UGBS 102 (COMPUTING) LECTURE NOTES PDF

 Lecture 1 UGBS 102 Introduction to Computing Lecturers: Dr. Awuni Emmanuel Dr. Owusu Acheampong Dr. Emmanuel Owusu-Oware Mr. Divine Agozie...

 Lecture 1 UGBS 102 Introduction to Computing Lecturers: Dr. Awuni Emmanuel Dr. Owusu Acheampong Dr. Emmanuel Owusu-Oware Mr. Divine Agozie 1 Introduction to Computers 2 Objectives Overview Define the term, Explain why computer computer, and describe Describe the five literacy is vital to the relationship components of a success in today’s world between data and computer information Discuss the advantages Define the term, and disadvantages that Discuss the uses of the network, and identify users experience when Internet and World benefits of sharing working with Wide Web resources on a network computers See Page 3 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 3 for Detailed Objectives  Objectives Overview Distinguish between system Differentiate among types, Describe the role of each software and application sizes, and functions of element in an information software computers in each category system Explain how home users, Discuss how society uses small office/home office computers in education, users, mobile users, power finance, government, health users, and enterprise users care, science, publishing, each interact with travel, and manufacturing computers See Page 3 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 4 for Detailed Objectives A World of Computers Computers are everywhere Pages 4 - 5 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 5 Figure 1-1  What Is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory Collects Produces data Processing information (input) (output) Information Processing Cycle Page 6 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 6  What Is a Computer? Page 6 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 7 Figure 1-2  Components of a Computer A computer contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical components known as hardware Input Device Allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer Output Device Hardware component that conveys information to one or more people Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that System Unit are used to process data Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage Storage Device media Communications Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and Device information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices Pages 6 - 8 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 8 Page 7 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 9 Figure 1-3  Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers Advantages of Disadvantages of Using Computers Using Computers Speed Health Risks Reliability Violation of Privacy Consistency Public Safety Storage Impact on Labor Force Communications Impact on Environment Pages 9 - 10 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 10  Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using a computer Strategies include: – Recycling – Regulating manufacturing processes – Extending the life of computers – Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers Page 10 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 11  Networks and the Internet A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together, often wirelessly, via communications devices and transmission media Pages 10 - 11 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 12 Figure 1-6  Networks and the Internet The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals Page 11 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 13 Figure 1-7  Networks and the Internet People use the Internet for a variety of reasons: Communicate Research and Shop Bank and Invest Online Trading Access Information Entertainment Download Videos Share Information Web Application Pages 12 - 13 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 14 Figure 1-8  Networks and the Internet A social networking Web site encourages members to share their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music, and videos with other registered users Page 14 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 15 Figure 1-9  Computer Software Software, also called a program, tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them. System Software Operating system Utility program Application Software Pages 15 - 16 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 16 Figures 1-10 - 1-11  System Software System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices. System software serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware. Two types of system software are the operating system and utility programs. – An operating system is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer hardware devices. Example: Windows OS, Mac OS. – A utility program allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. Example: Anti Virus, buck-up softwares, disk clean17up CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I etc….  Application Software Application software consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or assist them with personal tasks. A widely used type of application software related to communications is a Web browser, which allows users with an Internet connection to access and view Web pages or access programs. Other popular application software includes word processing software, spreadsheet software, database software, and presentation software. CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 18  Computer Software Installing is the process of setting up software to work with the computer, printer, and other hardware Pages 16 - 17 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 19 Figure 1-12  Computer Software A programmer develops software or writes the instructions that direct the computer to process data into information Page 18 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 20 Figure 1-13  Categories of Computers Personal computers Mobile computers and mobile devices Game consoles Servers Mainframes Supercomputers Embedded computers Page 19 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 21  Personal Computers A personal computer can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself Two popular architectures are the IBM desktop PC and the Apple – Desktop computer Pages 19 - 20 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 22 Figures 1-15 - 1-16  Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices Mobile Mobile Computer Device Personal computer you Computing device small can carry from place to enough to hold in your place hand Examples include smart Examples include phones and PDAs, e- notebook computers, book readers, handheld laptop computers, computers, portable netbooks, ultra-thins, media players, and and Tablet PCs digital cameras Pages 20 - 23 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 23  Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices Notebook computer Tablet PC Smart phones and PDAs E-book reader Pages 20 - 22 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 24 Figures 1-17 – 1-20  Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices Handheld computer Portable media player Digital camera Pages 22 - 23 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 25 Figures 1-21 – 1-23 Game Consoles A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games Page 24 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 26 Figure 1-24  Servers A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network – Provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information Page 25 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 27 Figure 1-25  Mainframes A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously They store huge amounts of data, instructions, and information and are used by major corporations for business activities. With mainframes, enterprises are able to bill millions of customers, prepare payroll for thousands of employees, and manage thousands of items in inventory. Page 25 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 28 Figure 1-26  Supercomputers A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer – Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second Page 25 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 29 Figure 1-27  Embedded Computers An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product Consumer Home Automation Process Controllers