Human Anatomy Lecture 1 (Introduction) PDF

Introduction To Human Anatomy 7101101 Lecture 1 (2hr): Introduction to the course Approaches to studying anatomy; regional, systemic and clinical Systems of human body Week Hours Course outline Content +/- +/- Human a...

Introduction To Human Anatomy 7101101 Lecture 1 (2hr): Introduction to the course Approaches to studying anatomy; regional, systemic and clinical Systems of human body Week Hours Course outline Content +/- +/- Human anatomy: definition 1st week 2 1. Major classification of human anatomy hours 2. Main approaches for studying anatomy 3. systems of human body 2nd week 2 Anatomical terminology hours 1. Terms Related to Position 2. Terms of Relationship and Comparison 3rd week 2 Anatomical terminology (contd.) hours 3.Terms,planes and axes of movement 4.anatomical variations 4th week 2 Integumentary system hours 1. Skin structure 2. Skin functions Clinical : Skin Colour, wounds, and burns 5th week 2 Fascias, Fascial Compartments, bursae and potential spaces hours 1. Superficial fascia 2. Deep fascia 3. Intermuscular septa 4. Retinaculum 5. Musculovenous pump 6. Bursae and potential spaces Week +/- Hours Content +/- 6th, 7th, Skeletal System and 8th 6 hours 1. Classification and function of bones and cartilage week (+/-) 2. Structure of long bones (+/-) 3. Bone formation, growth, and remodelling 4. Vasculature and Innervation of bones 5. Trauma to Bone and Bone Changes 6. Axial skeleton 7. Appendicular skeleton 8. Bone markings 9th week 2 hours Articular system (joints) 1. classification of joints 2. Joints of the Newborn Cranium 10th and 4 Muscular system 11th hours 1. Description of muscles and muscles types: A brief description of muscle week types (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) and an outline of their differences 2. Skeletal muscles: a) Skeletal Muscles names b) Skeletal muscles attachment to bone c) Contraction of skeletal Muscles: Reflexive, Tonic and Phasic (i.e. isotonic and isometric) d) Functional classification of skeletal muscles: prime mover, fixator, synergist, antagonist e) Motor unit 1. Clinical Notes: a) Growth and Regeneration of Muscle b) Hypertrophy of the Myocardium and Myocardial Infarction c) Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia of Smooth Muscle Midterm exam (1hr)  Course outline Week Hours +/- Content +/- 12th 4 hours Circulatory system: Definitions and classifications and 1. Pulmonary circulation 13th 2. Systemic circulation week 3. Components of the lymphoid system 14th 4 hours Nervous System: Definitions and classifications and (+) 1. Organization of the nervous system 15th 2. Nervous system: Structure and function week 3. Central nervous system (+) 4. Peripheral nervous system 5. Autonomic nervous system 16th 2 hours Medical imaging (+/-): week 1. A brief description of radiographic techniques 2. How to read radiographic films and anatomical diagrams. Final exam 2 hours  References Theoretical Reference: Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy (The introduction chapter only) Other references: Specialized books in the subject Acknowledged scientific journals and published literature Supplementary material for the course: Illustrative diagrams and figures Representative anatomical models such as boney and muscular skeletons  References Course Policies: Class attendance (on time) Individual participation Standard academic behavior Grading: Tool % of total Assessment course Method marks Midterm exam 30 Objective questions Activities, project, 20 Objective quizzes questions “The nature of the body is the beginning of medical sciences” Hippocrates (460-377 BC) Levels of organization of the human body The human body is the sum of its parts and these parts can be studied at a variety of levels of organization. 1. Chemicals a.Atoms are the simplest level. b.Two or more atoms comprise a molecule. c. Macromolecules are large, biologically important molecules inside cells. 2. Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell. Levels of organization of the human body (contd.) 3. Cells are the basic units of structure and function for living things. 4. Tissues are groups of cells functioning together. 5. Groups of tissues form organs that have specialized functions. 6. Groups of organs function together as organ systems. 7. Organ systems functioning together make up an organism. Anatomy Definition According to Oxford Living Dictionaries (online) Noun: The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts. Word Origin: Late Middle English: from Old French anatomie or late Latin anatomia, from Greek, from ana- ‘up’ + tomia ‘cutting’ (from temnein ‘to cut’). Anatomy Definition Bodily structures are either: Very small and thus studied using a microscope (called: microscopic anatomy) Includes: cytology, the study of cells and histology, the study of tissues Or large and thus studied without the aid of the magnification (Called Gross or Macroscopic anatomy) Approaches to Studying Anatomy Human Gross anatomy can be studied using three main approaches: Regional Systemic Clinical Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy) Considers the organization of the human body as major parts or segments : The body is divided into major parts: Head Neck Trunk, subdivided into: Thorax Abdomen Back Pelvis & perineum Paired upper limbs and lower limbs All the major parts may be further subdivided into areas and regions. Regional anatomy Example: A specific part (the head) Area (the face) Or a region (the orbital or eye region) In this approach, the arrangement and relationships of the various systemic structures (muscles, nerves, arteries, etc.) within it is examined; and then usually continuing to study adjacent regions in an ordered sequence. Regional anatomy This approach also recognizes the body's organization by layers: skin, subcutaneous tissue, and deep fascia covering the deeper structures of muscles, skeleton, and cavities, which contain viscera (internal organs). Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy) Regional terms to designate specific body areas Regional anatomy also includes: Surface anatomy which provides information about structures that may be observed or palpated beneath the skin. Physical examination is an application of the surface anatomy Physical examination includes use of palpation, auscultation (listening) , percussion, and inspection (observation) for examining the body Ex: palpation of arterial pulses Regional anatomy also includes: Radiographic and sectional imaging (Radiographic anatomy) provide information about deep structures in living individuals Endoscopy: using an insertable flexible fiber optic device to examine internal structures in living individuals Regional anatomy also includes: Diagnostic radiology: reveals the effects of trauma, pathology, and aging on normal structures Pro-sections: carefully prepared dissections by an experienced anatomist for the demonstration of anatomical structures Dissection: learning by doing Systemic Anatomy The study of the body's organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions  The integumentary system (dermatology) Consists of: Skin (L. integumentum, a covering) Skin appendages: Hair Nails Sweat glands The subcutaneous tissue The skin is an extensive sensory organ that forms the body's outer protective covering and container  The skeletal system (osteology) Consists of: Bones Cartilage Provides the basic shape and support for the body The muscular system acts on to produce movement Protects vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and pelvic organs  The articular system (arthrology) Consists of: Joints Associated ligaments Connects the bony parts of the skeletal system Provides the sites at which movements occur.  The muscular system (myology) Consists of: Skeletal muscles that act (contract) to move or position parts of the body (e.g., the bones that articulate at joints) Smooth and cardiac muscle that propels, expels, or controls the flow of fluids and contained substance.  The nervous system (neurology) Consists of: The central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, together with their motor and sensory endings) The circulatory system (angiology) Consists of: The cardiovascular system Lymphatic systems Function in parallel to transport the body's fluids. The cardiovascular system (cardiology) consists of: Heart Blood vessels Propel and conduct blood through the body, delivering oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells and removing their waste products The circulatory system (angiology) The lymphatic system is a network of lymphatic vessels that: Withdraws excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the body's interstitial (intercellular) fluid compartment Filters it through lymph nodes Returns it to the bloodstream  The alimentary (or digestive) system (gastroenterology) Consists of: The digestive tract from the mouth to the anus All its associated organs and glands that function in: Ingestion Mastication (chewing) Deglutition (swallowing) Digestion Absorption of food The elimination of the solid waste (feces) remaining after the nutrients have been absorbed  The respiratory system (pulmonology) Consists of: The air passages Lungs Supply oxygen to the blood for cellular respiration and eliminate carbon dioxide from it  The urinary system (urology) Consists of: The kidneys The ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Filter blood and subsequently produce, transport, store, and intermittently excrete urine (liquid waste) The genital (reproductive) system Also called gynecology for females & andrology for males Consists of: The gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce oocytes (eggs) and sperms The ducts that transport them The genitalia that enable their union After conception, the female reproductive tract nourishes and delivers the fetus  The endocrine system (endocrinology) Consists of specialized structures that secrete hormones Hormones are organic molecules that are carried by the circulatory system to distant effector cells in all parts of the body The influence of the endocrine system is thus as broadly distributed as that of the nervous system Hormones influence metabolism and other processes, such as the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and parturition Clinical Anatomy (applied anatomy) Emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences. Incorporates regional and system approaches Helps is solving clinical problems (diagnosis & therapy) The anatomist asks “The action of this muscle is to … ,” while the clinical anatomist asks, “How would the absence of this muscle's activity be manifest?”