Values Development and Types Chapter 2 PDF

Values Development and Types Chapter 2 UNWE 2216 Working Ethics Overview of Chapter 2 Outcomes covered: 1. Define the concept of values 2. Define how values develop 3. Application of Ethics in different aspects of human life Learning objectives: Chapter 2 The students will be ab...

Values Development and Types Chapter 2 UNWE 2216 Working Ethics Overview of Chapter 2 Outcomes covered: 1. Define the concept of values 2. Define how values develop 3. Application of Ethics in different aspects of human life Learning objectives: Chapter 2 The students will be able to Explain concept of values Classify values List ethical systems Learn terminologies Contents Important terms in Ethics Types of Values How values develop Application of values Self assessment questions Important terms in Ethics Norms (‫)المعايير‬ Attitudes (‫)المواقف‬ Behavior (‫)سلوك‬ Values ( ‫)القيم‬ Norms ( ‫) المعايير‬ Norms are standards or expected social behavior Informal guidelines; considered normal, correct or incorrect social behavior Collective expectations of a community Social control and social order by exerting a pressure on the individual to conform Example Omani men are supposed to wear Dishdsha and Khanjar while attending a social or an official function Attitudes (‫)المواقف‬ Approach of an individual towards something, someone, some place or events Attitude may be positive or negative. Influenced by values and norms. Attitude varies from person to person and time to time and situation to situation. When you use “like” and “dislike” you are expressing an attitude. Attitude normally affects behavior but cannot be always used to predict behavior. Example: One person likes some type of foods while others dislike the same food Behavior: (‫)سلوك‬ Behavior is a component of attitude. Behavior is what one does. It is determined by attitude If a behavior is continuously followed against the attitude, it may affect the attitude Example: Attitude of an employee towards his/her boss is positive; the employee would greet the boss. Attitude of an employee towards his/her boss is negative; the employee may still greet the boss. In this case, the behavior is not reflecting the attitude of the person because allowing the attitude to be reflected in behavior may result in loss for the employee Values: (‫)القيم‬ Principles of what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. Values influence a person's behavior and attitude Some common values are honesty, justice and equality. Values: (‫)القيم‬ Values can be viewed as positive, negative or neutral. Positive Values: Anything which is good for the individual or society Examples: Mercy, justice, being truthful, being fair with others etc. Negative Values: Anything which is bad for the individual or society Examples: Cheating, lying, stealing and greed etc. Neutral Values: Neutral values deal with what we like or desire. Examples: Money, fame and status. Types of values 1. Personal 2. Social 3. Economic 4. Spiritual 5. Technical 6. Legal 7. Aesthetic 8. Ecological 9. Psychological Personal Values: Are values possessed by individuals. These values and beliefs lead to action. Reflect in individual’s behavior, attitude and nature. Personal values can be positive, negative or neutral. Example: Mr. Salem reports to his duty five minutes early everyday (Punctuality in his job) Social Values: Social values are those beliefs which are based on the welfare and wellbeing of the society. These may include equality, justice, liberty, freedom etc. Example: Helping your friend, neighbor and others. Economic Values: Values related to earning and spending money. Like spending money in a correct way Charging correct price for the product etc. Example: Mrs. Muna keeps accounts of all her monthly income and expense regularly Spiritual Values: Values associated with the relationship of an individual with his God. In specific terms, it includes the mode of worship, beliefs etc. It depends on what God had revealed. If a person is strong in spiritual value his actions will be more ethical. Example: Mrs. Fatma gives away her Zakat every year on time Technical Values: Values associated with the use of science and technology. Example: using nuclear science and other technologies for the benefit of human being and not for harming anyone. Mr. Mazin uses internet only for good purposes and he avoids misuse of it Legal values: Values associated with adhering to the laws of a country. Example: Mrs. Aziza takes care to follow all traffic rules while driving Aesthetic values: These are based on beauty and neatness. Example: not to destroy a colorful flower and keeping the classroom and office neat and clean. Mrs. Shamsa always keeps her house clean Ecological values: It is based on living system and environment. It means not to pollute water, space or the environment. Example: Sohar Aluminum Co. uses advanced technologies to minimize air pollution Psychological values: This is based on the personal satisfaction of an individual. It is a state of happiness with the available resources. Example: Mr. Abdul Rahman is satisfied with his low income Values Values are the important principles shared by the members of a society about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable Values: How are they developed? Morris Massey Approach 3 stages Kevin Ryan Methods 