Week 1 Anatomy Introduction PDF

Human Anatomy Introduction and Orientation A. Definition B. Fields of Anatomy C. Levels of Structural organization D. Anatomical Position E. Body Cavities F. Membranes (serosae) 1 Dr. Ayman alsheikh A. Definition Anatomy  The study of the structure of...

Human Anatomy Introduction and Orientation A. Definition B. Fields of Anatomy C. Levels of Structural organization D. Anatomical Position E. Body Cavities F. Membranes (serosae) 1 Dr. Ayman alsheikh A. Definition Anatomy  The study of the structure of an organism and the relationship among its parts.  Greek and Latin Roots  ana - up or through/between  tome - a cutting  Anatomy was once a "cutting up" because the structure of the body was originally learned through dissecting it, cutting it up. 2 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  B. Fields of Anatomy 1. Gross (Macroscopic) 2. Microscopic (Histology and Cytology) 3. Developmental (Embryology) 4. Systemic 5. Regional 6. Pathology and Radiographic anatomy 7. Topographical 3 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  1. Gross Human Anatomy Macroscopic Examination of the general structures of the body – visible to the unaided eye (naked eye) 4 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  2. Microscopic Human Anatomy Considers structures that cannot be seen without magnification Histology  Examines Tissues Cytology  Study of the internal structure of cells 5 Dr. Ayman alsheikh Developmental Anatomy (Embryology).3 Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span. Embryology, a subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth. 6 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  4. Systemic Human Anatomy  Study of Organ Systems Group of organs that function together Cardiovascular System Heart Blood Blood Vessels 11 Organ Systems in the human body 7 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  5. Regional Human Anatomy Often used in dissection All structures in a region are studied simultaneously Ex. Head and neck 8 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  Regional terms – names of specific body areas 9 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  6. Pathological and Radiographic Human Anatomy  Pathological: studies structural changes caused by disease.  Radiographic: studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures 10 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  7. Topographical Human Anatomy The study of anatomy by identifying underlying structures or regions.  Contours visible at surface 11 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  B. 12 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  (Molecules Cell Tissue Organ System Organism) 1.The cell is the - Basic structural and functional unit of the human body - divides to give tissues 2.Four basic tissues a. Epithelial tissue  Sheets of cells that cover body surfaces and line body cavities  Produce glandular secretions  Provides different functions according to its type, and location such as protection, control permeability……  Examples: digestive, respiratory urinary pass ways. b. Connective tissue  Fill internal spaces  Provide structural support  Store energy  Examples: bone, blood and fat 13 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  c. Muscular Tissue Contracts to produce active movement Skeletal muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue (heart) Smooth muscle tissue (walls of blood vessels) d. Nervous Tissue Conducts electrical impulses Carries information 3. Organs Specific arrangement of tissues into layers Combination of two or more tissues to perform a specialized function 4. System Group of organs that function together. 5. Organism Collection of all systems together 14 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  C. Anatomical Position Body is erect Upper limbs hang at the side Palms facing forward Fingers Extended Feet flat on the floor Face straight ahead 15 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  Other of Anatomical Position Prone Position Supine Position Body lying Body on its back horizontally Face up Face Down 16 Dr. Ayman alsheikh 17 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  Orientation and Directional Terms Anterior Posterior Ventral Dorsal Superior Proximal vs. Inferior Distal Internal External Parietal Visceral Peripheral Central Superficial Deep 18 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  Orientation and Directional Terms 19 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  Orientation and Directional Terms 20 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  Body Planes and Sections: The body or its organs may be cut along planes, or imaginary lines, to produce different types of sections.  Frequently used planes are: 1. Sagittal (Median line) 2. Frontal (coronal line) 3. Transverse (Horizontal line) 21 Dr. Ayman alsheikh 22 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  D. Body Cavities :Boundaries and Contents. 23 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  I. Dorsal Body Cavities A. Cranial Cavity  Houses the brain  Boundaries: Bones of the skull B. Spinal Cavity  Contains spinal cord and meninges  Formed by the processes of spinal vertebrae  From foramen magnum to sacrum 24 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  II. Ventral Body Cavities  Contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.  Divided in two parts by diaphragm:  Thoracic  Abdominopelvic III. Other body cavities: oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear & joint cavities 25 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  Thoracic Cavity.1  Subdivided into  Left and Right Pleural Cavities contain: lungs. Mediastinum contains: heart. 26 Dr. Ayman alsheikh  Abdominopelvic Cavity.2 27 Dr. Ayman alsheikh 28 Dr. Ayman alsheikh F. Membranes (serosae): contain fluid 1. Pericardium : lines the pericadial cavity & covers the heart 2. Pleura : lines the walls of thoracic cavity & covers the lungs 3. Peritoneum : lines the abdominopelvic cavity & covers the organs within that cavity. 29 Dr. Ayman alsheikh