly on the dorsal surface of the base of the tongue is an irregular mass of tissue, the lingual tonsil. Do not confuse these with the palatine tonsils! DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Tongue Cavity Divisions The side or lateral surface of the tongue has vertical ridges, the foliate lingual papilla. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Tongue Cavity Divisions The underside or ventral surface of the tongue has large visible blood vessels, the deep lingual veins, which pass close to the surface. Lateral to each deep lingual vein is the plica fimbriata with its fringelike projections. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Floor of the Mouth Cavity Divisions The floor of the mouth is located in the oral cavity proper, inferior to the ventral surface of the tongue. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Floor of the Mouth Cavity Divisions The lingual frenum is an anterior midline fold of tissue between the ventral surface of the tongue and the floor of the mouth. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Floor of the Mouth Cavity Divisions A ridge of tissue on each side of the floor of the mouth, the sublingual fold, joins a V-shaped configuration extending from the lingual frenum to the base of the tongue. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Oral Floor of the Mouth Cavity Divisions The sublingual caruncle at the anterior end of each sublingual fold contains openings of the submandibular duct (Wharton duct) and sublingual duct (Bartholin duct) from the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Pharyngeal Pharynx Divisions The oral cavity proper provides the entrance into the deeper structure of the throat or pharynx. The pharynx is a muscular tube that has respiratory and digestive system functions. It has 3 divisions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Pharyngeal Pharynx Divisions Superior to the level of the soft palate, the nasopharynx is continuous with the nasal cavity. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Pharyngeal Pharynx Divisions The division that is between the soft palate and the opening of larynx is the oropharynx, which is considered the oral part of pharynx. The fauces mark the boundary between the oropharynx and oral cavity proper. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS  Pharyngeal Pharynx Divisions The laryngopharynx is the most inferior division, close to the laryngeal opening. DH 314 Property of Amanda de la Vega, RDH, MS