6 Methods Morris Massey Approach 1. The Imprint Period (Role of FAMILY) Up to the age of seven, we are like sponges, absorbing everything especially when it comes from our parents. When a family is having good experiences and live in good ways the children also learn those things. Morris Massey Approach 2. The Modeling Period (Role of EDUCATION) Between the ages of eight and thirteen, we copy people. Rather than blind acceptance, we are trying on things like suit of clothes, to see how they feel. We may be much impressed with religion or our teachers. Morris Massey Approach 3. The Socialization Period (Role of SOCIETY) Between 13 and 21, we are very largely influenced by our friends and teachers. We naturally turn to people who seem more like us. Other influences at these ages include the films and the books you read. Core Values and Sub Values Truth Right Conduct Peace Love Non violence Humanity Trust Self respect Sharing Tolerance Integrity Resourcefulness Self confidence Caring Concern for all life Truthfulness Duty Reflection Sympathy Selfless service Awareness Self reliance Perseverance Devotion Sacrifice Wisdom Determination Inner silence Dedication Self satisfaction Understanding Usage of time Patience Compassion Respect Sincerity Responsibility Optimism Kindness Harmony Spirit of inquiry Usage of resources Humility Forgiveness Citizenship Reasoning Morality Observing Friendship Global awareness Intuition Initiative Faith Gratitude Fellow feeling Knowledge Higher goals Calm Empathy Brotherhood Focus Right company Concentration Appreciation Appreciating Discrimination Discipline Fortitude Equality Fearless Quest for knowledge Dedication Maintaining equanimity Generosity Courage Curiosity Dependable Dignity Charity Self centred Creativity Good character Being contended Happiness Helpfulness Simplicity Good manners Balance Unity Justice Conscience Loyalty Loyalty ethics Consideration Forbearance Cooperation Cleanliness Simple living Ledadership Class Activity: List out any five values you possess and also identify in which period you got this value in your life stream? Some of the values are provided, you can choose from that list or write your own values. Sr Values Stage in which acquired. How has it helped you in your life {Imprint/ modelling/ socialisation} 1 2 3 4 5 Change in values Values are not stable for all stages of life Values change over lifetime due to changes in the: lifestyle of the individual work atmosphere of individual social system Kevin Ryan’s 6 methods of imparting values According to Ryan (2000), the six methods of imparting value are: 1. Example ( ‫) أمثلة‬ 2. Explanation ( ‫) شرح‬ 3. Exhortation (praise) ( ‫) مدح‬ 4. Ethos ( ‫)شخصية‬ 5. Experience ( ‫)تجربة‬ 6. Expectation of Excellence ( ‫) تفوق‬ 1. Teaching values through Examples and Models ( ‫) أمثلة‬ Human beings aren't born civilized; we have to learn almost everything important by example Heroes Known people Television Books Stories Example: Stories of great Muslim leaders and heroes 2. Teaching values through Explanation (rules) ( ‫) شرح‬ Explaining rules to children in suitable language What is Right Wrong Good Admirable Example: Sharing toys with others and being rewarded for their action Speaking the truth and being rewarded 3. Teaching values through Exhortation (stories with morals or lessons) ( ‫) مدح‬ Using stories and examples that show particular values A story is told with a lesson in it. Example: Stories of bravery and honour in the battlefield 4. Teaching values through Ethos ( ‫)شخصية‬ Teaching values by creating an environment of positive values. Example if parents tell their children not to lie but themselves lie then it is not possible for the child to learn positive values. 5. Teaching values through Experience ( ‫)تجربة‬ One of the ways that teachers can help children to develop their values is to give them experiences. Example The students may be given situations where they may be asked to take ethical decisions. 6. Teaching values through Expectation of excellence ( ‫) تفوق‬ One of the most important methods of teaching values is through creating expectation of excellence. Example: Reward for good performance Activity: (10 mins) List as many values as you can, learnt by these methods Method Values learnt Examples Explanation Exhortation (Praise) Ethos Experience Expectation of Excellence  Application of Ethics in real life We can see its application in every aspect of our lives at personal, professional, social, work related, and business levels Application of Ethics in real life Our Ethics are visible in our daily lives like: Personal behaviour Professional dealings Social interactions Personal Ethics Personal ethics is a category of philosophy that determines what an individual believes about morality and right and wrong. Personal ethics can affect all areas of life, including family, finances and relationships. It is largely influenced by religion, culture, tradition and philosophy that an individual follows Example: I will keep my promises and honor my commitments; I will treat people as I want to be treated myself. Social Ethics Social ethics amounts to how a society determines the values that operate as objective moral law within that society. Example: Wearing face masks in public Maintaining social distance Good hygiene Work Ethics These are the ethics which employees practice