Computer Devices Automobiles Electronics Devices and Robotics and Office Machines Mobile and digital Thermostats Antilock brakes Remote monitoring Keyboards telephones Sprinkling systems Engine control systems Printers Digital televisions Security modules Power monitors Faxes Cameras monitoring systems Airbag controller Machine Copiers Video recorders Appliances Cruise control controllers DVD players and Lights Medical devices recorders Answering machines Page 26 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 30 Page 26 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 31 Figure 1-28  Elements of an Information System Hardware Software Data People Procedures Page 27 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 32 Page 27 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 33 Figure 1-29  Examples of Computer Usage Home User Small Office/Home Mobile User Personal financial Office User Connect to other computers management Look up information on a network or the Internet Web access Send and receive e-mail Transfer information Communications messages Play video games Entertainment Make telephone calls Listen to music Watch movies Pages 28 – 31 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 34 Figures 1-30 – 1-32  Examples of Computer Usage Power User Enterprise User Work with multimedia Communicate among Use industry-specific employees software Process high volumes of transactions Blog Pages 31 – 32 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 35 Figures 1-33 – 1-34  Computer Applications in Society Education Finance Government Health Care Pages 34 - 36 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 36 Figures 1-36 – 1-39  Computer Applications in Society Science Publishing Travel Manufacturing Pages 36 - 38 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 37 Figures 1-40 – 1-43  Summary Basic computer Components of a concepts computer Many different categories of Networks, the Internet, computers, computer and computer software users, and computer applications in society Page 39 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 38 Reference Shelly, G. B., & Vermaat, M. E. (2012). Discovering Computers, Fundamentals: Your Interactive Guide to the Digital World. Course Technology Press. Gaskin, S., Graviett, N., and Geoghan, D. (2017). Go! All in One: Computer Concepts and Applications. 2nd Edition, Pearson Education, Limited. Parsons, J.J. and Oja, D. (2017). New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 2014: Introductory. 16th Edition, Cengage Learning. Evans, E. R., Martin, K. and Poatsy M. S. (2012). Technology in Action. Prentice Hall CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 39  Lecture 2 UGBS 102 Introduction to Computing Lecturers: Dr. Awuni Emmanuel Dr. Owusu Acheampong Dr. Emmanuel Owusu-Oware Mr. Divine Agozie CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 1 Objectives Overview Identify and briefly describe various broadband Internet Discuss the evolution of the connections and state Describe the types of Internet Internet differences between broadband access providers Internet connections and dial- up connections Describe how to use a search Describe the purpose of an IP Explain the purpose of a Web engine to search for address and its relationship to a browser and identify the information on the Web and domain name components of a Web address differentiate between a search engine and a subject directory See Page 73 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 2 for Detailed Objectives Objectives Overview Explain how Web pages use Identify and briefly describe Describe the types of Web graphics, animation, audio, the steps required for Web sites video, virtual reality, and publishing plug-ins Explain how e-mail, mailing lists, instant messaging, Describe the types of e- Identify the rules of chat rooms, VoIP, commerce netiquette newsgroups and message boards, and FTP work See Page 73 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 3 for Detailed Objectives The Internet The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals Page 74 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 4 Figure 2-1 Evolution of the Internet The Internet originated as ARPANET in September 1969 and had two main goals: Allow scientists at Function even if part of different physical the network were locations to share disabled or destroyed information and work by a disaster together It was developed by the US Advanced Research Project Agency(ARPA) Page 75 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 5 Evolution of the Internet 1986 NSF connects NSFnet to 1969 ARPANET and ARPANET becomes 1996 becomes known as the Internet2 is functional Internet founded 1984 1995 NSFNet Today More ARPANET has terminates than 550 more than its network million hosts 1,000 on the connect to individual Internet and the Internet computers resumes linked as status as hosts research network Pages 75 - 76 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 6 Evolution of the Internet Each organization is responsible only for maintaining its own network – The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) oversees research and sets guidelines and standards Internet2 connects more than 200 universities and 115 companies via a high-speed private network Page 76 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 7  Evolution of the Internet Many home and small business users connect to the Internet via high-speed broadband Internet service Fiber to Cellular Cable Fixed Satellite DSL (via the Radio Internet wireless Wi-Fi Internet regular Premises Network service (Dish (radio Service telephone (FTTP)- via (built in (via cable shaped signals) (via lines) fibre Tech. or television) antenna) Satellite) optics modem) Page 76 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 8 Evolution of the Internet An access provider is a business that provides individuals and organizations access to the Internet free or for a fee Page 77 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 9 Figure 2-2 Evolution of the Internet ISP (Internet Online service Wireless Internet service provider) provider (OSP) service provider Regional ISPs Provides wireless provide Internet Has many members- Internet access to access to a specific only features computers and geographical area mobile devices National ISPs Popular OSPs include May require a provide Internet AOL (America wireless modem, eg. access in cities and Online) and MSN Surfline towns nationwide (Microsoft Network) Page 78 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 10 Page 79 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 11 Figure 2-3 Evolution of the Internet An IP address is a number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the Internet. E.g. 216.58.192.142 for www. google.com A domain name is the text version of an IP address – Top-level domain (TLD) A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP address Pages 79 – 80 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 12 Figure 2-4 Page 80 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 13 Figure 2-5 The World Wide Web The World Wide Web, or Web, consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents (Web pages) A Web site is a collection of related Web pages and associated items A Web server is a computer that delivers requested Web pages to your computer Web 2.0 refers to Web sites that provide a means for users to interact Pages 80 - 81 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 14 The World Wide Web A Web browser, or browser, allows users to access Web pages and Web 2.0 programs Internet Firefox Opera Explorer Google Safari Chrome Page 81 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 15 Page 81 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 16 Figure 2-6 The World Wide Web A home page is the first Some Web pages are page that a Web site designed specifically for displays microbrowsers Web pages provide links to other related Web pages – Surfing the Web Downloading is the process of receiving information Pages 82 - 83 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 17 Figure 2-7 The World Wide Web A Web page has a unique address called a URL or Web address Protocol - A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on a network. Pages 82 – 83 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 18 Figure 2-8 The World Wide Web Tabbed browsing allows you to open and view multiple Web pages in a