Week 1 08_26 & 2 09_02.pdf

Lecture 08126 - Evan Medeiros Cold Rivals 2023 The United States...

Lecture 08126 - Evan Medeiros Cold Rivals 2023 The United States + China : Into the - Michael Schaller 4th Ed 2015 21st Century - History of US-China Relations dominated by other powers 1839-1949 : China humiliation of century China is former rightful > - perception that regaining position Lecture 08/28 of Humiliation up to late 1890s China's Decline & Century Humiliation - China Before Century of civilizations China one of oldest · 3500 years of - written history Empire for 2000 years - China History matters for - China's Economy dominated -> about 32 2 % of. world production 23% Europe : - Qing Dynasty : last dynasty (1644-1912) southern + Western territorial expansion (Mongolia/ Xinjiang/Tibet) · Agricultural progress , pop ! ISOM to 400 M · After 1800s e gradual decline -divisions uprisings bad leadership , , - China's tribute system dominated East Asia (3rd BC-19th) No invasions/occupation/massacres · + cultural) Informal dominance (economic of China's · Most neighbors accepted domination as legitimate - matters to leaders when approaching foreign policies US only obstacle to restoring power  Admiral He's expeditions naval in Asia + Africa (1405-1433) Zheng - + more advanced ships than other country Bigger better than Colombus' any emuch ships - much farther ahhead than rest of the world - China's relations with the west before century of humiliation China viewed itself as superior+ more civilized China's interactions with west were limited - · 2nd BC-15th AD : Silk Road across Eurasia 1557 : some Portuguese settled - China conceived itself as superior to the west · China-middle kingdom · Chinese emperor-son of heaven · non-Chinese-foreign devils Chinese authorities required foreigns visitors to acknowledge China's superiority · Before 19th China had no interest in use barbarians like other foreigns Canton trade system 1757: - regulate growing # of European merchants - Imposed conditions location : Canton/Macau/Pearl River Delta Only one · No women or weapons to howtow in front of Chinese officials Foreigners had China's response to Lord McCartney's request to expand trade (1973) Chinese emporer expressed sympathy for Britain's desire to acquire - explained China "possesses all things s... no use for manufactures" country's Contempt antagonized Western countries > - did notunderstand that - Britain & the West were becoming more powerful (Industrial Revolution - Opium Wars & beginning of Century of Humiliation Britain Violated China's ban on opium trade Origins : · OpiumtradeweakenedChinaeconom(1839 : 2- 10m) ↳ China attempts implement ban more forcefully to ↳ By powerful enough to take 1839 Britain , China on · 1839-1842 1st Opium War Britain demonstrated its tech/military superiority : - · 1856-1860 2nd Opium War accelerated China's decay : Cause foreign powers requested more concessions from China :  Outcome : few thousand dead (mostly Chinese) - British + French troops occupied Beijing · Century of Humiliation (1839-1949) after 1st opium war worsened after 2nd - , powers involveda Fri Pt - foreign , Nt · 17 countries : Britain , other European, Russia , US,... Japan Germany , What did it look like? · - Not traditional colonialism > no - military occupation of whole country > - no large-scale massacres - foreign powers committed predations commercial exploitation force military · humiliations foreign powers showed superiority symbolic a political · e · flow of missionaries growing of perception of Chinese inferiority racism - , demise tribute system domestic instability · Growing flow of Christian missionaries · Saw China as vast market of souls converted 100, 000 by 1900 - , - interactions with locals : contributed to local education/science/medicine/culture · · mutual degree of appreciation accommodation collaboration , , + activities fueled resentment, outburst of violence · presence · Taiping rebellion (1850-1864) : 1- 2M rebels -targeted Christian missionaries , foreign presence , Qing Empire Slow demise of tribute system -foreign powers seized chunks of Chinese Empirea Manchuria French Conquest of Indochina · Domestic instability Rise Fall of Movement (1860s-1870s) & Self-Strengthening - wanted to understand barbarians them to control asteedWestersciencent delegations, tried attract foreign to investmea - Slow Rise of US-China Relations · America's Policy before Opium Wars  = 1784 : 1st American ship arrived in Cantor - How US viewed China · potentially huge market · competition with Europe · racisma fascination - US involvement remained uneducated US had small pop/territory/economy · us focused domestically China remained poora closed to foreigners to US response Opium Wars - us involvement in China internal divisions focus on Americas Europe · , not powerful enough , Chinese immigration to US · - After mid 19th, "coolies" , almost all men Left China because poverty overpop, violence, not disasters - , · Widespread racism - Sargent : evil,Mongolian immigration threat to, Violence against Chinese - 1880s : 20+ massacres in Cali · Restrictive immigration 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act Lectura 09/02 - Open Door + rise of American Empire US in 1776 : small and surrounded byhostile powers Drivers of US imperialism · in 1890s -1890 : US Westward reached expansion Pacific - influence overseas 1893-97: financial crisis e develop - foreign of other markets > need to US worried about global expansion empires - compete - US emerged as world's largest economy e nationalism · China's role in America's expansion - us involvement in China limited but access to China-material goal - power symbol  · America's Open Door notes (1899-1900) > - diplomatic notes requesting other foreign powers not dismember China - 1st Open Door (1899) China on verge of collapse · 1894-95 Sino-Japanese War e : foreign power would conquer China > us worried - that - leave US out Note to respect China's territorial integrity · 2nd Open Door (1900) - Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) poor villagers practiced martial arts, : , allegedly possessed by spirits anti-foreigners anti-Chinese Christians , , > - US concern that tensions would degenerate a foreign conquer - 15/2nd Open door participation intervention > - US Western-Japanese in to free · Mid-1980 : 20000 troops Beijing · occupation/terror/plunder probably prevented collapse but did it -US to exploit Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909) contempt for China · : but US wanted to make sure no foreign powers would dominate Asia + close access to China - China & WWI Creation of China's 1st Republic (1912-1928) replaced Chinese Empire, : more democratic, modernization based on techiscience/ideas foreign - Foreign policy: wanted to end Century of Humiliation + get foreign powers to leave looked up to US , China's participation in WWI - Ally of Britain, France rus , - China hoped to be rewarded with independence - 200000 Chinese to Europe as laborer - But : treated badly in Europe , Japan used war to conquer China's shandong province  · After WWI China placed hope in US, us now world's leading power - Wilson claimed self-determination - But : Wilson did not try to end Century - of Humiliation, Wilson did not try to press Japan (big power+ economy Consequences -backlash against US + other foreign powers May 4th movement : protestors in Beijing against foreign powers in China Soviet Union's growing popularity - · 1917 : Communist Revolution Promised to support freedom · Russian Empire seemed readyto return Chinese territories confiscated · by - Chinese Civil War Weakness of Chinese 1st Republic Government instability - internal divisions - Did not - control much of China's territory Tibet/Mongolia - independent · · Manchuria Russia/Japan - · Warlords · 1927-1949 : Civil War Mao's Chinese Communist Party ChiangKai-Shel's Nationalists vs - - Nationalists (GMD) · Main political force in China in late 1920s · Alliance of military/bureaucrats/landlords/business interests · anti-imperialist Ideology anti-communist : conservative :very divideasive · weaknesses very corrupt Mao's CCP - · 1921 : creation remained small for years , Ideology anti-imperialist : · communism+ social justice Long March 1934 100000 Communists toJiangxi/Shaanxi to escape CMD - 6000 miles 1/3 survived - ,  Weakness in 1936 : few thousand square miles of territory IM under its authority 90000 troops China's road to WWI - Japan's aggression against China · 1929-hit by US Great Depression ↳ political t military radicalization ↳ need to secure more economic/natural resources abroad China's appeal toJapan ports , industries labor,ete - , Perception of opportunity - vulnerability (due to Civil war) China's · Milestones of Japan's Conquest 1931 : claimed Manchuriae created a puppet state (Manchukuo) - the rest of China - 1937 : offensive against · 1937: Nanjing massacre : 200,000 civilians killed/raped controlled "3 of China its coastline Japan · 1938 : America's response · focused on Great Depression - at home WWE Americans regretted involvementin - US did not want war - with Japan US wanted to trade - with