inside and outside their organizations during their job. This involves attitude, behavior, respect, communication, and interaction; how one gets along with others. Example: To come to work on time To help your co-workers to perform better To meet deadlines Professional Ethics Professional ethics is a set of values and principles that guide a profession and the ethics of decisions made within the profession. Linked to profession Example: A professional engineer should not certify the safety of a project which is not safe. A professional doctor should not be negligent or make wrong diagnosis. A professional accountant is expected to give unbiased report about the company’s financial affairs. Business Ethics Business Ethics is the application of ethical and moral principles in a business environment. It deals with what is right and what wrong while doing business. It is also called as corporate ethics. Example: A Company uses a certain percentage of profit for charity or social development. A Company providing correct information about its products to the customer. Activity (10 mins) List as many ethical and unethical practices you may have come across in Business, Profession or Work? Academic Ethics Ethical behavior of all academia (students, teachers, etc.) Responsible ethical behavior in teaching and learning Having academic integrity To demonstrate ethical practices in all transactions, interactions and processes (HCT Core Values) Academic Integrity Shared responsibility of the entire academic community (teachers and students) Follow the fundamental principles of academic integrity Uphold these principles for the advancement of academic scholarship Continued building of knowledge Achieving qualifications without compromising own and institution's integrity Working hard and being proud of achievement Maintaining reputation Six fundamental values of Academic Integrity 1. Honesty 2. Trust 3. Fairness 4. Respect 5. Responsibility 6. Courage Honesty Honest students respect University policies, follow the instructions of their professors do their work on their own, without any unauthorized help. Unacceptable behaviours to a person of integrity: dishonest behaviour, lying, cheating, fraud, theft, impersonating another person, falsification of data and the like Honesty… Example: Your friend asks you if you want to meet up and do an online quiz together. Somehow you feel uneasy about this. What should you do? A. Complete the quiz together B. Check the course outline to check if you can work together on the quiz C. Ask another student if this is allowed D. Ask your professor if this is allowed Trust if you are always honest, you will be able to build a relationship of trust with your peers with your instructors. Trust is established over time is based mostly on your actions Trust… Example: Charlotte has a difficult time writing her essay. She asks you if she can just have a quick look at yours to see how you went about it. As she is your friend, you want to be helpful, and give it to her before you leave for your job. Charlotte is tired and thinks to herself: “I just want to be done with this. I’m going to change a few things. That should be enough to submit it.” Why do you think Charlotte made this choice? A. To get a better grade B. To finish the essay C. The essay is too hard for her to do on her own D. She believes the changes make it her own work Fairness A person of integrity is fair. You are fair to your peers when you do your own work, to authors when you acknowledge their work you use by citing it, to the University when you respect and follow academic integrity standards, and to alumni when your behaviour helps to support the value of their degree Fairness… Example: You are a new student and are juggling to keep up with your courses while also working a part-time job. You are a bit stressed about your upcoming exam. A student who is a year ahead of you offers you a copy of the exam questions to one of your courses. What action would be acceptable? A. Take the exam copy to help you prepare B. Decline the offer and keep studying C. Don't take the exam copy, but ask to just take a look at the type of questions asked D. Take the exam copy and look at it, but don't study from it Respect You show respect when you adhere to your assignment instructions, when you actively participate in learning and show interest in gaining new knowledge, when you contribute your thoughts to the academic discourse while accepting that others may disagree with you, when you credit others for their ideas, and when you show that you are putting your best efforts forward Respect… Example: At the end of your class your instructor says: “Don’t forget your assignment is due next class. Remember, this is an individual assignment. You are meant to work on this alone!” You think, “Oh no, I already completed half of the assignment with Jason and Harpreet!” What should you do? A. Finish the rest of the assignment with Jason and Harpreet B. Complete the last half of the assignment on your own C. Ask Jason and Harpreet what they want to do D. Start the assignment over on your own E. Consult with your instructor about your situation Responsibility You show responsible behaviour when you lead by example, when you resist negative peer pressure, and when you discourage others from violating academic integrity principles. Being