single Web browser window Page 84 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 19 Figure 2-9 The World Wide Web Two types of search tools are search engines and subject directories Search Subject engine directory Classifies Web Finds information pages in an related to a organized set of specific topic categories Page 85 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 20 Page 85 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 21 Figure 2-10 The World Wide Web A search engine is helpful in locating items such as: Images Videos Audio Publications People or Maps Blogs Businesses Page 85 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 22 Page 86 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 23 Figure 2-11 The World Wide Web Some Web browsers contain an Instant Search box to eliminate the steps of displaying the search engine’s Web page prior to entering the search text Page 87 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 24 Figure 2-12 The World Wide Web Search operators can help to refine your search Page 87 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 25 Figure 2-13 The World Wide Web There are thirteen types of Web sites Portal News Informational Business/Marketing Blog Wiki Online Social Educational Network Pages 88 – 91 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 26 Figure 2-15 The World Wide Web Entertainment Advocacy Web Application Content Personal Aggregator Pages 91 – 92 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 27 Figure 2-15 Video: Tell Your Stories via Vlog CLICK TO START CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 28 The World Wide Web Information presented on the Web must be evaluated for accuracy No one oversees the content of Web pages Page 92 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 29 Figure 2-16 The World Wide Web Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with: Page 92 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 30 The World Wide Web A graphic is a digital representation of non-text information Graphic formats include BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF Page 93 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 31 Figure 2-17 The World Wide Web A thumbnail is a small version of a larger graphic Page 94 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 32 Figure 2-19 The World Wide Web Animation is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in sequence Page 94 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 33 The World Wide Web Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound – Compressed to reduce file size You listen to audio on your computer using a player Streaming is the process of transferring data in a continuous and even flow Pages 94 – 95 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 34 Figure 2-20 Page 95 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 35 Figure 2-21 The World Wide Web Video consists of images displayed in motion Page 96 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 36 Figure 2-22 The World Wide Web Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three- dimensional space so that the user can interact with it as if physically present. Pages 96 – 97 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 37 Figure 2-23 The World Wide Web A plug-in is a program that extends the capability of a Web browser Page 97 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 38 Figure 2-24 The World Wide Web Web publishing is the development and maintenance of Web pages Analyze Maintain Plan a and Create a Deploy a a Web Web site design a Web site Web site site Web site Page 98 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 39 E-Commerce E-commerce is a business transaction that occurs over an electronic network – M-commerce identifies e-commerce that takes place using mobile devices Page 98 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 40 E-Commerce Business- to- consumer (B2C) E-commerce Business- Consumer- to- to- business consumer (B2B) (C2C) Pages 98 - 99 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 41 Page 99 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 42 Figure 2-25 Other Internet Services E-mail is the transmission of messages and files via a computer network An e-mail program allows you to create, send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete e-mail messages Page 101 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 43 Figure 2-26 Page 102 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 44 Figure 2-27 Other Internet Services A mailing list is a group of e-mail names and addresses given a single name – Subscribing adds your e-mail name and address – Unsubscribing removes your name Page 103 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 45 Figure 2-28 Other Internet Services Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet communications service Page 104 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 46 Figure 2-29 Other Internet Services A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer A chat room is a location on an Internet server that permits users to chat with each other Page 105 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 47 Figure 2-30 Other Internet Services VoIP (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other users over the Internet – Also called Internet telephony Page 106 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 48 Figure 2-31 Other Internet Services A newsgroup is an online area in which users have written discussions about a particular subject – Typically requires a newsreader A message board is a Web-based type of discussion group Page 107 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 49 Figure 2-32 Other Internet Services FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits file uploading and downloading with other computers on the Internet Many operating systems include FTP capabilities An FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload and/or download files using FTP Page 107 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 50 Netiquette Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet behavior Page 108 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 51 Figure 2-33 Summary Browsing, navigating, History and structure of searching, Web World Wide Web the Internet publishing, and e-commerce Other Internet services: e-mail, instant messaging, chat rooms, Rules of netiquette VoIP, newsgroups and message boards, and FTP Page 109 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 52  Lecture 3 UGBS 102 Introduction to Computing Lecturers: Dr. Awuni Emmanuel Dr. Owusu Acheampong Dr. Emmanuel Owusu-Oware Mr. Divine Agozie CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 1 Software for systems CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 2 Objectives Overview Explain how the Differentiate among the Identify the four operating system and seven forms through categories of utility programs work which software is application software with application available software Identify the key Describe characteristics features of widely used of a user interface business programs See Page 141 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 3 for Detailed Objectives Objectives Overview Identify the key Identify the key Discuss the advantages features of widely used features of widely used of and ways to access graphics and home, personal, and Web applications multimedia programs educational programs Identify the types of Describe the learning application software aids available for used in application software communications See Page 141 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 4 for Detailed Objectives Application Software Application software consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or assist with personal tasks To make business activities more efficient To assist with graphics and multimedia projects To support home, personal, and educational tasks To facilitate communications Page 142 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 5 Application Software Page 142 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 6 Figure 3-1 Application Software Available in a variety of forms: Open source Packaged Custom Web software software software application (can modify and redistribute) Freeware Public-domain Shareware software (public with (Copyrighted but owner no copyright (Trial) retains right ) restrictions) Pages 142 – 143 