Japan- US was Japan's main oil supplier China's limited economic relevance to us - US believed in China's potential - 1930 China = 2 % of US foreign trade : = 1 % of US investments foreign China Developments that led us to increase its support to Sept 1940 : Japa/GermanyItaly alliance - (Dec 1941) : Pearl Harbor they turning point - assistance to China ↳ Growing US ↳ US aid/troops to Chiang's Nationalists (not to Mao's Communists) · China's strategic relevance to US China was -- important : tied down 2M Japanese reasonably troops - us had higher priorities in Europe & Pacific US to China but not enough to help China win gave -  Lecture 09/04 - China & Degradation of US-Soviet Relationship (1945-1949) US vision for China in 1944-1945 postwar - A united China GMD in power (not Mao) · With Chiang's -Gradual liberal reforms e capitalist democracy China would become cornerstone of Asian security e restrain Soviets - a US promises to Nationalists - restitution of Manchuria (from Japan) restitution of Taiwan (from Japan) - full independence - US gestures toward Nationalists invited Chiang to diplomatic conferences (treated as - leader of great of power - Made China one 5 permanent members of UN Security Counal But... ineffective US neglected that Chiang was corrupt + declining - , , "allied itself to a corpse us antagonized Mao's Cop of Chinese Civil War after Japan's Defeat (1945-19419) Resumption Despite US support GMD declined - , corruption divisions incompetence · , , Mao's CCP powerful - became more Dowplayed ideology Promoted nationalist resistance · Promoted moderate landa tax reform schools/agriculture Helped develop · growing appeal masses ↳ to · By 1945 100 M (X 100 since 1936) 1 M troops (X11)  of Cold War · Int Context (1945-47) : Start · End of US-Soviet WWI alliance mistrust Growing US-Soviet - - Growing US-Soviet rivalry in Europe + other regions GMD/CCP race for Manchuria (45-46) GMD backed by US vs Cop backed by Soviets - Rush to seize Manchuria from Japan - Marshall Mission (45-47) eGen George Marshall · - Goals : prevent China breakup end civil war avoid Soviet dominance in Manch , , - Initial US strategy : make Chiang democratize govt to include other polities But - us wanted Chiang to be leader - US failure : Chiang too week/corrupt, CCP too powerful to accept GMD Creation of PRC + Sino Soviet Alliance (1949-50) - Mao's victory (Oct 1949) to Tan a Chiangnationalists - se recognize Mao refused to · China wants reunification - End of century of humiliation to insult humiliation" Mao : China was "no longer subject West -Growing hostility to · Harassment of Americans+ foreigners " · Confiscation of 1 But - China's power limited · No authority over peripheries (Tibet/Hainan/Xinjiang Persistent nationalist resistance in Taiwan · · Nationalist troops remained in Mainland China Immense poverty ·  · Sino-Soviet alliance : Feb 1950 - Sino-Soviet Frienship Treaty Main Soviet promises - · $300 M in loans · Trade credits Tech transfers · · Would defend China if Japan/US attacked would return some of China's possessions in Manchuria - Persistent mistrust : alliance but also rivalry Stalin found Mao too independent · Mao resented Stalin's ambiguities (no support during civil war, · of mila · Soviet Union afraid of China's nationalism Participation incentury China knew its long-term potential Humiliation (1839-1949) -Legacies of Chinese Century of · Nuances Not the first time China was conquered/dominated European empires were much more brutal in other regions US was less brutal than Japan or Russia or UK due to domestic instability - 19th : 100M Chinese died But still a profound trauma for China -remembered as time when "attacked, bullied I torn asunder" , - shattered belief that China was center of politico moral universe - destroyed tribute system · -contributed to China's falling share of World GDP from 32 9 % e 4 5 %.. Since 1949 : CCP has used century trauma for domestic lint) purposes of education key part system propaganda + transmitting knowledge But als build resentment against foreign powers legitimizeChina'srise to as been  Loss of China + Red Scare - us assessment of China in 1940s - Frustration with Civil war Growing conviction that other regions more important - Western Europe & Japan : industrial-military potential Middle East for oil · - China would remain poor for decades - Sino-Soviet alliance would drean Soviet resources - China would eventually clash with Soviets ↓ US involvement in 1949 · Declining US did - all it could to help GMD doomed GMD was (corrupt+ incompetent) - Not worth supportingTaiwan -