responsible means being accountable to yourself and others and to do your work to the best of your abilities Responsibility… Example: You have difficulties with your studies, especially in one of your courses. You have been stuck on your essay for a whole week already. You are afraid that you may fail the course if you can’t turn this situation around. What should you do? A. Ask your friends for advice B. Drop the course in which you are not doing well C. Make no change and hope to pass D. Spend more time on campus E. Get a sample paper from an online service F. Take advantage of the support the University offers Courage to uphold academic integrity standards requires courage to resist temptations for the “easy way out” and to speak up against wrongdoing Courage… Example: You are entering the room to write your final exam. You see a sign that reads “No electronic devices permitted. Please leave them at the front. You may pick them up after you have finished the exam”. As you enter, you see your classmates put their phones in their pockets. What might you do? A. Do what your classmates did and put it in your pocket B. Ask if you can take your phone to keep it safe and mention that others are doing so C. Leave it in your bag under your seat D. Bring it with you in case of emergency Key takeaways as a student you are a part of the scholarly community all members of this community must uphold the six principles of academic integrity: honesty, trust, fairness, respect, responsibility, and courage Avoid any act of falsification, misrepresentation or deception that: is dishonest and compromises the worth of other’s work undermines the trust between students and professors is unfair to students who pursue their studies honestly disrespects professors and the institution as a whole is irresponsible to yourself, because it prevents you from meaningfully reaching your own scholarly potential It is your responsibility to uphold academic integrity standards. integrity violations can have severe academic consequences Unethical Academic Practices Dishonest or unethical practices in teaching, learning and research include: Plagiarism Misrepresentation Contract Cheating Collusion Copying and Pasting Recycling Why make a big deal out of this? Dishonesty in school leads to dishonesty in life’s practices: Some examples Steroids in professional sports Sale of defective products Infidelity Political scandals Free riders on group projects (Adapted from: http//collegecheating.com/) Plagiarism To "steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own"; To "commit literary theft"; To "present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source"; (Merriam-Webster, n.d.) To present "another person's ideas, information, expressions, or entire work as one's own"; (Modern Language Association, 2016. P.6) The "unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work". (“Plagiarism.” 1987. P.1479) Plagiarism implies: Do your OWN work; Submit ORIGINAL work; Contribute your OWN thoughts and ideas; Quote and paraphrase PROPERLY; GIVE CREDIT to all works and ideas that you borrow always Avoid plagiarism through: “dangerous shortcuts” Buying a paper online; Time Management Copying ideas from your friend’s Research Help essay; Writing Help Reusing a paper, you wrote before; Cutting and pasting information Citation Help without giving credit Contract Cheating or Ghost- writing a person completes an assignment for a student, and the student then submits it as their own submitting a paper from a so-called “tutoring” service or “essay mill” as your own, for which you paid submitting a paper that someone else wrote for you (for example, a friend or a family member) as your own, no matter if you paid for it or not swapping papers with another student, and submitting each other’s papers as your own, even if you made some changes producing a work for a fellow student (with or without being paid), and they submit it as their own. In this case, you are deliberately aiding another student to behave fraudulently, and both of you will be subject to disciplinary actions Collusion working on individual assignments with a classmate discussing online quizzes and exams with others sharing computer code that is intended to be individually written receiving unauthorized help from a tutor or other person to complete assignments in group projects, misrepresenting the individual contributions of the group members Collaboration vs Collusion Collusion working together with others although explicitly being told to work individually. This is not acceptable and an academic integrity violation. Collaboration working together on an assignment as a group as explicitly permitted or required by your instructor. This is acceptable. Important: In group work, you must clearly indicate what is the group’s work and what are your own individual contributions  Copying and pasting Plagiarism due to copying and pasting includes: The Clone: directly copying and pasting everything (from one or from multiple sources) without citing The Mosaic: directly copying and pasting passages (from one or from multiple sources) without citing and adding some original thought Copy, Paste, Replace: copying and pasting everything or passages (from one or from multiple sources) without citing, then replacing a few words to make it sound different; maybe adding some