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 7 Application Software System software serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware – Utility programs A utility program is a type of system software that assists users with controlling or maintaining the operation of a computer, its devices, or its software. Page 143 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 8 Figure 3-2 Page 145 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 9 Figure 3-3 Business Software Business software is application software that assists people while performing business activities Word Spreadsheet Database Presentation Processing Personal Business Business Note Taking Information Software for Software Manager Phones Suites Enterprise Project Document Accounting Computing Management Management Software Page 146 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 10 Business Software Word processing software allows users to create and manipulate documents Clip art is a collection of electronic drawings, photos, and other images Page 147 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 11 Figure 3-5 Business Software Additional word processing features include Grammar AutoCorrect AutoFormat Collaboration Columns Checker Reading Ink Input Macros Mail Merge Research Layout Search and Smart Tags Tables Templates Thesaurus Replace Tracking Voice Web Page Changes Recognition Development Page 148 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 12 Figure 3-6 Business Software Developing a document Edit a Enter text and document Change appearance numbers Font Make changes to Insert images existing content Font size Perform other tasks Inserting, deleting, cutting, copying, and Create a pasting Format a document document Page 149 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 13 Business Software Spreadsheet software allows users to organize data in rows and columns and perform calculations Pages 150 - 151 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 14 Figure 3-8 Business Software A function is a predefined formula that performs common calculations FV NPV PMT PV RATE DATE NOW TIME ABS INT LN LOG ROUND SQRT SUM AVERAGE COUNT MAX MIN STDEV IF Page 152 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 15 Figure 3-9 Business Software Charting depicts data in a spreadsheet in graphical form Pages 152 – 153 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 16 Figure 3-10 Business Software A database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data – Database software allows users to create, access, and manage a database Page 153 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 17 Figure 3-11 Business Software Presentation software allows users to create visual aids for presentations to communicate ideas, messages, and other information to a group Page 154 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 18 Figure 3-12 Page 155 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 19 Figure 3-13 Business Software Note taking software is application software that enables users to enter typed text, handwritten comments, drawings, or sketches anywhere on a page Page 156 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 20 Figure 3-14 Business Software A software suite is a collection of individual programs available together as a unit A personal information manager (PIM) is application software that includes Appointment Address Notepad calendar book Page 156 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 21 Business Software Scaled down versions of software are available to work with smart phones and other mobile devices Pages 156 – 157 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 22 Figure 3-15 Business Software Project management software allows a user to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the events, resources, and costs of a project Accounting software helps companies record and report their financial transactions Document management software provides a means for sharing, distributing, and searching through documents by converting them into a format that can be viewed by any user Pages 157 – 158 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 23 Figures 3-16 – 3-18 Business Software Enterprises typically require special computing solutions for various functional units Human Accounting Engineering Manufacturing resources Customer Marketing Sales Distribution service Information technology Page 159 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 24 Graphics and Multimedia Software Computer-aided design (CAD) software Desktop publishing software Paint/Image editing software Pages 160 – 161 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 25 Figures 3-20 – 3-22 Graphics and Multimedia Software Professional photo editing software Video and audio editing software Multimedia authoring software Pages 162 – 163 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 26 Figures 3-23 – 3-25 Graphics and Multimedia Software Web page authoring software helps users of all skill levels create Web pages that include multimedia and interactive content Page 164 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 27 Figure 3-26 Page 159 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 28 Figure 3-19 Video: MediaCell Video Converter CLICK TO START CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 29 Software for Home, Personal, and Educational Use Personal finance software Legal software Tax preparation software Pages 166 – 167 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 30 Figures 3-28 – 3-30 Software for Home, Personal, and Educational Use Personal DTP software Personal paint/image editing software Personal photo editing software Pages 167 – 169 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 31 Figures 3-31 – 3-33 Software for Home, Personal, and Educational Use Clip art/image gallery Video and audio editing software Home design/landscaping software Pages 169 – 170 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 32 Figures 3-35 – 3-37 Software for Home, Personal, and Educational Use Travel and mapping software Reference software Educational software Entertainment software Pages 170 – 172 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 33 Figures 3-38 – 3-41 Web Applications A Web application is a Web site that allows users to access and interact with software from any computer or device that is connected to the Internet Pages 172 – 173 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 34 Figure 3-42 Page 173 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 35 Figure 3-43 Application Software for Communications Web Browser E-Mail Instant Messaging Chat Room Text, Picture, Video RSS Aggregator (really Newsgroup/Message Blogging Messaging simple syndication) Board FTP VoIP Video Conferencing Page 174 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 36 Figure 3-44 Application Software for Communications CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 37 Learning Tools for Application Software Online Help is the electronic equivalent of a user manual You can ask a question or access the Help topics in subject or alphabetical order Page 175 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 38 Figure 3-45a Learning Tools for Application Software Web-based Help provides updates and more comprehensive resources to respond to technical issues about software Page 175 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 39 Figure 3-45b Learning Tools for Application Software Web-based training is a type of CBT that uses Internet technology and consists of application software on the Web Distance learning (DL) is the delivery of education at one location while the learning takes place at other locations Page 176 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 40 Figure 3-46 Summary Overview of a variety of business software, graphics How to start and interact and multimedia software, with application software and home/personal/educational software Web applications and Learning tools for application software for application software and communications Web-based training Page 177 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 41  Lecture 4 UGBS 102 Introduction to Computing Lecturers: Dr. Awuni Emmanuel Dr. Owusu Acheampong Dr. Emmanuel Owusu-Oware Mr. Divine Agozie CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Operating System CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Objectives Overview Explain how an