Week 1 - Notes PDF

**ANATOMY** - Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another. - Scientific study of body structures. **GROSS ANATOMY** - Study large, easily observable body structures (regional anatomy, systemic anatomy). - Larger structures ca...

**ANATOMY** - Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another. - Scientific study of body structures. **GROSS ANATOMY** - Study large, easily observable body structures (regional anatomy, systemic anatomy). - Larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. ***Regional Anatomy** -- study of the interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region.* ***Systemic Anatomy** -- study of the structures that make up a discrete body system.* *-- study of the body through systems* **MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY** - Study body structures that are too small to the naked eye (histology, cytology. - Structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. ***Histology** -- study of tissues* ***Cytology** -- study of cells* **PHYSIOLOGY** - Study of how the body and its parts work or function. - Involve investigation of the chemistry and physics associated with that structure (neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology, renal physiology). - Scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways they work together to support the functions of life. ***Neurophysiology** -- study of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves (central nervous system).* - *How signals sent to your bod* ***Cardiovascular physiology** - the study of the function of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood.** *** - *how heart pumps the blood throughout the body.* **LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN THE BODY** 1. **CHEMICAL** - Messages - Instructions coming from your DNA 2. **CELL** - Smallest independently functioning unit - Basic unit of life 3. **TISSUE** - Made up of cells 4. **ORGAN** - Comprises of different tissue 5. **ORGAN SYSTEM** 6. **ORGANISM** **ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY**    **ANATOMICAL POSITION** - The body is standing upright - Feet are parallel and shoulder -- width apart - Toes pointed forward - Upper limbs are held out to each side with palms facing forward - Body position can be described as **prone** or **supine**. - **Prone** -- describes a face-down orientation. **Supine** -- describes a face -- up orientation. **DIRECTIONAL TERMS** - **ANTERIOR (ventral) --** describes the front (belly) of the body. - **POSTERIOR (dorsal) --** describes the back of the body. - **SUPERIOR (cranial) --** describes a position above of higher than another part of the body proper. - **INFERIOR (caudal) -** describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper. - **LATERAL -** describes a structure toward the side of the body. - away from the midline - **MEDIAL -** describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. - towards the midline - **SUPERFICIAL -** describes a position closer to the surface of the body. - **DEEP -** describes a position farther from the surface of the body. - away from the midline - **PROXIMAL -** describes a position on a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. - **DISTAL -** describes a position on a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.  **SECTIONS AND PLANES** - Anatomists refer to slices through structures in the body that enable us to visualize internal anatomy. - **Section --** a slice of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. - **Plane --** is an imaginary slice through the body used in imaging. **PLANES OF THE BODY** 1. **SAGITTAL PLANE (MEDIAN PLANE)** - divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. - **Midsagittal (median)** -- runs directly down the middle of the body - **Parasagittal (longitudinal)** -- divides the body into unequal right and left sides. 2. **FRONTAL PLANE (CORONAL PLANE)** - plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and posterior (back) portion. - coronal plane 3. **TRANSVERSE PLANE** - plane that divides the body or an organ horizontally into upper and lower portions - also called cross sections. Anatomical Planes - Coronal - Sagittal - Transverse - TeachMeAnatomy **ORGANIZATION AND COMPARTMENTALIZATION**  1. **CRANIAL CAVITY** - Houses the brain 2. **SPINAL CAVITY** - Also known as vertebral cavity - Encloses the spinal cord 3. **THORACIC CAVITY** - **Superior Mediastinum** - Houses the thymus, esophagus, and trachea - **Pleural Cavity** - Houses the lungs - **Pericardial Cavity within mediastinum** - Houses the heart 4. **ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY** - **Abdominal Cavity** - Houses the stomach, spleen, liver, small intestine, gallbladder, kidneys, colon, etc. - **Pelvic Cavity** - Houses the urinary bladder and ovaries **REGIONS AND QUADRANTS** - Hypo -- means below or under - Chondriac -- means cartilage or cartilage of the ribs - Epi -- up or above - Gastric -- stomach **MEDICAL IMAGING** 1. **X-RAY** - Medical imaging provides and internal view of human body. - Aids in diagnosing diseases. - Form of high energy electromagnetic radiation capable of penetrating solids. - Best for viewing teeth and bones. 2. **COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY** - Uses computers and a series of x-rays to visualize internal structures in planes. - Provides more detail than x-rays alone. 3. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) - Uses radio signals to provide very precise details. - Expensive 4. **POSITION EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)** - Uses small amounts of radiation to detect metabolic activity. - Useful in diagnosing cancers, heart disease, and strokes. 5. **ULTRASONOGRAPHY** - Uses sound waves to yield a real time image of internal anatomy. - Least sed in sensitive situations like pregnancy.