original thought too Reusing a specific structure that someone else created without acknowledgement. For example, using a template, outline, form, the exact same headings, same number of sentences, and covering exactly the same concepts of a sample report given to you by your instructor (unless explicitly permitted by your instructor) Recycling You are expected to submit your own work and this work must be new and original. Recycling is a form of plagiarism called self-plagiarism. It refers to: Submitting your own previous work, entirely or partially, in another course as new and original Common Knowledge General common knowledge is information: That can be verified easily and consistently in several different sources That many people are believed to know Examples: capital cities, important historical dates and persons, basic mathematics, common sense observations This information does not need to be cited Cheating in examinations Plagiarism Taking and answer paper from internet Presenting one’s own previous work without reference (self-plagiarism) Submitting work of a practical or artistic nature created by someone other than the student Unauthorized cooperation or communication between candidates or groups Changing an answer paper after submitting it Using or having access to illegal aids during the relevant examination Cheating in examinations… a calculator or PC with content/programmability beyond the limits of what is allowed software installed in connection with an examination that makes it possible to access illegal exam support material a mobile phone or other digital aid (this must be kept in the designated place during the exam) loose sheets, notes, a memory stick with curriculum-relevant content text relevant to the subject that is written or pasted into permitted exam support material such as dictionaries or collections of formulae students’ own sheets of rough paper with a “draft text” that has been written beforehand, textbooks from the curriculum or other relevant academic books illegal exam support material available in areas outside the examination room, for example, in toilets Cheating in examinations… Unauthorized use of permissible aids Improperly getting access to the exam The student gets someone else to attend the exam in their place or gets another person to write their answer paper The student gets someone else to sign for them in connection with compulsory attendance Through dishonest behaviour before the examination, the student obtains access to the exam question paper The student aids or abets another student to cheat Otherwise acting in a way that could provide wrongful advantages in connection with assessment or compulsory activities Cheating in online examinations Impersonation impersonation before the exam impersonation during the exam Cheating using external resources Seeking help from friends and family present in the room Seeking help by remotely using software Using sophisticated microphones and earpieces Storing answers on smart devices Cheating Using the Internet Misusing navigation privileges Cheating using their own system Purposely disrupting the test Abetting cheating Self assessment exercise Mr. Ahmed the cashier of supermarket every day shows the correct record of all money. …………………….. Ms. Sara, a manager in Bank Muscat believes in hard work……………………………… Mr. John, a servant of Mr. Aabid, is very loyal to his owner…………………………….. Mr. Marwan, always likes freedom in society…………………………………. Mr. Munawar, the manager of Lulu Supermarket always works for the welfare of his organization’s staff………………………………………. Mr. Khalfan, treats all his workers equally. ……………………………… There is importance of justice in Omani society …………………………………. The leader of the country develops new methods to make all people happy……………… Self assessment exercise 2 Pay taxes properly to the government ……………………………….. Mr. Ramesh cheats people in his business always………………………………. Mr. Ishaq behaves very well with the people……………………………….. Ms. Clients always dreams to become the president of her country……………………… Mr. Gate wishes to become the richest person of the world ……………………………… Ms. Yousuf uses internet services for making her subjects easy for the students………… Mr. Aamir follows the rules and regulation of the traffic while driving………………… Mr. Qasim working as supervisor in the shopping mall is happy with his income……………… Self assessment exercise 3 Mr. Azeez prays five times every day…………………………….. Ms. Zahra keeps her house clean………………………………….. Ms. Zuwaina cleans the tables of her office every day……………………. Mr. Nasar wears very clean clothes…………………………… Mr. Amjad running a company always put his company’s waste in the garbage ……………….. Mr. Saeed doesn’t smoke in public place………………………….. Mr. Raja works hard to fulfill the expectation his employer ………………………. Mr. Basha discriminates people always…………………………………… Self assessment questions Discuss in brief the nature of ethics. Define values. What are the different types of values? Write short note on attitude, behavior and norms There are six E’s model to develop the values. List all and explain any two. Describe three major periods during which values are develop. Discuss the application of ethics in real life. CONTACT INFORMATION: Staff Office Email: VERSION HISTORY Version No Date Approved Changes incorporated 13 September 2024 Sem. (1) 2024/2025 79