operating Describe the start-up system provides a user process and shutdown interface, manages Define an operating system options on computers and programs, manages mobile devices memory, and coordinates tasks Describe how an operating Identify file management system enables users to and other tools included configure devices, establish with an operating system, an Internet connection, along with ways to update and monitor performance operating system software See Page 378 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 3 for Detailed Objectives  Objectives Overview Explain how an Summarize the operating system features of several enables users to desktop operating control a network or systems administer security Summarize the Briefly describe various features and uses of server operating several mobile systems operating systems See Page 378 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 4 for Detailed Objectives  Operating Systems An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities among computer and mobile device hardware Start and shut Provide a user down a computer Manage programs Manage memory interface or mobile device Establish an Monitor Coordinate tasks Configure devices Internet connection performance Provide file management and Updating operating Control a network Administer security other device or system software media-related tasks Page 378 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 5  Operating Systems Page 379 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 6 Figure 9-1  Operating System Functions Starting Computers and Mobile Devices If a computer or mobile device is off, you press a power button to turn it on Page 380 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 7 Figure 9-2  Operating System Functions An operating system includes various power options Sleep mode saves any open Hibernate saves any open documents running programs documents and running or apps to memory, turns off programs or apps to an all unneeded functions, and internal hard drive before then places the computer in a removing power from the low-power state computer or device Page 381 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 8  Operating System Functions A user interface (UI) controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images Pages 381 – 382 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 9 Figure 9-3  Operating System Functions In a command-line interface, a user types commands represented by short keywords or abbreviations or presses special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions. Page 382 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 10 Figure 9-4  Operating System Functions How an operating system handles programs directly affects your productivity Single tasking Foreground Single user and and and multiuser multitasking background Pages 383 - 384 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 11  Operating System Functions Page 383 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 12 Figure 9-5  Operating System Functions Memory management optimizes the use of the computer or device’s internal memory Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM Page 385 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 13 Figure 9-8  Operating System Functions The operating system determines the order in which tasks are processed Pages 386 – 387 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 14 Figure 9-9  Operating System Functions Page 387 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 15 Operating System Functions Operating systems typically provide a means to establish Internet connections Page 388 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 16 Figure 9-10 Operating System Functions A performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports information about various computer resources and devices Page 389 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 17 Figure 9-11  Operating System Functions Operating systems often provide users with a variety of tools related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs File Manager Search Image Viewer Uninstaller Disk Cleanup Disk File PC Backup and Screen Saver Defragmenter Compression Maintenance Restore Page 390 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 18  Operating System Functions Automatic update automatically provides new features or corrections to the program Page 390 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 19 Figure 9-12  Operating System Functions Some operating systems A network administrator are designed to work uses the server operating with a server on a system to: network. Add and remove users, These multiuser computers, and other devices operating systems allow Configure the network, multiple users to share a install software and printer, Internet access, administer network files, and programs security Page 391 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 20  Operating System Functions A user account enables a use to sign in to, or access resources on, a network or computer A username, or user ID, identifies a specific user A password is a private combination of characters associated with the user name Page 392 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 21 Figure 9-13 Types of Operating Systems Page 393 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 22 Table 9-2  Desktop Operating Systems A desktop operating system is a complete operating system that works on desktops, laptops, and some tablets Windows Mac OS UNIX Chrome Linux OS Page 394 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 23  Desktop Operating Systems Windows 8 offers these features: Start screen interface with tiles Includes the desktop interface Support for input via touch, mouse, and keyboard Email app, calendar app, and browser included Photos, files, and settings you can sync with SkyDrive Enhanced security through an antivirus program, firewall, and automatic updates Windows Store offers additional applications for purchase Page 394 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 24  Desktop Operating Systems Page 394 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 25 Desktop Operating Systems The Macintosh operating system has earned a reputation for its ease of use Latest version is OS X Page 396 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 26  Desktop Operating Systems UNIX is a multitasking operating system developed in the early 1970s Linux is a popular, multitasking UNIX-based operating system Pages 397 – 398 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 27 Figures 9-14 – 9-15  Desktop Operating Systems Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system designed to work primarily with web apps Page 399 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 28 Figure 9-16  Server Operating Systems Windows OS X Server Server UNIX Linux Pages 399 - 400 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 29 Mobile Operating Systems The operating system on mobile devices and many consumer electronics is called a mobile operating system and resides on firmware Windows Android iOS Phone Page 400 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 30  Mobile Operating Systems Android is an open source, Linux-based mobile operating system designed by Google for smartphones and tablets Page 401 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 31 Figure 9-17  Mobile Operating Systems iOS, developed by Apple, is a proprietary mobile operating system specifically made for Apple’s mobile devices Page 402 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 32 Figure 9-18  Mobile Operating Systems Windows Phone, developed by Microsoft, is a proprietary mobile operating system that runs on some smartphones Page 402 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 33 Figure 9-19  Summary Variety of desktop operating systems, Functions common to server operating most operating systems systems, and mobile operating systems Page 403 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 34  Lecture 2 Lecture 5 UGBS 102 Introduction to Computing Lecturers: Dr. Awuni Emmanuel Dr. Owusu Acheampong Dr. Emmanuel Owusu-Oware Mr. Divine Agozie CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 1  Inside the Computer CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 2 Objectives Overview Identify characteristics of Describe the various Describe multi-core various personal computer computer and mobile processors the components processors on the market device cases and the of a processor, and the four today, and describe the contents they protect steps in a machine cycle ways processors are cooled Explain how program and Define a bit, and describe Explain the advantages and application instructions how a series of bits services of cloud computing transfer in and out of represents data memory See Page 248 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 3 for Detailed Objectives Objectives Overview Describe the purpose Differentiate among of adapter cards, USB Explain the function the various types of adapters, and of a bus memory ExpressCard modules Explain the purpose Understand how to of a power supply care for computers and batteries and mobile devices See Page 248 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 4 for Detailed Objectives Inside the Case The case contains and protects the electronics of the computer or mobile device from damage Page 248 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 5 Figure 6-1 Inside the Case Page 250 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 6 Figure 6-2 Inside the Case The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer – A computer chip contains integrated circuits Pages 250 - 251 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 7 Figure 6-3 Processors The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer – Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more separate processor cores Pages 252 - 253 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 8 Processors Page 253 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 9 Figure 6-4 Processors The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations Page 253 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 10 Processors For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle Page 254 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 11 Figure 6-5 Processors The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz) Page 255 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 12 Processors The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD Page 255 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 13 Processors A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to malfunction or fail Require additional cooling – Heat sinks – Liquid cooling technology – Cooling mats Pages 256 - 257 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 14 Figures 6-6 – 6-7 Cloud Computing Home and business users choose cloud computing for a variety of reasons Accessibility Cost savings Space Scalability savings Page 257 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 15 Data Representation Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off Most computers are digital The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1) Bits and bytes Page 259 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 16 Data Representation The circuitry in a computer or Eight bits grouped together as a mobile device represents the on or unit are called a byte. A byte the off states electronically by the presence or absence of an electronic represents a single character in charge the computer or mobile device Pages 259 - 260 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 17 Figures 6-8 – 6-9 Data Representation Page 260 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 18 Figure 6-10 Memory Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data Stores three basic categories of items: Data being The operating processed and the system and other Applications resulting programs information Page 261 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 19 Memory Each location in memory has an address Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB) Page 261 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 20 Figure 6-11 Memory The system unit contains two types of memory: Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory Loses its contents when Does not lose contents power is turned off when power is removed Examples include ROM, Example includes RAM flash memory, and CMOS Page 262 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 21 Memory Page 262 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 22 Figure 6-12 Memory Two common types of RAM chips exist: Dynamic RAM Static RAM (SRAM) (DRAM) Page 263 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 23 Table 6-1 Memory RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots Page 263 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 24 Figure 6-13 Memory Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data Page 265 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 25 Figure 6-14 Memory Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions Firmware Page 265 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 26 Memory Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten – CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes little power Pages 266 - 267 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 27 Memory Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory – Measured in nanoseconds Page 267 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 28 Table 6-2 and Figure 6-15 Adapters An adapter card enhances functions of a component of a desktop or server system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals – Sound card and graphics card An expansion slot is a socket on a desktop or server motherboard that can hold an adapter card Page 269 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 29 Table 6-3 Adapters With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can recognize peripheral devices as you install them Page 269 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 30 Figure 6-16 Adapters Adapters for mobile computers are in the form of a removable flash memory device – USB adapter – ExpressCard module Page 269 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 31 Figures 6-17 – 6-18 Buses A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other – Data bus – Address bus Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time Pages 270 - 271 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 32 Figure 6-19 Buses A computer might have these three types of buses: System Backside bus bus Expansion bus Page 271 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 33 Power Supply and Battery The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power Page 271 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 34 Figure 6-20 Power Supply and Battery Mobile computers and devices can run using either a power supply or batteries Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries Page 272 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 35 Figure 6-21 Summary Types of processors, Various components Advantages and steps in a machine inside computers services of cloud cycle, and processor and mobile devices computing cooling methods How memory stores Adapters, buses, Ways to care for data and described power supplies and computers and various types of batteries mobile devices memory Page 275 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 36  University of Ghana Business School DATA REPRESENTATION Lecture 6 Dr. Awuni Emmanuel Dr. Owusu Acheampong Dr. Emmanuel Owusu-Oware Mr. Divine Agozie CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I What is Data? "Information that is either digital or analogue and can be manipulated to produce a result.“ There are two main categories of data: Digital Data - Data that is stored and manipulated on a computer. Data can exist in many forms. For example: – Text (letters/words) – Numbers (whole numbers, decimals, currency) – Date CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Analogue Definition: "Analogue data use values that change very smoothly." A good example of this is an analogue clock. An analogue clock shows the time with a smoothly moving seconds hand. The change is continuous. Sound is also a good example of analogue data. Sound waves change in a very smooth way. All analogue devices use analogue data. Examples of analogue devices include: Analogue Digital Thermometers thermometer CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Digital Data Definition: "Digital data jumps from one value to the next in a step by step sequence (Discrete data).“ A good example of this is a digital clock. A digital clock jumps from one second to another in clear steps. The change is not smooth or continuous. The name "Digital" is given to all devices that store and process data in the form of 'digits' (numbers). These digits are known as 'Binary'. CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Analogue and Digital Conversion There are two types of data converters: 1. Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC) 2. Digital to Analogue Converter (DAC) If we try to attach an analogue device (like a microphone) to a computer we will need to convert the analogue data to digital before the computer can use it. If we want to use analogue values with a digital device or digital values with an analogue device we need to use data conversion. If we want to listen to digital music (like mp3's) we would need to attach an analogue device such as loud speakers or headphones to our computer. CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Analogue Vs Digital In our everyday lives, we communicate with each other using analogue data. Analogue data is an approximation of reality; digital data tends to be exact Analogue data use values that change very smoothly. Digital data jumps from one value to the next in a step by step sequence called Discrete CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  What is Binary? All computer data is really a number known as a Binary Digit (often shortened to just binary). Binary is represented by the numbers 1 and 0. Different combinations of these 1's and 0's are used to represent all the different kinds of data that can be stored and processed within a digital device (such as a computer). For example:- The word 'Hello' is stored as the binary combination of 01001000011001010110110001101100 01101111 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Data Representation Computer - electronic device - handles binary data Transistors represent the binary data. 0 1 Bit 10 2 Bits Transistor is on - binary 1 1011 4 Bits Transistor off - binary 0. 10010011 8 Bits Using transistors, binary codes are devised to represent numbers, letters, colours, sounds etc. In this binary system, each 0 or 1 is called a binary digit (Bit). By placing them side by side, we can create binary codes CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Data Representation If we extend this system, we could use it to represent numbers. From the right-hand side, the binary digits could represent the numbers 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 etc. CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Data Representation Binary numbering system – Base-2 – Built from ones and zeros – Each position is a power of 2 1101 = 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 Decimal numbering system – Base-10 – Each position is a power of 10 3052 = 3 x 103 + 0 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 2 x 100 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 11  Data Representation  From the numbers example, we can see that the computer can handle data as long as it is presented in binary form.  The analogue numbers have become digital data. If it was possible to create codes to represent all our analogue data, it would appear as groups of 0’s and 1’s and could be converted to digital data.  The computer could then handle this data.  This conversion process is called digitising data: 101101001001000010010001000 RED 100001011010101010101111000 101010101010001010011111001 Is there anybody there, said the 010100101010101010101010011 traveller, 100110010101111010100101010 knocking on the 001010101001010010100101000 100011 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Data Representation Word-procressing is the most basic type of data processing. In Word-processing, the keyboard holds the character set which includes: →The alphabet in upper and lower case →The numbers from 0 to 9 →Misc. characters - space, &, %, £, €, ½, ? Etc. To digitise these characters, a sequence of 8-Bits (0’s and 1’s) is allocated to each character. This sequence of 8-Bits is called a Byte. A Byte is the amount of storage required to store one character from the character set. CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Data Representation  It is possible to represent 256 characters using this system. A Byte sequence is assigned to each character on the keyboard and there are lots to spare for special characters etc.  These Byte codes can be set in a table to produce the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII).  If a character from the table is typed into the computer, it will occupy 1 Byte of the computers main memory (RAM) and if it is saved to a disk drive, it will occupy 1 Byte of storage space. Therefore: T4 is 2 Bytes long Technology is 10 Bytes long IntroductionCHECAR to Computing is ? - Killing The Notion Bytes Of Me And I long (the spaces count)  Data Representation In the ASCII table, the bit sequences (codes) are listed in Binary and each code is named according to its Decimal value: The 256 codes are divided into sections: 0 to 31 - System codes - Esc (27), Backspace (8) 32 to 127 - Lower ACSII - common keyboard characters. 128 to 254 - Higher ASCII - Newer codes like the € and language symbols CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Data Representation When the computer keyboard is being used, the ASCII codes are sent to the computer as the characters are typed: 0101010000110100 The computer combines the stream of Bits into Bytes: 01010100 and 00110100 These are then converted to ASCII numbers (84 and 52) and displayed on screen: T4 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Data Representation Not all data can be represented as characters To process images and sound in a computer, they must be represented as binary codes. An image can be represented as a map of binary codes If the image is zoomed, the individual pixels can be seen as either black or white. In a black and white image, only 1 Bit is needed to represent each pixel as the pixel can only be black or white. CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Data Representation CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Data Representation This is called a Bitmapped image as the bits used to represent the image are arranged into a grid of Bits A more complex image is shown below and the grid and map of Bits is clearly visible: The only difference between this and a colour image is the number of Bits needed to represent each pixel In 24-bit colour, 24 Bits are needed for each pixel etc CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Data Sizes Bit 1 bit 1/8 Nibble 4 bits 1/2 (rare) Byte 8 bits 1 Kilobyte (KB) 1,024 bytes 1,024 Megabyte (MB) 1,024 kilobytes 1,048,576 Gigabyte (GB) 1,024 megabytes 1,073,741,824 Terabyte (TB) 1,024 gigabytes 1,099,511,627,776 Petabyte (PB) 1,024 terrabytes 1,125,899,906,842,624 Exabyte (EB) 1,024 petabytes 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 Zettabyte (ZB) 1,024 exabytes 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 Yottabyte (YB) 1,024 zettabytes 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Data Sizes Byte A single letter, like "A." Kilobyte A 14-line e-mail. A pretty lengthy paragraph of text. Megabyte A good sized novel. Shelley's "Frankenstein" is only about four-fifths of a megabyte. The multi-player version of Diablo II, installed. About 300 MP3s. About 40 minutes of video at Gigabyte DVD quality (this varies, depending on maker). A CD holds about three-fourths of a gigabyte. About thirty and a half weeks worth of high-quality audio. Statistically, the average person has Terabyte spoken about this much by age 25. The amount of data available on the web in the year 2000 is thought to occupy 8 petabytes Petabyte (theorized by Roy Williams). In a world with a population of 3 billion, all information generated anually in any form would Exabyte occupy a single exabyte. Supposedly, everything ever said by everyone who is or has lived on the planet Earth would take up 5 exabytes. Three hundred trillion MP3s; Two hundred billion DVDs. If every person living in the year 2000 Zettabyte had had a 180 gigabyte hard drive filled completely with data, all the data on all those drives would occupy 1 zettabyte. CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Real World Applications – Internet Data On the Internet, speed is measured in bits per second (bps). A kilobit per second (kbps) delivers 1000 bits per second and a megabit per second (Mbps) is 1,000,000 bits per second. Download speed is the time it takes for your computer to access a webpage from a server. Downloading documents, purchasing songs or streaming videos are all examples of downloads. So, with a download speed of up to 50 Mbps you can download a picture more eight times faster than you could with 6 Mbps DSL service CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Internet Data What Can We Do with 1 GB of Data? The following table provides an example of a combination of the activities that may consume 2 GB of data in a month - Activities Frequency of Activities Per Day Send or receive email (without attachment) 1000 emails Send or receive email (with attachment) 400 emails Streaming music 50 minutes Streaming video 25 minutes Web browsing 250 pages Download songs 20 songs Social media post with photo upload 100 posts *depends on quality of data and price CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  Internet Data Activities Data Consumed (for reference only) Send one email (without attachment) 15 kB Send one email with medium quality compressed photo attachment 300 kB Upload one social media post with photo 500 kB Browse one webpage 1 MB Download a one-minute compressed music or streaming music file 1 MB Download one minute of streaming low definition video 3 MB Download one game or song 4 MB Download one minute of high definition video 10 MB CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Word Problems Solution Alice has 600 MB of data. Bob has 2000 MB of data. Will it all fit on Alice's 4 GB flash drive? Alice has 100 small images, each of which is 500 KB. How much space do they take up overall in MB? Bob has been notified by his data provider that he has only 5MB of data left. He has to send 40 emails at 15KB each, 10 images at 55KB each and 1 video file at 300KB. Is his data size enough for these activities? Assuming it takes 10MB to download a 1 minute high definition video. What data size will you need to download a 127 minute high definition video? Convert the data size to bits. CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Exercises Numbering problems Solution Convert 11100111-01111001 into its decimal equivalent Convert 11100111001 into its decimal equivalent Convert 24567 into its binary equivalent Convert 589 into its binary equivalent CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Real World Application –Storage Do you remember the days of diskettes? Hard drive capacity has increased 50-million-fold since 1956. It took 26 years to create a 1 GB hard drive, but between 2007 and 2011, hard drives quadrupled in size from 1 TB to 4 TB. Within the next ten years, 20 TB hard drives may even become commonplace. CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Real-World Application – Memory (RAM) Memory sizes have evolved over the years. Do you remember the memory size of Pentium I and II? Pentium I - 128 MHz to 450 MHz Pentium II - 233 MHz to 450 MHz Pentium III – 512 MHZ CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Kilobytes Megabytes Gigabytes Kilobyte KB - about 1 thousand bytes As we know, 1 byte is one typed letter A small email text is about 2 KB A 5 page paper might be 100 KB Text does not take a lot of bytes to store compared to images or video Math: if you have N bytes, that's N/1000 KB e.g. 23,000 bytes is about 23 KB CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Megabyte Megabyte (MB) - about 1 million bytes aka about 1000 KB MP3 audio is about 1 megabyte per minute A high quality digital picture is about 2-5 megabytes Math: if you have N KB, that's N/1000 MB e.g. 45,400 KB is 45.4 MB CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Computer Specification CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I What is the Specification? Specification or simply ‘spec’ is a list of key components that make up the computer. It is provided by retailers to help buyers decide which PC, and which combination of features, they need. When buying a PC, it is important to start by deciding what it is you want the PC to do. This then informs what specification you actually need. When reviewing a computer specification, the most important components to take account of are the processor, the amount of RAM and the size of the hard drive as these are central to the overall capability of the system. CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Understanding Specification Processor: Intel or AMD Processor (dual core @ 2.4 GHz (i5 or i7 Intel processor) RAM: 4GB SDRAM HDD (Internal): 500GB Hard Drive External Storage: CD/DVD Drive, HDMI, USB 17” Flat Screen Colour Monitor (for laptops) Wireless adaptor (for laptops) Integrated Graphics Card (IGB) - - 802.11ac Operating System: Microsoft Windows 8.1 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Notebooks-Configuration Windows Apple 2.4 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo 2.4GHz Intel Core 2 Duo 2 GB DDR3 SDRAM 2GB DDR3 SDRAM 300 GB Hard Drive 250GB Hard Drive / SuperDrive DVD+/-RW-CD-RW DVD±RW/CD-RW 15 in 1280 x 1024 Display 13.3in 1280 x 800 Display / NVIDIA CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I  32 or 64 bit? You’ve probably seen 32-bit and 64-bit options available whenever you download an app, or install a game. Your PC might even have a sticker that says it has a 64-bit processor. But does it really matter? Nearly every PC nowadays has a 64-bit processor now More bits means that data can be processed in larger chunks which also means more accurately. More bits means our system can point to or address a larger number of locations in physical memory. A 64-bit processor is capable of storing more computational values, including memory addresses, which means it's able to access over four billion times as much physical memory than a 32-bit processor. CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I References https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs101/bits-gigabytes.html https://www.ictlounge.com/html/analogue_and_digital_data.htm https://datascience.berkeley.edu/big-data-infographic/ http://www.ncte.ie/documents/advicesheets/02PCspecificationsNov08.pdf CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 1 UGBS 102 Introduction to Computing Lecture 7 Information Security and Ethics Dr. Awuni Emmanuel Dr. Owusu Acheampong Dr. Emmanuel Owusu-Oware Mr. Divine Agozie CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I Objectives Overview Describe various types Define the term, digital Discuss techniques to of Internet and network security risks, and prevent unauthorized attacks, and explain briefly describe the computer access and ways to safeguard types of cybercriminals use against these attacks Explain the ways that Discuss how software manufacturers encryption, digital protect against signatures, and digital software piracy certificates work See Page 212 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 2 for Detailed Objectives Digital Security Risks A digital security risk is any event or action that could cause a loss of or damage to a computer or mobile device hardware, software, data, information, or processing capability. Any illegal act involving the use of a computer or related devices generally is referred to as a computer crime A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act Page 212 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 3 Digital Security Risks Page 213 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 4 Figure 5-1 Digital Security Risks Hacker Cracker Script kiddie Unethical Corporate spies Cyberextortionist employees Cyberterrorist Page 214 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 5 Internet and Network Attacks Information transmitted over networks has a higher degree of security risk than information kept on an organization’s premises Malware, short for malicious software, consists of programs that act without a user’s knowledge and deliberately alter the operations of computers and mobile devices Page 215 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 6 Table 5-1 Internet and Network Attacks Page 215 CHECAR - Killing The Notion Of Me And I 7 Figure 5-2 Internet and Network Attacks A botnet is a group of compromised computers or mobile devices connected to a network that attacks other networks, usually for nefarious purposes. – A compromised computer or device is known as a zombie A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to an Internet service such as the Web or e-mail. – Distributed DoS attack (DDoS attack) A back door is a program or set of inst